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Objective: To summarize the neurophysiological properties of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and evaluate limb-based motor outcomes., Methods: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) in 49 patients (21 females, 28 males; median age = 52 m) with AFM (median = 7 d after onset; range 1-122 d) were reviewed. Neurophysiological findings, together with treatment and prognosis, and neurophysiology-neuroimaging correlations were analyzed., Results: The findings indicated that 64% of paralytic limbs during the acute stage (≤14 d after onset) showed diminished or absent compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs), 79% showed normal motor nerve conduction velocities, 55% showed decreased persistence or absent F-waves, and 95% showed normal sensory nerve conduction velocities. The rate of CMAP abnormalities increased from 41% on days 1-2 to 83% on days 13-14. The reduction in CMAP amplitude was correlated with weaker muscle strength at both the peak neurological deficit and the last follow-up. The baseline limb-based muscle strength at nadir and anterior horn-localized magnetic resonance imaging lesions at recovery stage (>14 d) were strong predictors of outcome at the last follow-up., Conclusions: AFM typically shows neurophysiological features of neuronopathy., Significance: NCS is probably useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of AFM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological relevance Gastrodia elata Blume ( Orchidaceae ) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. Materials and methods The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases “The Plant List”, and “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Results Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain encodes various information through the interaction between macro‐scale phenomena such as Local Field Potential and micro‐scale phenomena such as individual neuron action potential time series. However, the interaction between micro‐ and macro‐scale phenomena that affects episodic memory remains unexplained. We propose a new mathematical framework to predict the parameter conditions under which theta phase precession occurs by constructing models that reproduce the micro‐ and macro‐scale phenomena separately and deriving their phase equations. It was found that phase locking or phase shift between the micro‐scale phase ϕmicro and the macro‐scale phase ΦMacro can reproduce different storage schemes. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Electrocardiographic diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia (WCT) continues to be challenging as none one of the available methods is specific for ventricular tachycardia (VT) diagnosis. We aimed to construct a method for WCT differentiation based on a scoring system, in which ECGs are graded according to the number of VT-specific features. This novel method was validated and compared with Brugada algorithm and other methods.Methods and Results: A total of 786 WCTs (512 VTs) from 587 consecutive patients with a proven diagnosis were analysed by two blinded observers. The VT score method was based on seven ECG features: initial R wave in V1, initial r > 40 ms in V1/V2, notched S in V1, initial R in aVR, lead II R wave peak time ≥50 ms, no RS in V1-V6, and atrioventricular dissociation. Atrioventricular dissociation was assigned two points, and each of the other features was assigned one point. The overall accuracy of VT score ≥1 for VT diagnosis (83%) was higher than that of the aVR (72%, P = 0.001) and Brugada (81%) algorithms. Ventricular tachycardia score ≥3 was present in 66% of VTs and was more specific (99.6%) than any other algorithm/criterion for VT diagnosis. Ventricular tachycardia score ≥4 was present in 33% of VTs and was 100% specific for VT.Conclusion: The new ECG-based method provides a certain diagnosis of VT in the majority of patients with VT, identifies unequivocal ECGs, and has superior overall diagnostic accuracy to other ECG methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]