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This section presents a bibliography of books on sociology.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology, political and economics. Some of the books are "An Introduction to Anthropology," 3rd ed., by Ralph L. Beals and Harry Hoijer; "Social Foundations of Human Behavior: Introduction to the Study of Sociology," by Earl H. Bell and John Sirjamaki; "The Role of Trade Associations and Professional Business Societies in America," by Joseph F. Bradley; "Public Opinion: Nature, Formation, and Role," by Harwood L. Childs; "The Prehistory of East Africa," by Sonia Cole; "Men of Ideas: A Sociologist's View," by Lewis A. Coser; "Problems in Social and Political Thought: A Philosophical Introduction," by Whitaker T. Deininger; "The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953-1956," by Dwight D. Eisenhower; "Hostages of Fortune: Child Labor Problems in New York State," by Jeremy P. Felt; "Psychology in Scientific Thinking," by Ernst Friedlander; "A Comparative Study of the White and the Negro High School Students' Use of Alcohol in Two Mississippi Communities," by Gerald Globetti and Margaret McReynolds; "Magna Carta: Text and Commentary," by A. E. Dick Howard; "Farewell to Eden," by Matthew Huxley and Cornell Capa and "Steaming: An Education System in Miniature," by Brian Jackson.

The article presents a list of various books related to sociology received by the editorial department of the journal. Various books included in this list are "The Mind of Africa," by W.E. Abraham, "Piritim A. Sorokin in Review," edited by Philip J. Allen, "Economic Development: Objectives and Methods," by Paul Alpert, "Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, 1962," "Eichmann in Jerusalem," by Hannah Arendt, "On Revolution," by Hannah Arendt, "I Giovani Nella Societa Industriale," Guido Baglioni, "Expanding Population in a Shrinking World," by Marston Bates, "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen and J. Neil Raudabaugh, "The Structure and Dynamics of Organizations and Groups," by Eric Berne, "Learning Your Way Through College," by Elton S. Carter and Iline Fife, "Homes, School and Work: A Study of the Education and Employment of Young People in Britain," by M.P. Carter, "Conflict and Conformity: A Probability Model and Its Application," by Bernard P. Cohen, "The Cutteslowe Walls: A Study in Social Class," by Peter Collison, etc.

This article presents abstracts of several studies related to sociology. Irving Crespi presented an analysis concerning the relations between anomie, alienation, and privatization. Joel Fuerst discussed the business of satisfying the unsatisfied demands of Europe. Daniel Lerner examined a shift from the earlier revolution of rising expectations, via a long sequence of unachieved ambitions and disappointed hopes, in the direction of what may be becoming a revolution of rising frustrations. Marjorie Fiske Lowenthal summarized several studies dealing with normal and abnormal adjustment in the aging process, based on panel studies of 1,200 mentally well and mentally impaired persons sixty years and older interviewed at three points in time. John T. Lanzetta reported data from a number of studies that explore direct and indirect procedures for measuring subjective uncertainty. Clark Leavitt presented the relation between a measure of information transmission called meaningfulness and day-after recall scores from field tests. Wallace H. Wallace presented methods to evaluate consumer behavior in the laboratory. Stanley Peterfreund examined a study in 1961 about the barriers to achieving a superior level of customer service.

The article presents a list of new books on sociology. Some of the books are: "A New Sex Ethics and Marriage Structure," by Marion Bassett; " Population, Manpower, and Economic Development of Eastern Europe," by Samuel Baum; "The Sociology of Education: A Sourcebook," by Robert R. Bell; "The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral Sciences," edited by Warren G. Bennis and Kenneth D. Benne and Robert Chin and "Clinical Process: The Assessment of Data in Childhood Personality Disorders," by E. Kono Beller.

The article presents a list of books on sociology. Some of the books included in the list are: "The Genetic Code," by Isaac Asimov; "The Super-Americans," by John Bainbridge; "Social Deviancy and Adolescent Personality," by John C. Ball; "Leadership and Dynamic Group Action," by George M. Beal, Joe M. Bohlen, and J. Neil Raudabaugh; "Almost White: A Study of Certain Racial Hybrids in the Eastern United States," by Brewton Berry; "Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance," by Jack W. Brehm and Arthur R. Cohen.

As a result of a request from the City Club of Denver in September, 1924, a study of the newsboys of the city was made by the department of sociology of the University of Denver. The object of the survey was to find the facts, without any preconceived notions, in regard to the newsboys, their ages, nationalities, schools records, incomes, their hours of work, home conditions, delinquencies; the occupations of their parents, their parents attitudes toward their work. The results, while by no means startling, were of sufficient value to warrant their preservation and passing on to other cities. In order to have some basis for study, a schedule was prepared which covered the items mentioned above and several others besides. The work was done by seven students from the department of sociology. Four sources of information were available and the workers were distributed according to the size of the tasks. First, there was the street survey. This included all newsboys under eighteen who sold papers on the streets of Denver. Of course, a few newsboys were missed, but this survey includes all of the regular downtown newsboys who sell in daytime and most of those who sell at night. The next source of information was the homes of the boys. The home visit was prepared for by telling the boy in advance of the workers visit.

Although overtly concerned with overseas cultural groups, this paper considers social systems in terms of ethnic boundaries, structures, variables and policies. Systems of ethnic status structuralization are outlined; a classification of historic ethnic status systems is proposed; correlates of ethnic identity are formulated; types of boundary patterns are associated with types of ethnic orientation; and the pressures toward ethnic solidarity are associated with degrees of societal specialization and division of labor. The orientation of the paper is historical, cross-cultural and structural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some years, there has been a growing realization among social scientists that the culture concept needs a careful reexamination. Any doubt about this need should have been removed by the recent analytical survey "Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions." The present paper is such a reexamination and is a sequel and clarification of an earlier analysis by the writer. The central analytical concept of this paper is indicated by the term symbolic ideas. The advantage of this concept is that it permits the solution of problems regarding the nature of culture which cannot be discovered, stated, or solved by means of any other concept. One of the principal reasons why many basic problems about the nature of culture have not been solved long ago is that analyzers have not been using the proper conceptual tools with which to state clearly the issues. This paper shows that the concept of symbolic ideas should be welcomed as a long-needed tool with which to do this important job.

The article presents information on several books. Some of the books are "The Sociology of the Family," by Dwight Sanderson and Robert G. Foster; "Problems for Parent Educators," edited by Eduard C. Lindeman and Flora M. Thurston; "Studies in Child Welfare"; "Medical Facilities in the United States," by Allon Peebles; "Marriage," by Oliver M. Butterfield; "A Sociological Case Study of a Foster Child," by Walter C. Reckless; "Suggestions for the Sociological Study of Problem Children," by Walter C. Reckless; "The Extent of Illness and of Physical and Mental Defects Prevailing in the United States," by Alden B. Mills; "Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms," by Ethel L. Best; "The Standard of Living at the Professional Level, 1816-17 and 1926-27," by Chase Going Woodhouse; "Habit Training for Children"; "Studies in Child Welfare."

This article presents list of new books received by the journal "Social Forces." Some of the books are "Return From Enlightenment," by Forest K. Davis, "Demographic Technique of Fertility Analysis," by Donald J. Bogue, "The Fertility Complaints and Contraceptive History. Techniques for Measuring Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness," by Donald J. Bogue and James Nelson, "Sociology of Social Research," by Jack F. Kinton, "Politics and Punishment: A History of the Louisiana State Penal System," by Mark T. Carleton, "The Biological Imperatives: Health, Politics and Human Survival," by Allan Chase, "American Labor Since the New Deal," edited by Melvyn Dubofsky, "A Mosaic of America's Ethnic Minorities," by Donald Keith Fellows, "The State of the Cities: Report of the Commission on the Cities in the '70s," by Fred R. Harris and John V. Lindsay, "Soviet Communism and the Socialist Vision," by edited by Julius Jacoson, and "The Political Economy of the New Left: An Outsider's View," by Assas Lindbeck.

This article focuses on the direct influence of newspapers on public opinion on certain specific public issues. The aim is to discover to what extent a person's attitude on public questions, on which the press is assumed to be so influential, correlates with the attitude on these questions of the newspaper to which he is most frequently exposed. For this purpose 940 of the residents of the city of Seattle were selected at random. 590 men and 350 women were interviewed and schedules filled out with their answers. For the purpose of this inquiry, four public questions which had been prominently before the electorate within the last eight months preceding the investigation were selected and each person asked his position on these questions. In a different connection the person was asked what newspaper he read most frequently. The results of this part of the inquiry indicates the degree of relationship, or lack of relationship, between the readers' attitude on a public question and the attitude of the newspaper which each group read most frequently.

This is an exceptional study of the ways in which those attending a social science convention acquire and use the information obtained there. The authors also pinpoint the information most interesting and useful to the ample of convention attendants, and the impact of this information on scholarly productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some sociological aspects of aging within contemporary society and is concerned most specifically with the process by which the aging male assumes and maintains appropriate statuses and roles in his social world. This study is based on two assumptions. First, a person, as a member of society, must progress during his life through a series of more or less sequentially compatible and harmonious social statuses. The second assumption which must be stated is that in a rapidly changing society, the role requirements of the status series are not static. This has been an attempt to approach the phenomenon of aging in contemporary society through theories of socialization, decision making, prestige age groups, and social roles. This research paper applies the concept of socialization to later life stages, and the exploration of the significance of self-other role-reversal of socializing agent and object (parent and child) in terms of necessary revisions in the oldster's self-definitions, concepts, and evaluations of his status.

This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

The object of the present paper is to explore the implications of the two statements cited above by means of an analysis of selected aspects of both the infant discipline and the post-infant experience of a sample of third grade children in the village of Pelpola, Raiygam Koralle. The selection has been made so as to focus on four subjects which, on the basis of current theories, should be of crucial importance for an understanding of Sinhalese personality. The vast majority of the population of Ceylon are villagers and the village chosen is reasonably representative of a large block of this population. It has been under continuous study, both formal and informal, for a period of over three years. The data reported in this paper are based on interviews with the mothers of all children who were or should have been attending the third standard in the village school. There were 48 children in this universe. There were no refusals in interviewing the mothers, but complete child training data could not be obtained for three children due to a case each of desertion, mental illness, and death.

This article presents a list of books related to sociology. Various books that are included in the list are, "The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes," by Amitai Etzioni, "Philosophy Today," by Jerry H. Gill, "Models of Economic Growth," by Daniel Hamberg, "The Legacy of Max Weber," by L.M. Lachman, "Sociology in Its Place and Other Essays," by W.G. Runciman, "Looking for America: Essays on Youth, Suburbia, and Other American Obsessions," by Bennett M. Berger, "Student Violence," by Edward Bloomberg, "Dimensions of Urban Social Structure: The Social Areas of Melbourne, Australia," by F. Lancaster Jones, "The Lutheran Ethic: The Impact of Religion on Laymen and Clergy," by Lawrence L. Kersten, "Student Activism," by Paul D. Knott, "The Contexts of Social Mobility: Ideology and Theory," by Anselm L. Strauss, "The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the Twentieth Century," by Dennis F. Thompson and "Functionaries: Problems of American Society," by F. William Howton.

This article presents a photograph of sociologist Howard W. Odum. The photograph is published in the December 1954 issue of the periodical "Social Forces."

Whenever the journal prints a controversial article someone is sure to protest, "Why don't you print along with it a rebuttal paper?" or "Why print such an outrageous point of view?" The policy of your Editorial Board is to print controversial papers if they meet publication standards letting the chips fall. This is true even when the article is anathema to the editors. To what extent is the central agency to modify or replace the roles of the traditional autonomous operating agency? Yes, your agency, dear reader. It is another version of the federal-states rights principle, not easily solved but enormously important how it is solved. Assuming that the role of the autonomous agency will be modified, does not the individual agency with its leadership board prove to be a constructive counter-foil in the central power structure? Another point-when the goal for community planning is stated as problem centered with the objective of social welfare, none can quarrel with it.

This paper proposes a social service model-opportunity-centered social services-aimed at helping the poor achieve upward social mobility by facilitating their use of existing opportunities in employment, housing, and education. The model is discussed in terms of its content, method of delivery, and social service outcomes obtained from a study conducted in a demonstration project at Community Progress-an antipoverty program in New Haven, Connecticut. It was found that social services located in existing opportunity systems and the combined use of professionals and nonprofessionals help the poor cope with the bureaucratic institutions with which they must deal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the various tactics that can be used to achieve change-from collaboration to violence--the relationship among them, and the moral, ethical, and social consequences that the professional must assess before be chooses a specific tactic. The author discusses disruption, in particular, to point up how the various factors mentioned bear on its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists and anthropologists often say that personality or individual behavior is the result of learning the culture. Another way to express this idea is to say that personality is a product of social conditioning. The typical sociological bias about personality is a heavy emphasis on social pressures on the individual. This common view in sociology, that personality is essentially a mold filled by social experience, is often conveyed to students by the sociological climate of opinion, an unspoken but communicated assumption. The purpose of this article is to point out some of the implications of the view of individual behavior in terms of a teachable organism moving in an environment in which the right moves are learned through reward and punishment. Briefly, this paper tries to point out that certain other assumptions about personality and culture are to be found associated with or are implicit in the idea that personality results from learning the culture. These assumptions, and the learning theory most commonly used, are in general mechanistic and reductionist. If sociologists are going to analyze personality as learning the culture, they will either have to accept the related assumptions or eliminate them on valid grounds.

A number of major considerations emerged fairly clearly from meetings held in 1928 of the section on Sociology and Social Work. The more important of them may perhaps be indicated in terms of the following questions, are the social research and social work attitudes compatible?, and more specifically, should social workers be expected to subject their own processes of work, such as come into play in the interview, for instance, to objective analysis and investigation?, can social workers so write their case records as to make them more available for sociological research without jeopardizing their value as social work documents? and what definite suggestions and contributions has sociology to make to the treatment of specific social work problems such as family discord. These are complex considerations which cannot be dismissed dogmatically with the formulation of a single point of view and this year's meetings seem to have been definitely planned with a view to throwing additional light op them. There were four meetings of the section this year, devoted respectively to the discussion of the following topics, "Some Contributions of Sociological Theory to Social Work," "A Sociological Analysis of the Contents of 2,000 Social Case Records With Special Reference to the Treatment of Family Discord," "A Study of Social Case Work Interviews," and "Is Prediction Feasible in Social Work? An Inquiry Based Upon a Sociological Study of Parole Records."

Presents three "climate of opinion" studies that illustrate some of the possibilities, as well as some of the problems, that arise when survey analysts turn to the study of effects of social contexts. Description of the studies; Importance of surveys to sociologists; Valuable information that may be obtained from surveys when the right questions are asked; Comparison of the studies.

The article presents information about several books related to sociology. "Diverging Parallels: A Comparison of American and European Thought and Action," edited by A.N.J. den Hollander, is a collection of papers presented at two meetings of the European Association for American Studies, ferreting out likenesses and differences in European and American cultures. Comparisons touch war and diplomacy, education, conceptions of the tragic, romantic and heroic, the idea of evil and thought processes. "Religion's Influence in Contemporary Society: Readings in the Sociology of Religion," edited by Joseph E. Faulkner, is a judicious selection of theoretical and empirical studies arranged under four headings: efforts to delimit the field of study, religion in the church: members, leadership, and organizational structure, the church in society, and religion and social change: urbanization, secularization, and the future. "Black Psyche: the Modal Personality Patterns of Black Americans," edited by Stanley S. Guterman, is a useful collection of materials that suggest the social construction of a modal personality among the U.S. blacks. Contributions, chiefly by sociologists, arc grouped under three headings: the social and historical backdrop, characteristics of the modal personality, and personality influences on behavior.

This paper is a condensation of an empirical study of Fort Hall, Idaho, an Indian Reservation of the Shashone-Bannock Tribes. The focus of the paper is upon those areas of the social structure of the community which are reflected in, or seen as contributory aspects to, the psycho-social problems of juvenile and adult delinquency. The categories and incidence of juvenile and adult law violations are selectively presented statistically and evaluated in relation to the above conditions and characteristics within the community and in the interrelationship with the surrounding communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the belief of many who have read George Homans' recent works, he is not the first sociologist to make explicit use of the concept of exchange. From 1883 to 1885 Albert Chavannes published in The Sociologist a series of papers titled "Studies in Sociology" which treated "The Law of Exchange" and three other social laws. Chavannes' use of the exchange concept was very similar to Homans'. Also, Chavannes emphasized the importance of a systematic empirical sociology but did not contribute to it as Homans has done. This comparison of the two men fills a gap in the history of American sociology and puts Homans' recent contributions in historical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on "International Congress of Sociology," D. Gusti, President of the 14th International Congress of Sociology, urged American sociologists to participate as actively as possible in the Congress. If they can not attend it personally, he asked them to send their papers to be read at the Congress and to be published in the volume of the Proceedings of the Congress. He indicates that so far the number of American papers is much smaller than that from European countries.

The article presents a list of new books on sociology received for the journal "Social Forces." Some of the books included in this list are: "The Age of Anxiety. A Baroque Eclogue," by W.H. Auden; "Rubber Policies of the National Defence Advisory Commission and the Office of Production Management, May 1940 to December 1941," by George W. Auxier; "Soviet Foreign Trade," by Alexander Baykov; "Wartime Apparel Price Control," by Wilfred Carsel; "The United States. Experiment in Democracy," by Avery Craven and Walter Johnson; "As You Sow," by Walter Goldschmidt; "Field Songs of Chhattisgarh," by S.C. Dube.

Scholar Earle E. Eubank's discussion of contributions of sociological theory to social work is a more ambitious undertaking than the usual efforts in this field for it presents several case analyses in terms of sociological concepts supplemented by a list of principles that he believes are derived from social theory. However much one may commend Eubank for his courage in dealing boldly and frankly with this much debated issue, his statement of the case for sociology is not at all likely to be convincing to the social worker. A defense of sociology on the conceptual plane has serious limitations because concepts have real meaning only for those who have been trained to use them as tools in their thinking. A social worker whose professional education has included a thorough study of sociology might read Eubank's paper with approval, since he has become accustomed to think about social problems in terms of such concepts. The typical social worker, however, is likely to be more familiar with psychological and psychiatric terms and therefore could easily make the claim that his vocabulary is equally, if not more illuminating than that of the sociologist. Moreover, when he studies Eubank's analysis of the case stories, he can not help but be perplexed to find that concepts which he had taken over from the fields of psychology and psychiatry are here set forth as contributions of sociological theory to social work.

The article discusses issues related to a large economic organization or system which in some cases is best thought of as the entire economy. Within this large economic organization resources are allocated by some combination of commands and prices or even by some other unspecified mechanism. That a person not versed in economics should think primarily in terms of direct controls is probably due to the fact that he does not comprehend the full subtlety and strength of the invisible hand argument. The economist's attitude is somewhat more puzzling. Understanding that prices can be used as a powerful and flexible instrument for rationally allocating resources and that in fact a market economy automatically regulates itself in this manner is very different from being under the impression that such indirect controls are generally preferable for the kind of problem considered in this paper. Certainly a careful reading of economic theory yields little to support such a universal proposition.

This paper is addressed to a neglected aspect of that social psychology, namely, the "meaning" for individuals and groups of the nature of the stratification system and of their particular place in it. More specifically, in this paper researchers intend to explore ways in which groups perceive the dynamics of their social class system as measured by their opinions about interests of the participating classes and ways in which those interests lead to social harmony or conflict. This is, then, a study which in the classical literature of sociology would be called an investigation into "class consciousness" but which, because of the ambiguity in the meaning of that term, prefer to speak of as a study of "images of class relations." The setting to which this data relates is the Soviet Union. Although official dogma holds that class relations in the U.S.S.R. are profoundly different from those in "capitalist" countries and that the nation is approaching a classless society, there is ample evidence that Soviet social structure includes a fully elaborated social class system.

This paper describes a procedural guide for the application of behavioral principles and techniques in open welfare settings. The aim of the guide is to aid the worker in approaching assessment and modification from a behavioral point of view and to organize his activities sequentially and systematically in accordance with that view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes a discussion of two important controversies in the field of community planning. The first has to do with the role and relationship of a health and welfare council to comprehensive community planning. The comments and point of view that follow are based on several years of life in a climate of change. The New Haven area has undergone both a physical and a social transformation. The Community Council of Greater New Haven, responding first to the need to relate social planning to the physical changes taking place through a comprehensive redevelopment program, developed new relationships. The complaint of being bypassed is like pouting in the corner. Nevertheless, it was relatively simple to pick up the initiative, to demonstrate not only interest but willingness to work with the redevelopers in terms of the human needs they were attempting to meet, and to bring the council, the renewal planners, and the city government into a close working relationship. The ability to use staff community organization training in the development of an effective interdisciplinary planning organization. Council staff should be leaders in helping to weld an effective partnership out of the team members.

This paper, is addressed to social workers in aiming toward better understanding of social work. It, makes it possible for one to overcome much of one's frustration and to marshall one's material so that one can pass it on to professional writers for wide circulation media; and so that one can use it oneself, not only in agency publications, but in one's everyday conversations. Each year social workers help uncounted thousands to cope with their problems, to find their way towards a more comfortable, useful, and satisfying existence. They help communities to reorganize their services so that more and better help can be provided. And yet, when circumstances force them to talk about their work too many of them are defensive, sometimes evasive, reluctant, and often inadequate. If social workers had more of that very quality, faith and confidence in their work, it would help them in every phase of public relations. It would enable them to meet attack or disapproval with information rather than anger or argument. It would help them to endure whatever dislike they cannot now diminish.

Within the field of sociology a controversy exists concerning whether sociologists can any longer be so systematic as to engage in constructing unified theories of the nature of that part of the environment, which is perceived to be social. A social historian, Harry Elmer Barnes, wrote in one of his books that the book brings the history of sociological thought down to the era and stage where systematization was gradually but rather completely replaced by specialization in some more restricted field of description and analysis. It is not likely that there will be many more attempts to create systems of sociology; the era of systematic sociology has come approximately to an end. The paper postulates that the validity of systems is a function of the method of systems; error can be subsumed to be present always in systems. Researchers seek a percentage of compliance with empirical reality, which cannot exceed the conceptual control of the variables perceived, or the establishment of identity of variables with the true data; systems must seek an optimum between restriction to simple but thorough elementary generalities, which can be treated to numerical or logical exhaustion and expanding a radius of variables to and beyond a point prohibiting treatment to numerical or logical exhaustion in order to increase an area of meaning.

In this paper I have tried to suggest some probable extensions and projections into the future of what is at present a dimly visible and restricted condition. As previously reported, the situation at present is stable, in the sense that the attitudes supporting the traditional way of life of both Ladinos and Indians are dominant, and some of the tensions are capable of being drained off by desertion of Indians to other areas. Moreover, the average Indian is so securely orientated and integrated to a pattern of poverty, illness, and hard work that he seems quite capable of taking considerable slack in his psychological belt to adjust to still more of the same. The dynamics of alienation from tradition are at present cumulating their forces. How quickly the power which they contain will be recognized by or forced upon the Indians and Ladinos is a matter of speculation. The evidence would seem to point to considerable resistance to any variation in the way of life to adjust to the new forces at work. It is for this reason that in a previous paper the situation was described as one which has much promise of long life. For, there always remains the alternative that the Indians will grow increasingly small in numbers, but will nevertheless stubbornly keep up their traditions. If this alternative is pursued, it may be some generations yet before they either effectively disappear as a local community, or, through various other mechanisms, become so altered as to be no longer recognizable for what they were in 1940. It seems of significance to note here, finally, that the stratification by age and generation and the vertical division of the sexes in the community have come to have special significance. It makes considerable difference to the observer whether he views the situation through the eyes of a young man or an old man, a father or a son, a mother or a daughter. One does not get the same picture from any randomly selected individual in the community. This in some measure is a decided qualification on the usual assumption of homogeneity of such peasant or primitive communities, an assumption which underlies the use of one or two "trust- worthy informants" as the principal sources of information about such communities. These materials therefore incidentally suggest that a more adequate sampling of peasant populations in transition is called for than has hitherto been practiced in typical ethnographic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of books, related to sociology. Some of the books included in the article are "Atomic Energy and Society," by James S. Allen, "Guide to Women's Organizations," by Ellen Anderson, "Congress Makes a Law. The Story Behind the Employment Act of 1946," by Stephen Kemp Bailey, "Conflict in Marriage. The Unhappy Undivorced," by Edmund Bergler, "Folk Laughter on the American Frontier," by Mody C. Boatright, "The Control of the Public Budget," by Vincent J. Browne, "Rural America and the Extension Service," by Edmund de S. Brunner and E. Hsin Pao Yang, "Introduction to Statistical Analysis," by W.H. Dixon and F.J. Massey, "Notes on Labor Problems in Nationalist China," by Israel Epstein, "The Pattern of the Past: Can We Determine It?" by Pieter Geyl, Arnold Tonybee and P. Sorokin, "A History of the Old South," by Clement Eaton, "History of Economic Thought," by Lewis H. Haney, "American Taxation and World War II," by James W. Martin, and "Jurisdiction to Tax in the United States," by James W. Martin."

The article presents a list of books related to sociology. Some of the books are "Till Death Do Us Part. The Proposed Five-Year Marriage Law," By Charles Wesley Amlin; "The Texas City Official. A Digest of Powers and Duties," by Lynn F. Anderson and Wilfred D. Webb; "The Population Characteristics of New York State," by W.A. Anderson; "Berlin Underground 1938-1945," by Ruth Andreas-Friedrich; "Wartime Shipyard. A Study in Social Disunity," by Katherine Archibald; "Toward World Brotherhood," by Joseph Irvin Arnold; "People Who Intermarry. Intermarriage in a New England Industrial Community," by Milton L. Barron; "The World at the Crossroads," by Anita Blaine; "Speech and Human Relations. An Approach to the Physical and Psychological Factors Involved in Effect Oral Communication," by Joseph G. Brin; "Educational Sociology," by Francis J. Brown; "Recidivism. A Socio-Legal Survey of its Definition, Incidence and Treatment in the United States," by George K. Brown; and "Human Breeding and Survival," by Guy Irving Burch and Elmer Pendell.

The article presents the results of a study in which analyzes the relationships between factuality and the discussion of value in an impartial sample of recent sociological writings. In this study, two sentences were chosen, by explicit routine rules, from each available page in 51 consecutive signed articles in the "American Sociological Review" and from 19 consecutive signed articles in the "American Journal of Sociology." This study considered factual and non-factual sentences dealing directly with values. The first type of non-factual sentences is referred as unsupported value judgments. The second type of non-factual sentences included all generalizations not dealing directly with values and clearly not belonging in the category. This group if informally referred as sweeping generalisations. This study involved calculation on intercorrelations between indexes representing the relative frequencies of all types of sentences. The objective of the study is to determine to what extent factual and non-factual treatments of values are correlated with each other and with factual and non-factual treatments of non-valuational matter.

The effort to establish the theory of technicways has involved the postulation of several differences between these ways of adjustment to technology and the traditional Sumnerian folkways and mores. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate one of these postulates, namely, that folkways and technicways differ with respect to their controlling power. Specifically, the present investigation concerns the mode and relative strength of the controlling force exercised over individuals by the folkways and the technicways. Wherever possible an attempt is made to establish a junction or correspondence of psychological and sociological factors in the control process. The psychological implications of social factors discussed here are perhaps only superficially explored. Indeed, in several places, the analysis penetrates little beyond the social level. The psychoanalytic approach is followed because of the many insights into social phenomena which it affords but chiefly because it offers a structure of personality compatible with social-cultural categories.

On November 7, 1942, the Soviet Union celebrated the first quarter of a century of its existence. In its present gigantic struggle for its own preservation and for the maintenance of freedom and decency in the world, the Soviet Government depends greatly on its present generation, those born or grown up since 1917. The Soviet Government is now thus reaping the harvest of its investment in the care, training, and general bringing up of the generation in the years gone by. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the highlights in the Soviet child-care program in the last twenty-five years. Such a review, of necessity sketchy and general, is hereby presented not only by way of a better understanding of the Russian ally, but also to throw some light on the problem of child care in these crucial times. In 1914 in the whole vast Russian Empire, with a population of about 170 million, there were altogether 7,000 maternity beds available to the public. Total accommodations for nursery children was 500. At the outbreak of World War I, there were less than 8 million children attending the primary and secondary schools in that country. During the same period the attendance at the higher educational institutions was slightly over a hundred thousand.

The article focuses on sociology in the contemporary world of today and tomorrow. This paper suggests a number of approaches to the study of the contemporary scene and to the realistic participation in research and social planning which sociology may make in the current era. While these approaches are presented primarily to sociologists and in "theoretical" terms, the conclusions have all grown gradually out of studies of the folk-regional society and the consequent criticisms and revisions which have followed. The main import, therefore, is essentially "practical" and realistic. How important and practical the "theoretical" approach may be is illustrated in the extraordinarily fine examination of more than three hundred "approaches" to world reconstruction, presented in the article, "Regionalism and Plans for Post-War Reconstruction: The First Three Years," published in the journal "Social Forces." The first approach is toward a more adequate definition and comprehensive understanding of the role of the folk in the world of tomorrow. This implies the scientific study of the folk society in all of its organic and evolutionary phases. This is a "must" in any comprehensive program of study and planning. Another is the further development of folk sociology as a general sociology basic to the understanding of all society.

The article focuses on the state-use system of prison labor in Massachusetts. The field of prison labor literature is characterized by an astonishing dearth of detail concerning policies, practices, and problems. Massachusetts prison labor literature is no exception to this rule, for nothing has been published by its correctional authorities or others which deal extensively with matters of prison labor administration. However, annual reports of the Department of Correction, reports of the Legislature, and the statutes pertaining to prison labor do illumine the path, which prison labor administrators have taken. It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to explore this path with the aid of available documentary evidence in a search for clues to the forces, which shaped the direction of prison labor history in Massachusetts. The State-use system of prison labor has been gradually developing in the U.S. ever since the time when mechanics began their opposition to the introduction of their trades into prison industry.

As foreword to this study, it should be stated that, in this country, material on the subject of prison publications is very limited and is confined mostly to magazine articles, the Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the National Prison Association, writings of ex-convicts, and the prison publications themselves. Therefore it was found necessary to supplement this limited bibliography with information obtained by sending out a questionnaire to national and state penal and correctional institutions.' From this questionnaire, it was hoped to learn how many institutions have a journal or paper; the date of the first issue; by whom the work is done, inmates or officials; official restrictions on the nature of the material published; whether the publications are believed to have rehabilitative value; the extent of outside circulation and to whom the publications go; and finally, if possible to obtain a brief history of each publication. In answer to the questionnaire sent out, 2.56 institutions replied. Of this number, 155 reported that they did not publish a prison journal or paper. Of these, 45 gave no tenon whatever; it reported that the main reason for the lack of a publication was financial; and the remaining 88 offered a variety of reasons.