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Wild edible mushrooms can accumulate significantly elevated levels of mercury from the surrounding environment, which could be harmful to consumers' health. Speciation analysis of mercury in wild edible mushrooms aids in understanding the human exposure to these toxic compounds. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of inorganic mercury (Hg(II)), methylmercury (MeHg), ethylmercury (EtHg), and phenylmercury (PhHg) in wild edible mushrooms. A rapid separation of four target mercury species was achieved within 11 min by a C8 column without utilizing high proportion of organic phase in HPLC. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of mercury in samples have been investigated. The proposed method showed good linearity within 0–50 μg/L with the detection and quantification limits of 0.6–4.5 μg/kg (S/N = 3), and 2.0–15 μg/kg (S/N = 10), respectively. This proposed method was successfully applied to the mercury speciation analysis in 7 varieties (95 samples) of wild edible mushrooms. The results indicated that in most mushroom samples, mercury mainly occurred as inorganic mercury. But there were two Tricholoma matsutakes, one contained 0.14 mg/kg of methylmercury, another contained 1.05 mg/kg of phenylmercury, which were higher than the maximum allowable content of total mercury in edible mushrooms in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithology and lithofacies assemblage of shale are highly complex and heterogeneous in the continental shale formations due to rapid changes in the sedimentary environment and source material, complicating the evaluation of shale oil enrichment areas, such as the member 3 of the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou sag, Bohaibay Basin, China. We used core observations and descriptions of well F39 × 1 and performed X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis to investigate the shale lithofacies characteristics and types in member 3 of the Shahejie Formation, and their effects on shale oil enrichment. The results showed the following. (1) The lithofacies are divided into four types according to the shale's laminar structure, lithological characteristics, mineral composition, and organic matter content: thin laminar shale, thick laminar shale, massive mudstone, and argillaceous siltstone. These are divided into six subcategories. Each lithofacies has thin vertical layers. (2) The thin and thick laminar shale layers have favorable conditions for shale oil enrichment, such as a high total organic carbon content (TOC) (1.1–1.6%), many micropores (with the diameter of 0.5–2 µm) and fissures, a high residual hydrocarbon content (1.0–2.3 mg/g), and a good source-reservoir relationship, making them suitable for shale oil exploration. (3) The degree of lamina development influences the organic matter and residual hydrocarbon contents, the number of micropores, and the degree of shale oil enrichment. The semi-deep and deep lake facies are favorable areas for shale oil development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin is an important shale oil exploration layer, with new shale-oil discoveries in recent years. The Chang 73 submember is rich in organic shale, which is the main source rock of shale oil in the Yanchang Formation. In order to clarify the lamina structure, composition, types, and distribution characteristics in Chang 73 submember and its influence on organic matter enrichment, a full coring well in Chang 73 submember located in deep-lacustrine facies is selected to obtain intensive systematic core samples. Core observation, thin section identification, X-ray fluorescence element analysis, X-diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, electron probe, rock pyrolysis, and other techniques are performed to systematically analyze the morphology, structure, thickness, mineral compositions, and organic matter content of the shale lamina in the Chang 73 submember. Five types of lamina are identified: silty felsic lamina (SF), tuffaceous lamina (TF), organic-rich clay lamina (ORC), organic-bearing clay lamina (OBC), and homogeneous clay lamina (HC), which are further subdivided into eight subtypes. The lamina types change greatly vertically in the Chang 73 submember, in which the lower part is mainly silty felsic lamina, organic-rich clay, and tuffaceous lamina, the middle part is mainly organic rich and organic clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina, and the upper part is mainly homogeneous clay lamina and a small amount of silty felsic organic-bearing clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina. Different laminae show various organic matter types, organic matter content (TOC), and organic matter occurrence states which can be divided into four occurrence types. The TOC in organic-rich clay lamina and part of homogeneous clay lamina is high, while that of silty felsic lamina is lower. The relationship between shale lamina and organic matter enrichment is established according to the correlation analysis of laminar characteristics, mineral content, and organic matter content. Among them, the organic-rich lamina is richest of TOC and is a favorable "sweet point" for shale oil exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZY-1 02D is China's first civil hyperspectral (HS) operational satellite, developed independently and successfully launched in 2019. It can collect HS data with a spatial resolution of 30 m, 166 spectral bands, a spectral range of 400~2500 nm, and a swath width of 60 km. Its competitive advantages over other on-orbit or planned satellites are its high spectral resolution and large swath width. Unfortunately, the relatively low spatial resolution may limit its applications. As a result, fusing ZY-1 02D HS data with high-spatial-resolution multispectral (MS) data is required to improve spatial resolution while maintaining spectral fidelity. This paper conducted a comprehensive evaluation study on the fusion of ZY-1 02D HS data with ZY-1 02D MS data (10-m spatial resolution), based on visual interpretation and quantitative metrics. Datasets from Hebei, China, were used in this experiment, and the performances of six common data fusion methods, namely Gram-Schmidt (GS), High Pass Filter (HPF), Nearest-Neighbor Diffusion (NND), Modified Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS), Wavelet Transform (Wavelet), and Color Normalized Sharping (Brovey), were compared. The experimental results show that: (1) HPF and GS methods are better suited for the fusion of ZY-1 02D HS Data and MS Data, (2) IHS and Brovey methods can well improve the spatial resolution of ZY-1 02D HS data but introduce spectral distortion, and (3) Wavelet and NND results have high spectral fidelity but poor spatial detail representation. The findings of this study could serve as a good reference for the practical application of ZY-1 02D HS data fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]