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Background: Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to perform planned activities in the appropriate future situations. It needs to be planned in advance and processed through multiple stages such as encoding, retention, retrieval, and execution, which usually require more attention resources. Impulsivity trait individuals are usually characterized by lack of consideration, premature expression, excessive risk-taking and easy to make inappropriate reaction, so they are more likely to show disadvantages in PM. Nevertheless, increasing the importance of PM tasks can promote more adequate and effective cue encoding, and encourage individuals to devote attention to PM tasks, which may change the disadvantage of impulsivity individuals in PM performance. Methods: In this study, the between-subjects design of 2 (trait type: high-impulsivity trait, low-impulsivity trait) ×2 (task importance: important, unimportant) was adopted in the experiment, the 2-back task was used for the ongoing task, and the focal cues were used for the PM task cues. Results: The results showed that the PM accuracy of high-impulsivity trait individuals was lower than that of low-impulsivity trait individuals under the task unimportant condition, but there was no difference between the two traits groups under the task important condition. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that high-impulsivity trait individuals had a deficit in PM performance, but emphasizing the importance of PM tasks can compensate for their disadvantage in PM performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The intricate etiology of autoimmune liver disease (AILD) involves genetic, environmental, and other factors that yet to be completely elucidated. This study comprehensively assessed the causal association between genetically predicted modifiable risk factors and AILD by employing Mendelian randomization. Methods: Genetic variants associated with 29 exposure factors were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genetic association data with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were also obtained from publicly available GWAS. Univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors for AILD. Results: Genetically predicted rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (OR = 1.620, 95%CI 1.423–1.843, P = 2.506 × 10− 13) was significantly associated with an increased risk of AIH. Genetically predicted smoking initiation (OR = 1.637, 95%CI 1.055–2.540, P = 0.028), lower coffee intake (OR = 0.359, 95%CI 0.131–0.985, P = 0.047), cholelithiasis (OR = 1.134, 95%CI 1.023–1.257, P = 0.017) and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR = 1.397, 95%CI 1.094–1.784, P = 0.007) were suggestively associated with an increased risk of AIH. Genetically predicted inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (OR = 1.212, 95%CI 1.127–1.303, P = 2.015 × 10− 7) and RA (OR = 1.417, 95%CI 1.193–1.683, P = 7.193 × 10− 5) were significantly associated with increased risk of PBC. Genetically predicted smoking initiation (OR = 1.167, 95%CI 1.005–1.355, P = 0.043), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR = 1.086, 95%CI 1.017–1.160, P = 0.014) and higher CRP (OR = 1.199, 95%CI 1.019–1.410, P = 0.028) were suggestively associated with an increased risk of PBC. Higher vitamin D3 (OR = 0.741, 95%CI 0.560–0.980, P = 0.036) and calcium (OR = 0.834, 95%CI 0.699–0.995, P = 0.044) levels were suggestive protective factors for PBC. Genetically predicted smoking initiation (OR = 0.630, 95%CI 0.462–0.860, P = 0.004) was suggestively associated with a decreased risk of PSC. Genetically predicted IBD (OR = 1.252, 95%CI 1.164–1.346, P = 1.394 × 10− 9), RA (OR = 1.543, 95%CI 1.279–1.861, P = 5.728 × 10− 6) and lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (OR = 0.268, 95%CI 0.141–0.510, P = 6.172 × 10− 5) were positively associated with an increased risk of PSC. Conclusions: Evidence on the causal relationship between 29 genetically predicted modifiable risk factors and the risk of AIH, PBC, and PSC is provided by this study. These findings provide fresh perspectives on the management and prevention strategies for AILD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies have reported an inverse association of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). However, the causality of the association has not been established yet. The present study aims to clarify the causal relationship between T2D and TAA via a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods: Causality of associations were assessed using a two-sample MR framework. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics were obtained for T2D, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI) as exposures, and TAA, ascending aortic diameter (AAoD) and descending aortic diameter (DAoD) as outcomes. Four different methods (inverse variance weighted [IVW], weight median, MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO) were used to calculate causal estimates. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were assessed using Cochran Q test and MR-Egger regression intercept, respectively. Results: Genetically predicted T2D was inversely associated with the risk of TAA (OR: 0.931, 95% CI 0.870 to 0.997, p = 0.040, IVW method) and AAoD (Beta: -0.065, 95%CI −0.099 to − 0.031, p = 1.7e−04, IVW method), but not with DAoD (p > 0.05). Genetically predicted FG level was inversely associated with AAoD (Beta: −0.273, 95% CI −0.396 to –0.150, p = 1.41e−05, IVW method) and DAoD (Beta: −0.166, 95% CI −0.281 to −0.051, p = 0.005, IVW method), but not with TAA (p > 0.05). The effect of genetically predicted HbA1c and FI on TAA, AAoD and DAoD did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Genetic predisposition to T2D decreases the risk of TAA. Genetically predicted T2D is inversely associated with AAoD, but not with DAoD. Genetically predicted FG level was inversely associated with AAoD and DAoD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]