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This paper conceptualises digital displacement as both a way through which the digital, dynamic and fragile spatialities of contentious politics can be examined and as a geographic critique of censorship. Digital displacement, understood here as the act of removing users from the digital places and spaces they wish to remain in and use, often through the act of deletion, is conceptualised through the digital displacement of two contentious political groups that attempted to contest the forced eviction of migrants from Beijing in 2017; hashtag focused #BeijingSurgery# and instant messaging group using BeijingTogether. Explored through participant observation, interviews and playful digital exploration, this paper examines the spatialities that made multiple digital displacements possible and the activist spatialities that emerged during and post‐displacement. In exploring this, I develop a flexible vocabulary around digital place, space, scale, territory and mobility to analyse the practices of digital displacement, to understand the socio‐spatial positionality of activists involved in digitally centred contentious politics and to contextualise their territorial positionality within Chinese digital territory and global digital territories. Through the examination of #BeijingSurgery# and BeijingTogether, the article highlights: the importance of digital territorial positionality for both activists and the digital places and spaces used for contentious politics; that within systems of digital spatial governance, deletion and displacement can be effective strategies of repressive governance with wide‐ranging displacement effects; and that while digital displacement is not necessarily the ending point of contentious politics, the re‐production of activist spatialities is more difficult when the authority being protested against governs the digital territory used for protest. This paper conceptualises digital displacement as: a way through which the digital, dynamic and fragile spatialities of contentious politics can be examined; a way to understand China's digital territorialization project; and as a geographic critique of censorship. Digital displacement is conceptualised through the ethnographic research conducted in Beijing and examines efforts to contest the forced eviction of migrants from Beijing in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China's advanced light sources have entered a period of rapid construction and development. As modern X-ray detectors and data acquisition technologies advance, these facilities are expected to generate massive volumes of data annually, presenting significant challenges in data management and utilization. These challenges encompass data storage, metadata handling, data transfer and user data access. In response, the Data Organization Management Access Software (DOMAS) has been designed as a framework to address these issues. DOMAS encapsulates four fundamental modules of data management software, including metadata catalogue, metadata acquisition, data transfer and data service. For light source facilities, building a data management system only requires parameter configuration and minimal code development within DOMAS. This paper firstly discusses the development of advanced light sources in China and the associated demands and challenges in data management, prompting a reconsideration of data management software framework design. It then outlines the architecture of the framework, detailing its components and functions. Lastly, it highlights the application progress and effectiveness of DOMAS when deployed for the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) and Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: High‐precision state of charge (SOC) estimation is essential for battery management systems (BMSs). In this paper, a new SOC estimation method is proposed. The dual Kalman filter algorithm and backpropagation neural network (particle swarm optimization ‐ backpropagation neural network ‐ double extended Kalman filter [PSO‐BPNN‐DEKF]) are combined to estimate and correct the SOC of lithium‐ion batteries, in which the initial weight and threshold of the BPNN are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Based on the second‐order RC equivalent circuit model, parameter identification is carried out using the adaptive forgetting factor least squares (AFFRLS) method. Online parameter updates and SOC estimation are realized by DEKF algorithm. Then, the trained PSO‐BPNN is used to predict the SOC estimation error in real time, and the SOC estimation value is corrected by adding prediction errors. The SOC estimates before and after correction under Beijing Dynamic Stress Test (BBDST), dynamic stress test (DST), and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) were compared. Under BBDST, DST, and HPPC tests, the maximum errors of the corrected SOC estimates are 0.0107, 0.0090, and 0.0147, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the corrected SOC estimates decreased by 94.02%, 83.18%, and 88.03%, respectively, compared with the extended Kalman filtering (EKF). The mean absolute error (MAE) of the corrected SOC estimates remained around 0.1% for all the BBDST dynamic operating conditions at different temperatures. The experimental results demonstrate the accuracy, effectiveness, and temperature adaptability of the proposed algorithm for SOC estimation under complex conditions of lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel bus charging station planning problem considering integrated photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (PESS) to smooth the carbon‐neutral transition of transportation. This paper illustrates a two‐stage stochastic programming model capturing the uncertainty of PV power outputs and designs a step‐wise solution approach in which a conventional charging station location problem is solved in the first step and an improved L‐shaped algorithm is developed in the second step to determine charging station locations with PESS. The numerical experiments indicate that the step‐wise solution approach can provide high‐quality solutions within acceptable computational time. A case study is performed using a real‐world transit network in Beijing, China, with 34 bus routes and 15 candidate bus charging stations. Compared with the benchmark model, both recharging cost and carbon emission are reduced considerably. This paper provides novel insights into the development of integrated transportation and renewable energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a vehicle track coupling dynamic model including bearing outer ring defects is built, the time history of the axle‐box vibration acceleration and the time history of the bearing roller‐outer raceway contact load under the condition of random track irregularity on the Beijing‐Tianjin line are obtained by simulation calculation. The results show that when the outer ring defect of the bearing occurs, the axle box will generate high‐frequency vibration at the resonance peak in the vertical and lateral directions. When the defect on the bearing outer ring is in the small width of 1 mm, the roller only imposes one impact when passing through the defect area. However, when the width exceeds 3 mm, the large defect causes the roller to impose a double impact on the lateral direction of the axle box, due to changes in bearing clearance in the passing‐through process. When the running speed of the train is about 250 km h−1, the width of bearing outer ring defects needs to be limited to within 1 mm, to minimize a series of problems such as structural fatigue caused by the increased bearing roller‐outer raceway contact load caused by bearing outer ring defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-data-throughput and multimodal-acquisition experiments will prevail in next-generation synchrotron beamlines. Orchestrating dataflow pipelines connecting the data acquisition, processing, visualization and storage ends are becoming increasingly complex and essential for enhancing beamline performance. Mamba Data Worker (MDW) has been developed to address the data challenges for the forthcoming High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). It is an important component of the Mamba experimental control and data acquisition software ecosystem, which enables fast data acquisition and transmission, dynamic configuration of data processing pipelines, data multiplex in streaming, and customized data and metadata assembly. This paper presents the architecture and development plan of MDW, outlines the essential technologies involved, and illustrates its current application at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is the preparatory stage for young people to enter the society. Although teenagers are good at catering to the development trend of society, they are limited by age, growth environment, and other factors, and their cognition of society is too simple, resulting in poor social adaptability. This paper adopts control method and questionnaire survey to study the effect of mental health education on improving social adaptability of teenagers. A total of 712 adolescents from two schools in Beijing were selected for the study (M = 15 76, SD = 2 338). In addition, the age, gender, family environment, and growth environment of the youth were taken as the independent variables. The results showed that the social adaptability of adolescents and its subdimensions were significantly affected by age, family environment, and growth environment (p < 0 05), while gender had little effect on the overall social adaptability of adolescents (p > 0 05). After receiving mental health education, adolescents' social adaptability has significantly improved, with statistical differences in self-adjustment ability, interpersonal adaptability, behavioral adaptability, and environmental adaptability as well as in all dimensions (p < 0 01), indicating that mental health education has obvious and comprehensive improvement effect on adolescents' social adaptability. The social adaptability of adolescents is also affected by their own characteristics and growth background, which will further affect the effect of mental health education on the improvement of the social adaptability of adolescents. Based on these findings, this study provides significant insights for parents and teachers to improve the social adaptability of adolescents from the angle of mental health. Meanwhile, parents and teachers should specially pay attention to the influence of personality and growth background of adolescents which also play a decisive role on the effect of mental health education. This study provides practical and useful recommendations for improving adolescent social adaptability and adds to the theory for corresponding future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: State of charge and state of energy are essential performance indicators of the battery management system and the key to reflecting the remaining capacity of batteries. Aiming at the problems of low precision, long time, and strongly nonlinear system estimation of state of charge and state of energy of lithium‐ion batteries based on traditional algorithm under complex working conditions, this paper proposes a hybrid method consisting of the long short‐term memory neural network and square root extended Kalman smoothing. The long short‐term memory neural network can enhance the memory ability of the previous time data. The sliding window technology is introduced into the network to improve the correlation between the last time and the subsequent time estimation. Based on the traditional Kalman filtering algorithm, the square root and reverse smoothing algorithms are introduced to solve the risk of the negative covariance matrix and the problems of slow convergence and significant estimation deviation caused by a strongly nonlinear system. According to experiments, under the hybrid pulse power characterization working condition at 25°C, the maximum absolute errors of state of charge and state of energy are 1.779% and 1.487%, and the mean absolute errors are 0.352% and 0.894%, respectively. Under the Beijing bus dynamic stress test working condition at 25°C, the maximum absolute errors of state of charge and state of energy are 2.703% and 2.369%, and the mean absolute errors are 0.462% and 0.621%, respectively. The experimental results show that this algorithm can obtain reliable state of charge and state of energy under different complex working conditions with high accuracy, convergence, and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation facts of trend and variability are estimated for a century‐long timescale, as well as some possible attributions affecting temperature extremes over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region. In this paper, the new constructed daily maximum and minimum temperature series during the last 100 years in situ stations of Beijing, Tianjin and Baoding city are used, and two 30‐year baseline climatology of 1961–1990 and 1980–2010 are both used in calculating extreme temperature events. The results indicate that there are long‐lasting, frequent and serious extreme warming over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region, especially for extreme low temperature, with larger declining trends (at 5% significance) from 1981 to 2010 baseline than those from 1961 to 1990 baseline. And from a statistical perspective, El Niño decay years and surface sea temperature (SST) anomalies at some typical ocean regions of the Arabian Sea and the Bengal Bay on the northern Indian Ocean, the Western Pacific and the Mid Atlantic, Southern Indian Ocean and around 45°–85°E, 68°–82°N on the southwest Arctic Ocean can be used as the warning signals denoting extreme warming over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region. Additionally, urbanization has a significant (at 5% significance) effect on extreme warming over Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region since 1979, with 24.3% warming contribution for annual minimum temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LED ground display system, as an important outdoor display system in major scenes such as some international performance events or interactive display system, has brought spectacular and gorgeous artistic effect to the audience. According to the customized design and the effort we made, this world class super large-scale outdoor display system has realized successfully at the beginning of the year 2022 in Beijing. This LED ground display system has many innovation in product design, control system design, and field implementation especially for the need of super high reliability, high environmental suitability, convenient installability, 4,500 m2 super large display area, very complex system integration, and long service time. This paper indicates the detail introduction of the ground display system, specially focuses on the high reliability product design, high display performance design, system reliability design, field implementation, and actual verification results of the semi-circular display area on both sides of the stage. Meanwhile, some simulation technologies are used in this design related to optics, mechanics, and so on. Furthermore, under the special application environment, to ensure the reliability of the outdoor display system, a dynamic screen preheating method according to temperature change is proposed and proved effectively by practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the industrial transfer path is of great significance to the distribution of the industrial relocators and receivers in the process of industrial transfer, how to measure the input–output relationship between industries is still unclear. Based on an adjusted input–output table, this paper attempts to measure the input–output relationship for transport equipment manufacturing industry in the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei region. The interregional input–output model was used to realize the calculation of the single department transfer amount. Moreover, combining with the calculation results, the transfer path of the transportation equipment manufacturing was characterized. The results showed that the phenomenon of transfer over space in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry was distinct. The industrial transfer has shifted from the coastal areas to central and western regions. Sixteen provinces, mainly including Inner Mongolia, Henan, Shanxi, etc., had a net outflow of the transportation equipment manufacturing industry. The rest is net inflow provinces. Transportation equipment manufacturing industrial transfer is moving into Beijing and Tianjin. This paper will provide a reference for reasonable and orderly acceptance of industrial transfer from a quantitative perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban barrier effect is one possible physical mechanism by which the urbanization alters the spatial distribution of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning activity in a city. There is a gap in the preceding research on an urban barrier effect to alter patterns of CG lightning in Beijing, and the urban morphology does not receive enough attention as an important influencing factor. By combining lightning location data, ground meteorological data, and urban morphology datasets, we identify a possible urban barrier effect from the perspective of CG lightning in Beijing during 2010–2017. Analysis of one typical thunderstorm on 13 July 2017 revealed that the barrier effect might result in a bifurcation of low‐level airflow and splitting of the convergence line. A more important finding was the modulation of the barrier effect by the scale and density of the built‐up area, and the numerical simulation experiments further confirmed this potential association. Plain Language Summary: Lightning is a common hazard associated with thunderstorms, which can result in $332 million of property damage annually in the United States and cause more than 1,000 casualties per year in China. Beijing, as one of the first‐tier cities in China, is undergoing a rapid urbanization in both city size and building density. Statistical results of cloud‐to‐ground lightning activity over 8 years showed that there were lots of lightning at the edge of the city, and most lightning seemed to be diverted around the city center. Due to a possible barrier effect, the path of a thunderstorm on 13 July 2017 was obviously altered by the city, also resulting in the change of near‐surface wind field. Except for synoptic forcing, wind speed, and urban heat island, this paper pointed out that the size of a city and its building density could influence whether the barrier effect occurred and how strong it was. Key Points: The strong synoptic forcing, strong wind speed, and weak urban heat island were in favor of the formation of a barrier effect in the built‐up area of BeijingWhen thunderstorms passed over city, the bifurcation of low‐level airflow and splitting of convergence line was a result of the urban barrier effectThe size of a city and its building density might influence the occurrence and strength of a barrier effect [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges play positive roles in the process of place development. Bridges affect changes in place images, which, in turn, are shaped by changing capital flows. Place image and place identity are intertwined. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the relationship among capital flows, place image, and place identity. This paper takes San Jiadian (SJD) village in Beijing as a case study and the Yongding River bridges around SJD as the main units of analysis. This paper aims to explain how the bridges influence the formation and change of place images during different historical periods and to provide a Chinese case for the relationship among capital flows, place image, and place identity. We draw the following conclusions. The change in the ownership of the bridges led to a change in capital flows to the bridges and the village, thereby leading to a change in the place image. Moreover, the new place image weakens the place identity of the villagers. The villagers' place identity should be considered for a place's new development direction and changes in the place image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combinatorial testing is a prevailing approach to finding out faults in the extremely complex systems of train operation for railway. While combinatorial testing is applied to Chinese Train Control Systems (CTCS) for revealing faults, some potential faults tend to be arduous to trigger due to the interaction of multiple test cases. For the sake of accurate and efficient fault localization of CTCS under the circumstances of masking effects, a novel method of locating the faults of CTCS using the relationship matrix with frequent terms has been proposed in the paper. To begin with, failed test cases from CTCS were made full use of to calculate the frequentness of failure‐inducing elements for ordered tables. Then, the relationship matrix with frequent terms for CTCS was established to work out the suspiciousness of failure‐inducing combinations by the following relation of failure‐inducing elements in the above tables. Furthermore, an iterative approach to locating failure‐inducing combinations was adopted to obtain the full list of rankings of failure‐inducing combinations, among which top combinations, especially MFS (Minimal Failure‐causing Schema), were prone to discover the faults of CTCS. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for CTCS was confirmed on the simulation platform of CTCS for Beijing‐Shenyang High‐speed Rail. Empirical studies suggest that compared to the method of fault forest, the average suspiciousness in the proposed method is 12.17% higher than that and the number of additional test cases are reduced by 31.7% on average, which can produce more precise and efficient results of identifying the faults of CTCS in case of masking effects. The research achievements can provide some references for the safety evaluation and system optimization of CTCS for high‐speed rail. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a mobility network of Chinese scientists and a cooperation network of scientific research based on data on mobility and research cooperation in China at the urban scale. Through several methods, including spatial analysis, network analysis, and regression analysis, the nodes and bilateral relations in the two networks are found to be highly coupled. Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta are hot spots for the mobility and scientific research cooperation networks of Chinese scientists. Only a few cities in the two networks play important roles, and most of the cities serve as a foil. The spatial mobility and scientific research cooperation activities of Chinese scientists are concentrated in the eastern region, the Chinese scientists' mobility and scientific research cooperation networks are rhombus structure, the two networks both are compact and hierarchical network with Beijing as the single dominant city, and the power‐law distribution in the bilateral relationship of two networks shows a "pyramid structure". Finally, we discuss the possible reasons for the spatial co‐location relationship between the mobility and scientific cooperation of scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS; Beijing, People's Republic of China), where up to 90 beamlines can be provided in the future, minimization of workload for individual beamlines and maximization of knowledge about one beamline that can be applied to other beamlines is essential to minimize the total complexity in beamline control. Presented in this paper are our efforts to achieve these goals by composing relatively simple utilities and mechanisms to automate tasks, while always remembering to keep our automation solutions simple and clear. After an introduction to our choice of basic software in EPICS-based beamline control, the issues encountered in introducing package management to EPICS modules, as well as solutions to them, are presented; the design and implementation of the packaging system is concisely discussed. After a presentation of our efforts to reduce the need for self-built multi-device EPICS 'input/output controller' (IOC) applications by providing reusable modular IOC executables, implementation of easily maintainable multi-IOC setups through the separation and minimization of each user's IOC configurations is given. The ongoing project of comprehensive beamline services at HEPS to further simplify configuration management on multiple scales, ranging from individual beamline devices to all beamlines at HEPS, is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a comparative study of the scientific publications of the 31 province‐level regions of Mainland China during 2006–2018. The main results are as follows. First, the four indices, ordered by total number of papers indexed, across all provinces, are the Science Citation Index (SCI), Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD), Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI), and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). The number of international publications from these regions shows an increasing trend, while the number of domestic research outputs shows a fluctuating trend. Second, the international and domestic publications produced by these regions greatly improved over the study period. Third, different regions vary greatly not only in research output but also in research preference. The top five preferred disciplines of international and domestic academic achievement are very different; the former all belong to the natural sciences, while more than 7 of 10 of the latter belong to the social sciences. Moreover, the adjacency matrices of the similarity of the 31 regions show that there is some correlation between the research spotlight of a region and its economic and cultural patterns. In general, scientific research in China has developed rapidly in recent years, and different regions vary greatly not only in research achievement but also in research preference. Key points: Scientific output is unevenly distributed between Chinese provinces, with Beijing, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, and Shaanxi each contributing almost half total output.The majority of Chinese‐authored articles in international journals are in STM areas, with national journals capturing the majority of social science articles.Beijing has the highest number of articles in Q1 and Q2 journals within Web of Science, followed by Jiangsu and then Shanghai.The different regions of china specialize in different academic disciplines, with some universities excelling social sciences and others in pure and applied sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microminiaturization of detectors used to record the intensity of X‐ray beams is very favorable for combined X‐ray experimental techniques. In this paper, chemical‐vapor‐deposited (CVD) polycrystalline diamond film was used to fabricate a micro‐detector owing to its well controlled size, good thermostability, and appropriate conductivity. The preparation process and the main components of the CVD diamond micro‐detector are described. The external dimensions of the packaged CVD diamond micro‐detector are 15 mm × 7.8 mm × 5.8 mm. To demonstrate the performance of the detector, K‐edge X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (XAFS) spectra of Cr, Fe, Cu, and Se foils were collected using the CVD diamond micro‐detector and routine ion chamber. These XAFS measurements were performed at beamline 1W2B of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, covering an energy range from 5.5 to 13.5 keV. By comparison, it can be seen that the CVD diamond micro‐detector shows a more excellent performance than the routine ion‐chamber in recording these XAFS spectra. The successful application of the CVD diamond micro‐detector in XAFS measurements shows its feasibility in recording X‐ray intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rapidly expanding Chinese cities, state‐owned land and collectively owned land are unequally treated in the permitted types of land use, use right transfer, and land management. This paper investigates the location choice of manufacturing firms as a response to this unique institutional arrangement. Firm‐level data were employed, and a zero‐inflated negative binomial regression model was developed to test whether land ownership affects the location choice of manufacturing firms. The study area of Beijing municipality was divided into refined grids for the choice of firms. The results confirmed the significant role of land ownership on the location of manufacturing firms. High‐tech companies have a strong preference for state‐owned land, while land ownership is insignificant for low‐tech companies in deciding the location. Meanwhile, development zones at different administrative levels are also found to be critical factors in affecting the location of manufacturing enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitioning towards community‐based alternatives for service provision, health geographers have turned their gaze towards the changing meanings of place across dynamic landscapes for older people. Yet, little is known about how such a transition has manifested as a new phenomenon in a non‐western country, within a variegated geo‐historical context. Using a relational approach, this paper examines what it means to embed care services in a community for supporting aging‐in‐place through a new model, community‐based care centre (CBCC) in Beijing, China. Interview data were obtained from 47 participants (including administrative staff, service providers, and older people) to understand how stakeholders envision the transition towards the CBCC model. Our findings show that embedding CBCCs into communities is a three‐dimensional process: 1) the dynamics of locating services and socio‐relational distance in shaping a sense of place; 2) the blurring of formal and informal care relations in creating care spaces; and 3) the interweaving of collectivism and individualism in a transition from "work‐unit" to community. These interactions indicate that community‐embedded care is geographically, socially, politically, and culturally constructed and needs to be understood as dynamic and relational. Our findings suggest that the theoretical underpinnings of aging‐in‐place need to broaden to include non‐western perspectives. Key Messages: Community‐embedded care services for supporting aging‐in‐place needs to be understood as dynamic and relational.How people and places are related in a wider network (re)produce various meanings of community‐embedded care to different people.The theoretical underpinnings of aging‐in‐place need to broaden to include non‐western perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malthusian population theory states that, when population growth exceeds the growth of the means of production, socioeconomic development will be hindered. This paper analyzes this issue from the perspective of uncoordinated urbanization. We used the data available for 262 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We empirically investigated the relationship between uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth. We also examined how this relationship is affected by natural resource constraints. The research results show that there are temporal and spatial differences in the distribution of uncoordinated urbanization in China. From a temporal perspective, from 2000 to 2015, 45.61% of China's 262 cities show under‐urbanization, while 36.45% of cities show over‐urbanization. However, the number of cities with over‐urbanization is growing. From a spatial perspective, the number of cities in the northeastern region with over‐urbanization is declining. Conversely, the number of cities with over‐urbanization in Beijing in the central and southeastern coastal areas is increasing. Empirical research shows that uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth have an inverted U‐shaped relationship. Abundant natural resources can make the inverted U‐shaped curve of uncoordinated urbanization and economic growth flatter. The "resource curse" seems to occur only under high levels of uncoordinated urbanization (over‐urbanization). For some cities where there is under‐urbanization, abundant natural resources are conducive to urban economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between community attributes and the subway home-price capitalization effect, asking whether the magnitude of the subway proximity premium is affected by neighbourhood economic status and location. Using longitudinal data from Beijing, the paper estimates that decreasing a community's distance to a subway station by 10 per cent increases the housing price per square metre by 0.2 per cent ~ 0.9 per cent. The paper also shows that, subway capitalization effect is around 0.1 per cent ~ 0.2 per cent lower for communities that have higher quality and charge a 1 Yuan higher property management fee. Moreover, the analysis also reveals that the subway capitalization will decrease by around 0.08 per cent as a community's distance to the central business district (CBD) increases by 1 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absorbing aerosols uniquely impact radiation, aerosol transport, and meteorology. This paper quantifies black carbon core and sulphate shell size and mass using decadal measurements of multi‐spectral aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and angstrom exponent from Aerosol Robotic Network stations located throughout East, Southeast, and South Asia, in connection with a MIE model. All sites are uniquely characterized into four types: urban, biomass burning, long‐range transport, and clean. Unique size and mass probability distributions of both the core and shell are calculated within each classification. Well known urban, biomass burning, and clean sites are all properly identified. Furthermore, two unique sites previously thought to not have multiple characteristics are identified, with urban and biomass burning significant in Beijing and long‐range transport significant in the otherwise clean South China Sea at Taiping Island. It is hoped that these results will allow for advances in attribution and radiative forcing studies. Plain Language Summary: Black Carbon strongly absorbs visible radiation, leading to unique impacts on atmospheric radiation, climate, the water cycle, and PM2.5. This work attributes different aerosol source characteristics, and further specifies the size distribution and concentration of aerosol black carbon cores and refractive shells. This work uses measurements of aerosol optical depth, single scatter albedo, and angstrom exponent, across multiple different wavelengths of light, in combination with statistics and a MIE model (physical model of aerosol/radiation interaction) using a Core‐Shell approximation. The results show that aerosols observed in East, Southeast, and South Asia can be uniquely classified into four types: urban, biomass burning, long‐range transport, and clean. These results are consistent in terms of aerosol size and mass at each site within each type of characterization. Furthermore, two unique sites are identified in which a second characteristic occurs some significant fraction of every year, which otherwise was not known or previously identified in the literature. These results are expected to help enhance the understanding of attribution of aerosols, as well as provide specific size and mass details of the aerosols useful to improve radiative forcing models and aerosol impacts on climate change. Key Points: Aerosols are categorized into biomass burning, urban, and long‐range types over Asia using decadal long multi‐spectral measurementsBased on multiple Aerosol Robotic Network Single Scatter Albedo measurements and a MIE model, physical characteristics of different aerosol types are deducedMost aerosols are found to be mixed, with two sites having different characteristics during different times of the year [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For prediction of urban remote sensing surface temperature, cloud, cloud shadow and snow contamination lead to the failure of surface temperature inversion and vegetation‐related index calculation. A time series prediction framework of urban surface temperature under cloud interference is proposed in this paper. This is helpful to solve the problem of the impact of data loss on surface temperature prediction. Spatial and temporal variation trends of surface temperature and vegetation index are analyzed using Landsat 7/8 remote sensing data of 2010 to 2019 from Beijing. The geographically weighed regression (GWR) method is used to realize the simulation of surface temperature based on the current date. The deep learning prediction network based on convolution and long short‐term memory (LSTM) networks was constructed to predict the spatial distribution of surface temperature on the next observation date. The time series analysis shows that the NDBI is less than −0.2, which indicates that there may be cloud contamination. The land surface temperature (LST) modeling results show that the precision of estimation using GWR method on impervious surface and water bodies is superior compared to the vegetation area. For LST prediction using deep learning methods, the result of the prediction on surface temperature space distribution was relatively good. The purpose of this study is to make up for the missing data affected by cloud, snow, and other interference factors, and to be applied to the prediction of the spatial and temporal distributions of LST. This article is categorized under:Technologies > Machine Learning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat wave is serious natural disaster that can harm human health and affect social economy, transportation and ecological environment. This paper investigates the long term trends of high temperature events in three major cities (Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang) of northern China during 1970–2019, and quantifies the contributions of main influencing factors to the variability of high temperature days. High temperature events in Beijing–Tianjin–Shijiazhuang cities mainly occur from June to July and account for 60–65% of the annual total, showing a significant upward trend in the interannual change. There is a trend of high temperature events starting early and ending late in recent 50 years, and this trend is intensified by the increasing urbanization. Due to geographical location and city scale, the frequency and intensity of high temperature events show difference among Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang cities. Variance analysis shows that climate warming contributes 20.2–25.5% to the variability of high temperature days, while urban heat island accounts for 14.7–24.2%, equal to the sum of the contributions from atmospheric circulation and solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate traffic speed forecasting is one of the most critical tasks in proactive traffic management and the deployment of advanced traveler information systems. This paper proposes a hybrid forecasting approach named DeepEnsemble by integrating the three‐dimensional convolutional neural network (3D CNN) with ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). There are four steps in this hybrid approach. First, EEMD is adopted to decompose the complex traffic speed time series data with noise into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue. Second, a three‐dimensional tensor is established and fed into 3D CNN for prediction. Third, the output of 3D CNN prediction is obtained by a linear combination of the results of all components. Finally, the 3D CNN prediction output, external features, and historical features are fused to predict the network‐wide traffic speed simultaneously. The proposed DeepEnsemble approach is tested on the three‐month traffic speed series data of a real‐world large‐scale urban expressway network with 308 traffic flow detectors in Beijing, China. The experimental results indicate that DeepEnsemble outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art network‐wide traffic speed forecasting models. 3D CNN learns temporal, spatial, and depth information better than 2D CNN. Moreover, forecasting accuracy can be improved by employing EEMD. DeepEnsemble is a promising model with scalability and portability for network‐wide traffic speed prediction and can be further extended to conduct traffic status monitoring and congestion mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transit oriented development (TOD) advocates enhancing public transport connectivity, clustering urban development around public transport nodes and creating station areas with high‐density, diverse land uses and pedestrian‐ and cycling‐friendly environments. While this urban development approach is expected to have positive effects on the urban economy, the impacts of TOD strategies on economic efficiency are yet to be empirically examined. This study operationalised economic efficiency as labour productivity; developed a methodology to investigate how labour productivity is distributed at the local level, to explore the relationships between TOD characteristics and the clustering of labour productivities across different types of industries within a city; and applied it to the case of Beijing, China. The results show that in most cases the distribution of labour productivity has no significant association with TOD characteristics. However, in certain consumer‐service‐related economic sectors (i.e. wholesale and retail; accommodation and catering; and culture, sports, and entertainment) labour productivity is on average significantly higher in an area with stronger transit‐oriented development characteristics. Furthermore, within the conceptual framework of agglomeration economies, the paper identified specific TOD characteristics that are related to the clustering of the higher level of labour productivities in certain industry sectors. These outcomes provide insights for developing more focused TOD strategies, aimed at enhancing the clustering of labour productivities in the identified industries around the existing metro station areas in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beijing and its surrounding areas experienced a torrential rainstorm from July 21 to 22, 2012. Previous studies have shown that melting was the main rainwater source in this process. In this paper, melting conversion processes were set to zero (NPMLT test) to analyze the effect of microphysical processes on the structure and precipitation of the convective system. The results showed that without the melting processes, the wind shear at the 700 hPa level decreased, and the wind field in Beijing and its surrounding areas changed. The cold front system moved faster, and the rainfall amount only reached the low rain level, much lower than that during the actual rainstorm. The hydrometeors sources had apparently changed. Though the latent heat release was large and little latent heat absorption occurred in the NPMLT test, the net latent heat did not affect the development of the convective system, and the precipitation was low. Therefore, microphysical processes greatly influence precipitation and convective system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper studies the extent to which spatial heterogeneity in housing prices is affected by housing supply in Beijing's specific context of centralized metropolitan government without local property tax. Taking data sets of residential land leases and private housing sales records from 2006 to 2008 within Beijing's metropolitan area, this paper examines how the capitalization of school quality and subway accessibility in housing prices varies with land availability instrumented by the employment density of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at the beginning of SOE reform. Results confirm that the capitalization of school quality and subway accessibility is larger in supply-constrained locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden events of crisis ('focusing events') trigger intense media reporting, which in turn can prompt political decision-makers to respond with an adjustment of existing policies. As such, focusing events can potentially lead to long-term policy change on a certain issue. This article explores the sudden and intense period of air pollution in Beijing in January 2013 as a focusing event. The episode, which international media referred to as 'Airpocalypse', triggered widespread discussion and policy adjustments that can be assumed to have accelerated the control of air pollution in China. The 'Airpocalypse' was not the first event of intense air pollution in Beijing, but the only one which seemingly caused lasting sociopolitical changes. The aim of this article is to explore the underlying situational factors that enabled the 'Airpocalypse' to be more relevant than other events of severe air pollution. This paper argues that a combination of historically high pollution, improved access to information, increasing government willingness to address the issue, and the ability of media to more openly discuss air pollution created a public pressure situation to which the government was prompted to respond in a stronger way than during previous events of heavy air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies rural land value appreciation and the wealth redistribution effects of China's dual land system, taking Beijing as a case study. We propose a robust method to estimate the land value gap between the land granting price paid by the developer and the rural resident's compensation for the expropriated land. The study shows that the land value gap manifests dramatic variability. While, on average, expropriation charges amount to 15 per cent of the estimated market value of land, this share is under 5 per cent in about a quarter of all rural expropriation cases. The land value gap shows significant and positive correlation with market prices and the intended use for the land, and significant evidence of spatial dependence and heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a new way of decomposing regional inequality. It divides the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region into three sets of districts in terms of the urban-rural resource flows: urban, peri-urban, and peripheral areas. Unlike the administrative divisions, these three sets of districts show how resource flows and agglomerates at the regional level. The paper decomposes regional inequality according to the three sets of districts. The paper's findings show that regional inequality decreased between 1990 and 1994, after which it remained steady. The study, for the first time, brings peri-urban areas into a regional decomposition analysis, and contributes to the understanding of urban-rural resource flows and inequality changes at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our existing knowledge of the links between urban growth and commuting patterns are dominated by cases from developed countries. This paper examines the impact of urban growth on workers' commutes using the case of Beijing, which is undergoing rapid economic and spatial restructuring. The results of an analysis of household survey data show that clustered and compact urban development in planned sub-centres is likely to reduce suburban workers' need for a long-distance commute to the city centre when the workers' socio-economic characteristics, the level of transport accessibility and household preferences for residential location are taken into account. Workers employed in the manufacturing sector tend to have shorter commutes and travel within the planned suburban sub-centres. This reveals that the decentralization of employment in the manufacturing sector provides more opportunities to enhance the spatial matches between household residential and job location choices. Household preferences for residential location have an effect on commuting patterns, and high-income workers are likely to accept longer commutes in order to fulfil their residential preferences. Dramatic urban restructuring, in conjunction with changes in lifestyle, is creating new commuting patterns in the rapidly growing cities of China. Resumen El estado actual del conocimiento sobre los vínculos entre el crecimiento urbanístico y los patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo está dominado por ejemplos de países desarrollados. Este artículo examina el impacto del crecimiento urbano en los desplazamientos al trabajo en una ciudad como Pekín, la cual está siendo objeto de una rápida reestructuración económica y espacial. Los resultados del análisis de datos de un muestreo de hogares mostró que es probable que un desarrollo urbano compacto y agrupado en torno a sub-centros planificados a propósito de este modo reduzca la necesidad de largos desplazamientos al trabajo hasta el centro de la ciudad, si se tienen en cuenta las características socioeconómicas de los trabajadores, la facilidad de acceso a transporte y las preferencias de cada hogar en cuanto a la zona residencial. Los trabajadores empleados en el sector manufacturero tienden a realizar desplazamientos más cortos y a viajar dentro de los sub-centros suburbanos planificados. Esto revela que la descentralización del empleo en el sector manufacturero proporciona más oportunidades de mejorar la correspondencia espacial entre la elección de la zona residencial y la del puesto de trabajo. Las preferencias familiares en cuanto a la zona residencial tienen un efecto en los patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo, siendo más probable que los empleados con ingresos más altos estén dispuestos a realizar desplazamientos más largos a cambio de satisfacer sus preferencias residenciales. Una dramática reestructuración urbana, junto con cambios en el estilo de vida, está creando nuevos patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo en las ciudades chinas de rápido crecimiento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beijing Olympic Games, one of the most significant social events for contemporary China, is a milestone for China's efforts for globalization. ‘One World, One Dream’, the motto of the Beijing Olympic Games, is an embodiment of the encounter between Chinese culture and Western civilization, and a symbol of integration between China and the rest of the world. This Special Section seeks to address the psychosocial ramifications of the Beijing Olympic Games and, thereby, to shed light on China's domestic situation and its international relations from a social psychological perspective. Moving beyond the psychology of athletic excellence, the four papers included use a wide range of methods, ranging from longitudinal tracking to priming, to examining self-construal and volunteering, to representations of China's past and future, competition towards foreigners, and perceived intercultural differences. Consistently found across the papers, patriotism was associated with ingroup cohesion, whereas nationalism was associated with competition and differentiation towards outgroups. This Special Section thereby pays tribute to the social psychological significance of the Beijing Olympic Games to China and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the emergence of the real estate market since 1990, the operation Beijing's economy has led to a re-shaping of its inner city. By reviewing the Old and Dilapidated Housing Redevelopment (ODHR) programme in Beijing in the 1990s, this paper seeks to uncover the forces that led to the prevailing large-scale urban redevelopment which induced serious environmental and socio-economic problems. By analysing conflicts between major stakeholders of the ODHR programme, the paper finds that the root cause of these problems was embedded in the ‘mismatch of plan and market’ by which local officials and local developers utilised their privileges inherited from a planned economy to benefit from the emerging real estate markets. As a result, the hidden agenda of local elites was facilitated during the urban redevelopment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban heat island ( UHI) effect is an important impact factor of the regional climate and ecological environment. How to observe and analyse the spatial distribution of UHI has become an important issue of urban environmental research. In this paper, the near-surface air temperature of Beijing was derived based on the Landsat/ TM satellite imagery on 26 July 2011 to study the near-surface UHI. A statistical model at 195-m window size was established to estimate the air temperature, using land surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, altitude, and surface albedo as independent variables. The mean absolute error ( MAE) of the model was 0.87°C, and the R2 was 0.66, indicating that the method can be used to effectively estimate the air temperature. The air temperature distribution obtained from remote sensing revealed that the UHI effect in Beijing was very significant and showed a concentrated pattern. The heat island intensity was stronger in the southern part than in the northern part of the city. In addition, the relationship between the air temperature and impervious surfaces was analysed. The air temperature increased with increasing impervious surface coverage, and the rate of change depended on the impervious surface coverage. When the impervious surface coverage was below 40 per cent, the temperature increased rapidly with increasing impervious surface coverage, and when the impervious surface coverage was above 40 per cent, the temperature increased slowly. This study provides a new approach to monitor near-surface UHI and reveals its relationship with impervious surface, providing a scientific reference for urban planning and environmental assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a spatial research on the relationship between street pattern and the vitality of everyday life in the city center of Beijing and Tianjin. It illustrates how traditional street pattern as a hierarchical and introverted spatial structure is transformed by modern development and how this change can affect the use of local places. A detailed mapping of local shops inside 179 urban blocks in Beijing and 114 urban blocks in Tianjin was conducted. The space syntax software was utilized to measure the external and internal spatial conditions involved in the emergence and clustering of these shops. The findings suggest that even in the imported regular grid structure, local Chinese inhabitants still appropriate these extroverted spaces in an introverted way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional thermal expansion method using a dilatometer fails to accurately determine the original firing temperatures of low-fired ancient pottery. For this reason, we have developed an improved method of determining firing temperatures for low-fired pottery. This paper explains the theory of the improved method and presents the reasonably satisfactory results obtained on ancient pottery from the Donghulin site ( c. 10 000 bp). The method and the results are very important for the study of ancient pottery culture and clay moulds used for bronze casting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the links between urban sprawl and social segregation is an important theme in urban research. Although many studies are available, conclusions are still mixed. This paper contributes to our existing understanding of the impact of sprawl on social segregation, looking at the case of Beijing. The results of the analysis show that sprawling development, characterised by scattered gated communities, low-density luxury villas, informal development and uneven distributions of public services and transport infrastructures in the peri-urban regions, have increased residential segregation between low-income and high-income residents and between local residents and migrants. Planning policies designed to control urban sprawl and encourage a compact city could have a positive role in reducing social segregation. However, the role of spatial planning is limited as there are still other institutional factors influencing social segregation in China's cities, two of the most relevant here being the remaining hukou system and dual land system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Pan Y, Wu M, Wang J, Pang R, Knight H, Cheikh Ismail L, for the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (INTERGROWTH-21st). Implementation of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project in China. BJOG 2013; 120 (Suppl. 2): 87-93. The East Asian site in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project was Shunyi County, Beijing, China, which is an affluent suburb of north Beijing delivering approximately 7000 women annually. The Newborn Cross-Sectional Study (NCSS) sample was drawn from two hospitals, covering >85% of births in the county. The Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study sample (FGLS) was recruited from the antenatal clinic of Shunyi Maternal & Child Health Hospital, the larger of the two institutions. Special activities to promote the study in this population included: (1) the distribution of health education materials about the importance of antenatal care and (2) the organisation of seminars by the study team to brief key stakeholders at the two hospitals about the goals of the research. One of the major challenges at this site in the early stages of the study was a reluctance to have an early ultrasound dating scan (<14+0 weeks of gestation). This challenge was overcome after a thorough evaluation of the literature regarding the benefits of an early ultrasound scan for dating purposes, as a result of which there was a formal change in hospital policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: Yang et al. (2011) Seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and effectiveness of 2010/2011 influenza vaccine during 2010/2011 season in Beijing, China. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(6), 381-388. Background In the post-pandemic period, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was expected to circulate seasonally and was introduced into trivalent influenza vaccine during 2010/2011 season in the Northern Hemisphere. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the evolution of herd immunity against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in Beijing, China, during 2010/2011 season and effectiveness of the 2010/2011 trivalent vaccine. Methods Two serological surveys were conducted before and after 2010/2011 season in Beijing. A case-control study was used to investigate vaccine effectiveness against influenza-like illness (ILI) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRI). Results A total of 4509 and 4543 subjects participated in the pre- and post-season surveys, respectively. The standardized seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza increased from 22·1% pre-season to 24·3% post-season ( P < 0·001). Significant elevation in seroprevalence appeared in the ≥60 years age-group ( P < 0·001), but not in others. The 2010/2011 trivalent vaccine contributed to the higher post-seasonal seroprevalence in unvaccinated individuals ( P = 0·024), but not in those vaccinated with monovalent pandemic vaccine ( P = 0·205), as well as in those without prior immunity versus those with immunity. The adjusted effectiveness of the 2010/2011 trivalent vaccine was 79% protection against ILI (95% CI, 61-89%) and 95% against LRI (95% CI: 59-99%). Conclusions A slight increase in herd immunity against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza was observed in Beijing, China, during the 2010/2011 season. Prior vaccination and immunity had a suppressive impact on immune response toward this novel influenza virus, elicited by 2010/2011 trivalent vaccine. This trivalent vaccine conferred good protection against ILI and LRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five sediment samples collected from Dongjiang River, which drains one of the most industrialized and urbanized regions in South China, were analyzed for 19 linear alkylbenzene (LAB) components. The sample dry weight-based concentrations of total LABs (ΣLAB) ranged from 1.5 to 410 ng/g. Comparison of the relative abundances of n-dodecylbenzenes (or C12-LABs) and internal to external ratio (I/E) values in riverine sediment, wastewater, and sediment samples from the outfalls of paper mills, as well as three brands of domestic detergents obtained from the present and previous studies, implicated the occurrence of untreated wastewater in the sampling sites. Levels of ΣLAB were significantly linear correlated with those of total organic carbon (TOC) but not with those of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Multiple linear regression integrated principal component analysis indicated that 56% of LABs in wastewater in the study area were treated, but the extent of degradation of LABs was low. Finally, it is proposed that ineffective law enforcement and loopholes in the current regulations for wastewater discharge account for the substantial amount (44%) of untreated wastewater discharged in the study region. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:724-730. © 2012 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please cite this paper as: MacIntyre et al. (2011) A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit-tested and non-fit-tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00198.x. We compared the efficacy of medical masks, N95 respirators (fit tested and non fit tested), in health care workers (HCWs). A cluster randomized clinical trial (RCT) of 1441 HCWs in 15 Beijing hospitals was performed during the 2008/2009 winter. Participants wore masks or respirators during the entire work shift for 4 weeks. Outcomes included clinical respiratory illness (CRI), influenza-like illness (ILI), laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus infection and influenza. A convenience no-mask/respirator group of 481 health workers from nine hospitals was compared. The rates of CRI (3·9% versus 6·7%), ILI (0·3% versus 0·6%), laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus (1·4% versus 2·6%) and influenza (0·3% versus 1%) infection were consistently lower for the N95 group compared to medical masks. By intention-to-treat analysis, when P values were adjusted for clustering, non-fit-tested N95 respirators were significantly more protective than medical masks against CRI, but no other outcomes were significant. The rates of all outcomes were higher in the convenience no-mask group compared to the intervention arms. There was no significant difference in outcomes between the N95 arms with and without fit testing. Rates of fit test failure were low. In a post hoc analysis adjusted for potential confounders, N95 masks and hospital level were significant, but medical masks, vaccination, handwashing and high-risk procedures were not. Rates of infection in the medical mask group were double that in the N95 group. A benefit of respirators is suggested but would need to be confirmed by a larger trial, as this study may have been underpowered. The finding on fit testing is specific to the type of respirator used in the study and cannot be generalized to other respirators. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN: ACTRN12609000257268 (). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 25 years since drug abuse re-emerged in China in the 1980s, the National Institute of Drug Dependence (NIDD) has made many contributions to China's antidrug campaign. This present paper offers an account of the history, current status and future of drug dependence research at NIDD. NIDD was originally a research centre at Beijing Medical University, founded by the Chinese Ministry of Health to address the rapid spread of drug abuse in China. Originally, the main task of NIDD was to complete the commissions assigned by the government and university. Further developments transformed NIDD into a national research institute in the field of drug addiction that began to conduct its own research. NIDD has now created a professional team spread across several independent departments involved in neurobiological mechanisms, epidemiological surveys and monitoring, pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of new drugs (mainly analgesic drugs and detoxification drugs) and informatics and data analysis. As a university-based research institute, NIDD's funding derives mainly from grants provided by the government and financial support from international organizations. Its past and present research has a gained NIDD a reputation with both practitioners and policy makers in the field of drug addiction. In the future, NIDD will continue to engage in various aspects of drug addiction research and will enter the field of brain function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid income growth, dairy production and consumption in China have increased significantly. The emergence of the dairy sector provides opportunities for farmers to participate in a high-value, potentially more lucrative enterprise. The overall goal of this paper is to analyze the major determinants of farmer participation in dairy production. Our main questions include whether or not the pace of the emergence of the dairy processing industry has affected the ability of farmers (especially small and relatively poor ones) to participate in dairy production; and whether or not it has limited the expansion of their herd size. Based on household, village, and processor surveys conducted in the Greater Beijing region, our analysis indicates that the location of dairy processing firms is one key factor that determines the participation of farmers in dairy production. Although other factors affect participation and herd size, including road access and the ability to find employment off the farm (which affects the opportunity cost of household members), the proximity to a dairy processor is shown to be one of the major factors that has encouraged the growth of dairy production for a given farmer in a specific region during the past decade. The results also show that poor, less educated farmers with relatively less access to land are not excluded from the expansion of the Greater Beijing dairy market. La production laitière et la consommation ont augmenté considérablement en Chine, en raison de la croissance rapide du revenu. Pour les producteurs, la croissance du secteur laitier offre des occasions de se lancer dans des activités à forte valeur, potentiellement plus lucratives. L’objectif global du présent article consiste à analyser les principaux déterminants de la participation des producteurs à la production laitière. Nous nous sommes alors posé deux questions. Le rythme d’émergence de l’industrie de la transformation de produits laitiers influence-t-il ou non la capacité des producteurs (en particulier les petits producteurs de condition modeste) à se lancer dans la production laitière? Le rythme d’émergence de cette industrie limite-t-il ou non l’expansion de la taille de leurs troupeaux? Une analyse des enquêtes menées auprès des ménages, des villages et des transformateurs dans l’agglomération pékinoise a révélé que le lieu où se trouvent les entreprises de transformation de produits laitiers est l’un des principaux facteurs qui déterminent la participation des producteurs à la production laitière. Bien que d’autres facteurs influencent la participation des producteurs et la taille des troupeaux, notamment l’accès routier et la capacitéà trouver un emploi à l’extérieur de la ferme (qui influence le coût d’opportunité/d’option des membres du ménage), la proximité d’une usine de transformation serait l’un des principaux facteurs qui ont encouragé la croissance de la production laitière, pour un producteur donné dans une région en particulier, au cours des dix dernières années. Les résultats ont également indiqué que les producteurs de condition modeste, moins instruits et ayant un accès restreint à des terres ne sont pas exclus de l’expansion du marché laitier dans l’agglomération pékinoise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient air pollution has been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality in epidemiology studies. Frequently, oxidative and nitrosative stress are hypothesized to mediate these pollution effects, however precise mechanisms remain unclear. This paper describes the methodology for a major panel study to examine air pollution effects on these and other mechanistic pathways. The study took place during the drastic air pollution changes accompanying the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. After a general description of air pollution health effects, we provide a discussion of panel studies and describe the unique features of this study that make it likely to provide compelling results. This study should lead to a clearer and more precise definition of the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as other mechanisms, in determining acute morbidity and mortality from air pollution exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not long after the conclusion of the Beijing Summer Olympics in 2008, I was invited by my friend Eric Xu, an editor at Shanghai's largest paper, The Xinmin Evening News, to attend a seminar in Shanghai with some of China's top philosophers and scholars. They had gathered to assess the “powershift” in China's self-image and in global esteem as a result of such a successful execution of the games. The following short essay reports on their views and puts them in historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XXIst International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing was held at the Beijing International Convention Centre, China, from 3rd to 11th July 2008. Reports are given on the Congress as a whole, including the General Assembly, some Technical Commission activities and the Congress Exhibition. Papers from the Congress are published in Volume XXXVII of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of ‘information hinterland’ as a determinant to financial agglomeration and financial centre development. The concept is then applied to investigate the potentials of Beijing and Shanghai in becoming financial centres in China. Specifically, the information hinterlands of the two cities are identified in two steps: first, the boundaries of the hinterlands are demarcated on the basis of distance, intensity of transport connection and interactions in terms of migration. Second, the intensity of information from the hinterland is assessed in terms of business information, policy information and the seats of multinational headquarters. Results of the analysis and their implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying spatial patterns of species richness and determining the processes that give rise to these patterns are core problems in biodiversity theory. The aim of the present paper was to more accurately detect patterns of vascular species richness at different scales along altitudinal gradients in order to further our understanding of biodiversity patterns and to facilitate studies on relationships between biodiversity and environmental factors. Species richness patterns of total vascular plants species, including trees, shrubs, and herbs, were measured along an altitudinal gradient on one transect on a shady slope in the Dongling Mountains, near Beijing, China. Direct gradient analysis, regression analysis, and geostatistics were applied to describe the spatial patterns of species richness. We found that total vascular species richness did not exhibit a linear pattern of change with altitude, although species groups with different ecological features showed strong elevational patterns different from total species richness. In addition to total vascular plants, analysis of trees, shrubs, and herbs demonstrated remarkable hierarchical structures of species richness with altitude (i.e. patchy structures at small scales and gradients at large scales). Species richness for trees and shrubs had similar spatial characteristics at different scales, but differed from herbs. These results indicated that species groups with similar ecological features exhibit similar biodiversity patterns with altitude, and studies of biodiversity based on species groups with similar ecological properties or life forms would advance our understanding of variations in species diversity. Furthermore, the gradients or trends appeared to be due mainly to local variations in species richness means with altitude. We also found that the range of spatial scale dependencies of species richness for total vascular plants, trees, shrubs, and herbs was relatively large. Thus, to detect the relationships between species richness with environmental factors along altitudinal gradients, it was necessary to quantify the scale dependencies of environmental factors in the sampling design or when establishing non-linear models. (Managing editor: Ya-Qin Han) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]