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The article presents information on the first international society of tropical dermatology held in Naples, Italy during the week commencing June 8, 1964 in the Palazzo dei Congressi, Mostra d'Ottremare. Two halls were used simultaneously during the Congress, a main hall with very comfortable seating accommodation for one thousand persons and equipment for simultaneous translation into five languages, and a small halt with less comfortable seating and no translators. There were 520 participants from over 50 countries, and altogether about 130 papers were presented. The translators were at times sorely tried by speakers who attempted to read a 30-minute paper in the 10 minutes allowed, and one cannot help but conclude that brevity is foreign to the natures of many of those who speak at international medical congresses.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium entitled "International Symposium on Aggressive Behavior" that was held May 2-4, 1968, in Milan, Italy, is presented. The symposium featured several life scientists including L. Covi, L. A. Gottschalk and L. Valzelli. Scientist A. Randrup's paper described stereotyped behaviors and "rage" reactions that are induced in rats by d-amphetamine and by monoamine oxidase inhibitors combined with dihydroxyphenylalanine.

The article focuses on financial developments in Italy from 1860 to 1884. It falls naturally into two parts. In the first, after a brief examination of the economic conditions under which the new kingdom of Italy began its existence, an effort is made to present Italy's situation at the time of suspension and to discover in how far, broadly speaking, a forced paper was a necessity. The general condition of Italy at the time of her political consolidation was backward. Her national economic life did not really begin until after 1861; and not until the occupation of Rome in 1870 did political affairs fall finally into the background. Lack of confidence in the stability of the governments or of the laws discouraged all commercial undertakings and even the spirit of industrial enterprise seemed wanting. To describe the economic condition of Italy at this time is extremely difficult. So many elements enter into it, and these mixed in such confusion, that to give any precise estimate of the strain endured by Italy just previous to the suspension is well-nigh impossible. Foreign merchants refused to give credit, and were sending in their demands to be collected at any price. In the general panic, information came of the imminence of failures of the highest importance, if certain banking houses were not protected.

The article presents information on various meetings related to biological sciences. The First Herpetological Conference of the USSR, conducted during October 12-14, 1964 in Leningrad was of special interest to herpetologists all over the world. Employed as a measure of the present status of herpetology in Russia, it revealed that the herpetologists in nontaxonomic areas are conspicuously paralleled in Russia. The Third International Congress of Radiation Research will be held in Italy during June 26-July 2, 1966. The Congress will be focusing on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of ionizing radiations. The Plant Phenolic Group of North America will hold its Sixth Annual Meeting during April 6-8, 1966 at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas.

The study of mass communications can be divided into three parts: intent analysis, content analysis and effect analysis. This order not only reflects chronology. By placing content analysis in the middle position, it also highlights the contribution of that procedure to the other two, namely, to support inferences about intent on the one hand and effect or response on the other. This paper reports a number of special attempts to discern the intentions of enemy propaganda during World War II by means of rigorous analysis of the manifest content of the communications under control. Among the many other problems in the area of intent analysis is the problem of discovering whether two communications-controlling groups, formally related or not, actually collaborate in their propaganda output; and if so, under what conditions, in what ways, and to what extent. This is the general context of this study. Specifically, the subject of investigation was the nature of collaboration between the German and Italian propaganda ministries in their short-wave radio output beamed to North America just before and after the entry of the United States into the war.

This article discusses the public opinion of Italian people, their thinking about the U.S. and the possible Russian strategy in this country. The appointment of Socialist Pietro Nenni as Foreign Minister of Italy in October 1946, the conclusion of a new pact between the Socialists and the Communists, and the success of the Left in several municipal elections had been interpreted by many as steps toward that goal. Then, in January 1947, came the spectacular break between the pro-and the anti-Communist wings of the Socialist Party. Two new parties were formed--the "Italian Socialist Party," led by pro-Communist Pietro Nenni, and the "Socialist Party of the Italian Workers," headed by Giuseppe Saragat. Less than half the deputies followed Saragat, the rebel; but no one knows whether the members of the Socialist Party, and those three-odd million non-members who voted Socialist in June 1946, will divide the same way in the Fall elections.

Presents discussions on various issues in Economics. Examination of price theory; Attitude of trade unions in North Carolina towards employment of child labor; Contrast between national financial prosperity and distressful poverty in Italy.

The article reports that the sterile male technique has been used to kill fruit flies on the island of Capri in Italy. These flies usually damage various fruit crops on the island. According to David Nadel of the International Atomic Energy Agency, an experiment to disburse irradiated sterile male fruit flies to mate with native female flies has resulted in the eradication of the insects. The males used in the experiment were reared in various laboratories. The insects can also be killed by genetically incompatible mating.

The article discusses about the Popular Front and their connection to French cinema and the contributions made by Jean Renoir. According to the article, the attempted fascist and monarchist "March on Paris" on February 6, 1934 became the catalyst to the creation of the Popular Front. It was said that the Popular Front produced motion pictures to forward their cause and their ideologies, though it was also mentioned that communists were not the first ones to have and use the idea of using cinema for political reasons.

The article focuses on concepts and practices in Italian social work. Italian social work concepts are inevitably related to the value orientations in Italian society. While it is an accepted fact that the culture of Italy is part of the general culture of the Western civilization and thus reaffirming some of its broad value orientations, there seems to be no question that a comparison of American and Italian value orientations, even if it has to be succinct and concise, reveals some basic differences. Such differences profoundly affect concepts, and eventually practices, in social work. Although this contrast may not always be typically explicit, and this proposition should therefore be taken mostly in terms of a hopefully useful suggestion, in our view one cannot fully understand the Italian social work concepts of today without giving some thought to this cultural dimension, namely, without considering the fact that the Italian culture-compared with the American one-is less oriented toward the goal of relieving pain and suffering, especially when such pain and suffering are in terms of inner psychological disturbances.

It is obvious, of course, that under all primitive conditions the neighborhood, as camp or settlement, readily becomes a full-functioning community so far as necessarily collective functions are concerned. Of these defence against external enemies was long the most obvious and pressing, and maintenance of certain kinds of internal order the next in importance. When there are few or no roads or safe waterways, no telegraph lines, almost no commerce and only rare communication with the outside world the village as a compact neighborhood, whether of ancient Italy, Minnesota frontier or present Siberia naturally tends towards the extension and perfection of a variety of community functions--of defence, policing, sanitation, recreation, worship, education and even economic production and distribution. But these same urban dwellers know well enough that neither politically nor otherwise are these neighborhoods by themselves expected to discharge collective functions. Certain kinds of defence and order maintaining functions have been transferred to the large communities of state and nation; others have been assigned to the city as a whole.

This article focuses on the contribution of public opinion polls to the to the understanding of the 1953 elections in Italy, West Germany and Japan. In each case the relevant public opinion polling data are presented and evaluated in terms of their contribution to our understanding of electoral behavior. It seems that the Italian have been particularly valuable in explaining the opinion of the people on the new and controversial electoral law sponsored by the Christian Democrats. The polls show that the electoral law, despite the mass of publicity surrounding it, did not reach and thus directly move the great mass of the people. The lukewarm to antagonistic attitude of tile supporters of the small parties in the center coalition to the measure is of great interest. It may be that the relaxation of tensions between the East and the West does account for some of the increase in the Nenni Socialist ranks, but the polling data is not conclusive. The polls clearly indicate that the Nenni Socialists are the party with the highest proportion of people who feel that coexistence between the East and the West is possible. The polls also indicate that the death of Joseph Stalin, Marxist revolutionary and dictator of Russia raised the hopes of many of the Italians that a lasting peace might be achieved. Whatever may have been the unconscious effect of these factors, few of the leftist voters consciously attribute their gains to any such international factor.

This article presents the published and unpublished memoirs of Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister. The material undoubtedly was dictated by Goebbels, but it is not necessarily an intimate or truthful account of his life as an individual or propagandist. These memoirs more or less faithfully reflect Goebbels' propaganda strategy and tactics. It is a convenient guide to his bulky propaganda materials. According to Goebbels, he and his associates could plan and execute propaganda only by constantly referring to existing intelligence. The basic intelligence during a war concerns military events. It is evident from Goebbels' diary that it was clear to Goebbels that the anticipation of a German success along military or political lines could have certain immediate beneficial effects from his viewpoint. For this reason he was wildly indignant when, after the German army withdrew, the enemy ascribed to him premature reports on victories at Salerno, a seaport in South Italy.

This article concerns the attempt on the part of U.S. citizens of Italian descent to influence their former compatriots in Italy regarding the Italian election of 1948. The letters from U.S. citizens to their Italian friends and relatives, urged them to vote against the communist candidates. As maintained by the authors, while the effectiveness of these letters in influencing voters in Italy cannot be assessed accurately, the effectiveness of the campaign to persuade Italian-Americans to write, is self evident. In Elmira, New York, it was found that 87 per cent of the Italian community had heard the appeal and that percent of the families had sent letters. While older, Italian-born citizens were most likely to write, it was found that younger, U.S. born members of the community also responded out of loyalty to their local institutions and interest in international affairs. This pressure on the part of U.S. citizens of Italian descent upon their country of origin is but one recent instance from a long record of attempts of U.S. national minorities to influence affairs in their homeland.

Europe's labor movement has, during the period of Nazi domination, been the backbone of the underground. With liberation in sight, the dynamic force of labor and the underground can be turned to the constructive task. The article presents a discussion of the potentialities of labor in occupied territories. The author informs that there is a functioning labor movement in Italy, arising out of the underground existence into which it was forced by the fascist regime. The labor proposes to take over the fascist unions and administer them until the time elections of officers are possible. Since by labor is meant the labor movement, persons trained in the military tradition are not unlikely to query whether rehabilitating labor is properly a function of military government. It is a government by force, and the legality of its acts is determined by the laws of war. It's primary task under the rules is to guard the rear of the advancing armies against spies and to maintain communications clear and unobstructed. But it has another equally important task--the economic and sanitary rehabilitation of the population in the area.

The structure of the propaganda machine in Italy is known, but very little of the technique which it employs has been analyzed. It is of capital importance to recognize the fact that no specialized personnel has been hired by the propaganda ministry in Italy, and no particular attention has been given to propaganda as a technique. For the most part the personnel of the ministry has been taken from the Foreign Office, and the rest has been supplied by newspapermen. Fascist propaganda abroad can be considered a failure, particularly if compared with Nazi propaganda. The sympathy which still surrounds Fascism and Fascists in some quarters is a left-over from the period of pacific Fascism (pre-Ethiopian War) and undoubtedly is not the result of propaganda planned in Rome. Internally, propaganda has different results, owing to the total monopoly which the government has on news, enlightenment, and education. The most important effect has come from the suppression of news rather than from affirmative propaganda.

This article discusses origin, policy and administration of the Ministry of Popular Culture in Italy. The ministry of Popular Culture was heavily staffed with foreign service officers at the time of its inception. All matters which are of interest to the press were pointed out by the Ministry to the competent authorities, and in other cases to the newspapers themselves in order that the latter may give them the vast repercussion they deserve. The policy of the Ministry of Popular Culture toward the foreign press is to emphasize sheer, transparent, complete truth. While the releases are often neither complete nor transparent, the Ministry acts both as a liaison between the Government and the foreign press, and as an interpreter of deviations from official truth. The consent of the Ministry must be secured before moving picture houses may be opened or before even their "construction, modification, or transformation" may be begun. The real import of the Ministry of Popular Culture up to the present time lies not as much in the extension and centralization of powers as in their concentration.

Discusses the existing condition of railways in Italy. Comparison of the railway legislation of the country with other nations in Europe; Regulation of the construction and operation of railways; Average cost per kilometer of the Italian lines.

Analyzes the movement of emigrants from Italy during 1869-1906. Lack of reliable statistical figures regarding emigration into European nations; Extent of emigration into North and South American nations; Impact of economic conditions in North and South America on the return movement; Need to consider factors affecting emigration before drawing on any conclusion.

Focuses on the economic causes of the rise of Lombard communes in Italy as of May 1902. Increase in the extent of foreign trade in Italy; Evidences to prove the direct relationship of rising commerce and growth of communal organizations in Italy; Influence of growth of commercial prosperity on the rise of communes to political importance in the city of Cremona, Italy.

The article focuses on the origin of the Bank of Venice, established in the latter part of the twelfth century in Venice, Italy. There is an often repeated and long accepted legend respecting the origin of the Bank of Venice. A public debt, contracted not far from 1171, is said to have been made transferable like a modern registered debt, then to have been found useful as a medium of payment, to have become the nucleus of a system of deposits and transfers of money, and so to have developed into a bank of deposit of the primitive type, holding a place of great though variable importance in European commerce for more than six centuries. With this legend have been joined confused and often contradictory statements as to a money of account of mysterious nature created by the bank, and the superiority of this imaginary money to actual cash in hand. Owing, perhaps, to the aversion of the Venetian government to anything like publicity in the management of its business, even the Venetian historians were sometimes misled by the tradition; and it is, therefore, not surprising that writers in other countries followed it with little question. It is tolerably clear that private banking in Venice began as an adjunct of the business of the campsores, or dealers in foreign money.

This article presents information related to political economic events that took place in different countries. A large number of professors in Paris, of various economic schools, but having strong professional sympathies, have now established the journal "Revue d'Economie Politique," as an independent medium, the organ of no person or school, but to be open to all opinions, if treated in the scientific spirit and with comity towards others. On January 19,1887, the Permanent Commission of the Italian government published a report for the abolition of forced currency. The report notifies that at the date of resumption in 1883, the notes in circulation for which the government was responsible amounted to 940,000,000 francs. Of these, on June, 30, 1886, 476,000,000 had been redeemed, so that the amount outstanding was a trifle short of 464,000,000. A thin quarto was issued last year, by the Register of the Treasury, entitled "A Statement of the Public Debt of the United States From 1789 to 1885, and Receipts and Expenditures From 1855 to 1885."