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The author responds to an article entitled "The Evolutionary Psychology of Chinese Religion: Pre-Qin HIgh Gods as Punishers and Rewarders," by scholars Kelly James Clark and Justin T. Winslett in a previous edition of the journal. He criticizes the article's premise and states that the premise contends that a Hebrew-Bible deity is at the core of early Chinese religion. He argues that the scholars unduly criticize sinologists concerning early Chinese deities and incorrectly assume that cognitive approaches to religious studies demand the recognition of a singular deity.

Recycled PET (rPET) is gaining popularity for use in the production of new food contact materials (FCMs) under the context of circular economy. However, the limited information on contaminants in rPET from China and concerns about their potential risk are major obstacles to their use in FCM in China. Fifty-five non-volatile compounds were tentatively identified in 126 batches of hot-washed rPET flakes aimed for food packaging applications in China. Although the 55 substances are not necessarily migratable and may not end up in the contacting media, their presence indicates a need for proper management and control across the value chain. For this reason, the 55 substances prioritized on the basis of level of concerns and in-silico genotoxicity profiler. Among them, dimethoxyethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were classified as level V substances, and Michler's ketone and 4-nitrophenol were both categorized as level V substances and had the genotoxic structure alert, while 2,4,5-trimethylaniline was specified with genotoxic structure alert. The above substances have high priority and may pose a potential risk to human health, therefore special attention should be paid to their migration from rPET. Aside from providing valuable information on non-volatile contaminants present in hot-washed rPET flakes coming from China, this article proposed a prioritization workflow that can be of great help to identify priority substances deserving special attention across the value chain., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Chinese quince fruit (CQF) contains abundant pectin; however, the pectin cannot be efficiently separated by conventional approaches because of strong lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC). In this study, to elucidate the structural characteristics of the original LCC formed by lignin and pectin in CQF, single and multiple enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments were innovatively performed, and the resulting LCC preparations were comprehensively characterized using a series of techniques. The enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments significantly increase the LCC yield, releasing LCC fractions with low molecular weights (M w  = 4660-8288 Da). LCC-4, isolated by pretreatment with cellulase plus xylanase, had the highest galacturonic acid content (15.5 %), followed by LCC-2 (isolated by xylanase pretreatment) of 14.0 %. In CQF, lignin develops lignin-carbohydrate (LC) bonds with pectin to form LCC, with phenyl-glycoside bond being the dominant linkage. Although the pectinase pretreatment reduced the pectin content, signals of the LC linkages in the 2D-HSQC spectra were enhanced. LCC-4 could be considered as the most representative of the original LCC in CQF due to its high pectin content and multiple LCC signals in the 2D-HSQC spectrum. The structural understanding of the original LCC in CQF will lay a foundation for designing appropriate methods for extracting pectin from CQF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has evolved into the largest public health event in the world. Earlier COVID-19 studies have reported that the pandemic caused widespread impacts on mental health and sleep in the general population. However, it remains largely unknown how the prevalence of mental health problems and sleep disturbance developed and interacted in adolescents at different times in the epidemic., Methods: 831 teenagers (aged 14-19) underwent a longitudinal follow-up study to evaluate the prevalence of mental health problems and sleep disturbance among adolescents before, during, and after the COVID-19 breakout in China and to explore the interaction between mental health and sleep across the three measurements. The chronotype, anxiety and depression level, sleep quality, and insomnia were investigated during each measurement., Results: The adolescents had delayed sleep onset and sleep offset time, longer sleep duration during the quarantine than before and after the epidemic, whereas their chronotype tended to morning type during the epidemic. Yet, the highest prevalence of anxiety, depression, poor sleeper, and insomnia symptoms were observed before but not during the COVID-19 breakout. The females and adolescents who were eveningness type showed significantly higher anxiety and depression levels, poorer sleep quality, and severe insomnia status than the males and the intermediate and morning types. Sleep disturbance was positively associated with mental problems among three measurements. Pre-measured depression level significantly predicted sleep disturbance level at follow-ups., Conclusion: These findings suggested that adolescents' high prevalence of mental health and sleep problems occurred before the COVID breakout and decreased during and after the epidemic. Gender and chronotype were significant risk factors associated with affective and sleep disturbances. Depression positively predicted later sleep problems, but not vice versa., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated and genetic skin disease. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a member of FOX family that has been found to modulate skin disorders. However, its role in psoriasis remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of FOXM1 on keratinocytes in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The expression levels of FOXM1 in psoriasis tissues and normal skin tissues were examined using qRT-PCR and western blot. HaCaT cells were stimulated by TNF-α to mimic psoriasis in vitro . MTT assay was performed to assess cell proliferation. The caspase-3 activity and expression levels of bcl-2 and bax were determined to indicate cell apoptosis. The mRNA and secretion levels of IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The NF-κB activation was assessed using western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that FOXM1 was highly upregulated in psoriatic skin tissues and TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. Knockdown of FOXM1 repressed cell proliferation of TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. Knockdown of FOXM1 caused significant increases in caspase-3 activity, bax expression and decrease in bcl-2 expression in TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. Moreover, FOXM1 knockdown also suppressed the TNF-α-induced production of IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-β in HaCaT cells. However, FOXM1 overexpression showed the opposite effect. Furthermore, the TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation was prevented by FOXM1 knockdown. Additionally, inhibition of NF-κB reversed the effects of FOXM1 on HaCaT cells. Taken together, these findings indicated that FOXM1 regulated cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation in TNF-α-induced HaCaT cells. The effects of FOXM1 were mediated by NF-κB pathway.

The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) has been validated in multiple countries and regions. However, previous validation studies in China have been limited by small sample size. The current research increased the sample size (n = 184 in the pilot study; n 1 = 1315 and n 2 = 268 in the formal study) to validate the SCM in mainland China in study 1. Supporting the SCM, 41 social groups were clustered into four quadrants based on warmth and competence dimensions. 35 of the 41 target groups (85.37%) receive ambivalent stereotype. Perceived warmth and competence were positively correlated ( r = 0.585, p < 0.001). Status and competence were positively related ( r = 0.81, p < 0.001), and competition and warmth were negatively related ( r = -0.77, p < 0.001). In addition, 24 typical social groups were selected and a list of stereotype words for these groups was developed in study 2 (n 1 = 48, n 2 = 52). The implications of the emerging social groups and the applications of this stereotype word list are discussed.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other provinces in China as well as other countries. In this study, 262 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China, were analyzed. Data were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. Of all the 262 patients, 23 (8.8%) patients died and 239 (91.2%) were discharged. The median age was 63.5 years and 46.9% of patients were male. The main complaints were fever (83.6%), cough (63.4%), and fatigue (49.2%) in the surviving group, while there were more complaints of dyspnea (39.1%) and shortness of breath (56.5%) in the nonsurviving group. The main comorbidities were hypertension (35.5%), diabetes mellitus (16.4%), and coronary artery disease (9.9%). Morbidity is higher in elderly patients with more comorbidities. Patients were mainly treated with nasal cannula (93.9%), while the nonsurviving group received more invasive mechanical ventilation (39.1%). Arbidol (80.9%), ribavirin (36.6%), oseltamivir (38.9%), interferon (16.4%), and ganciclovir (14.5%) were used for the antiviral treatment. In the nonsurviving group, the number of white blood cells (WBC) was significantly increased and lymphocytes were decreased, and lymphopenia was more common. The levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly increased in the nonsurviving group. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for association of known variables for all-cause mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 were 2.467 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007-6.044; p  = 0.048) for shortness of breath and 1.025 (95% CI, 1.001-1.049; p  = 0.042) for AST. Elderly patients with more comorbidities and complaints of dyspnea and shortness of breath had increased risk of death. Patients with lymphopenia and high levels of WBC, AST, BNP, CK-MB, LDH, and CRP may be more likely to deteriorate.

Objective: Bronchiectasis is a common chronic airway disease. We investigated the economic burden and associated factors of bronchiectasis in China., Methods: In this multicenter retrospective cohort study, we reviewed medical records of patients admitted to 18 tertiary hospitals during 2010 to 2014 with a bronchiectasis-related diagnosis., Results: A total 5469 patients with bronchiectasis were admitted, accounting for 3.13% ± 1.80% of all discharged patients with any diagnosis during the same period; 13 patients died upon discharge. The median hospitalization cost was RMB 8421.52 (RMB 5849.88-12,294.47). Risk factors associated with hospitalization costs included age at admission (>70 vs. <40 years, odds ratio (OR) = 1.221, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.082-1.379; >80 vs. <40 years, OR = 1.251, 95% CI = 1.089-1.438), smoking (≤15 packs/year vs. non-smokers, OR = 1.125, 95% CI = 1.006-1.271; >15 packs/year vs. non-smokers, OR = 1.127, 95% CI = 1.062-1.228), length of hospitalization (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.046-1.054), combination antibiotic treatment (OR = 1.089, 95% CI = 1.033-1.148), cough (OR = 0.851, 95% CI = 0.751-0.965), dyspnea (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.878-0.984), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 0.935, 95% CI = 0.878-0.996), respiratory failure (OR = 0.923, 95% CI = 0.862-0.989), cor pulmonale (OR = 0.919, 95% CI = 0.859-0.982), and death (OR = 1.816, 95% CI = 1.113-2.838)., Conclusions: Age, smoking status, symptoms, and respiratory comorbidities were associated with hospitalization costs of bronchiectasis.

Secondary effluent from paper mill was characterized by poor biodegradability and containing recalcitrant compounds. In this study, four bioreactors, including a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), a stirred-tank reactor (STR) and two submerged aeration reactors (SAR) were used to treat secondary effluent from a recycled paper mill respectively. The results indicated that chemical oxygen demand (COD) was increased by SAR2 treatment and COD removal efficiency for SBBR, SAR1 and STR was 39.7%, 15.7% and 30.9% respectively. It is suggested that recalcitrant compounds were removed by SBBR, SAR1 and STR respectively. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of wastewater were increased by treatments of each bioreactor, which suggested that endogenous respiration of biomass occurred during the treatment. Microbial analysis of sludge from different bioreactors suggested that the removal of recalcitrant compounds in SBBR and STR might be related to the presence of unique microorganisms in each reactor., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Each year millions of tons of agricultural wastes are produced, however, not well utilized in China. Considering the economic development and environmental protection, the valorization of these wastes is increasingly necessary and important. Here we used p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrolysis followed by mild disk grinding for on-farm valorization of wheat straw (WS) and their pulping solid residue (waste wheat straw, WWS) to produce lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF). Alkaline peroxide post-treatment was further conducted to obtain purified lignocellulosic nanofibrils (P-LCNF) with lower lignin content and thinner diameters. The raw materials and resulting LCNF and P-LCNF were investigated in each process for their chemical component, crystal structure, morphology, and thermal properties. Interestingly, although WS fiber had higher lignin content than WWS fiber, the WS fiber with lower ash content resulted in LCNF and P-LCNF with smaller height and lower thermal stability, but higher crystallinity and higher specific surface area. Higher ash content in WWS fiber protected cellulose and lignin from depolymerization and degradation, respectively, which endowed LCNF and P-LCNF with entangled network structure. Overall, this study indicated that the low-temperature fractionation process on WS and WWS fibers could yield cellulose nanomaterials with potential value-added application and achieve the efficient utilization of agricultural wastes., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cotton leaf spot (Alternaria macrospora) is a widespread disease that occurs in the main cotton-producing area of China. In managing this disease, a novel chitosan-based biopesticide, an amphiphilic N-alkyl-O-carboxymethyl chitosan derivative, was prepared. The product was selected from variations of chitosan with different molecular structures, which were obtained via a two-step reaction. First, carboxymethyl chitosans with varying molecular sizes were obtained by etherification with chloroacetic acid; then the carboxymethyl chitosan was alkylated with C4-C12 fatty aldehyde through a Schiff-base reaction. This procedure resulted in derivatives of amphiphilic N-alkyl-O-carboxymethyl chitosan, which showed strong antifungal activities against A. macrospora , and the efficacy was determined by its molecular structure.

To provide a theoretical basis for alpine source lake protection, ten samples were taken from each lake annually from 2012 to 2015. Each year, the various species of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were measured. The average contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen in the four lakes are 0.195-0.0 mg/L, 0.038-0.143 mg/L, 0.004-0.168 mg/L, 0.006-0.740 mg/L, and 0.050-0.547 mg/L, respectively. The total phosphorus contents in Eling Lake, Longbao Lake and Sea Star were higher than Class I water quality standards, and the total nitrogen contents in Eling Lake, Sea Star and Zhaling Lake were higher than Class I water quality standards as well. The concentration contour maps of the nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen showed that the indicators of the four lakes in the east, the west, and the center of the lake did not have the same trend. From 2012 to 2015, each of the measured nutrients showed a rising trend year by year. The four lakes are polluted by both endogenous and exogenous pollution, and it is necessary to limit the exogenous pollution and protect the alpine lakes immediately.

A pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) was operated to purify industrial runoff containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Guangzhou, China. Synthetic industrial runoff was fed into the HSSFCW with continuous flow at an average loading rate of 0.128 m(3)/(m(2)/day) for about 2 years. Pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and phenanthrene were mainly removed in the front quarter of the HSSFCW, and in the vertical direction, the average removal rates of COD, TP, total nitrogen (TN), ammonia, and phenanthrene of the upper layer were 64.23, 71.16, 50.81, 65.38, and 92.47 %, which were 1.23, 2.08, 1.48, 1.72, and 1.17 times higher than those of the bottom, respectively. Correlations among pollutant removal, soil environmental indexes, enzyme activities, and soil microbial community structure were evaluated. Enzyme assays (dehydrogenase, catalase, nitrate reductase, and polyphenol oxidase) showed significant associations between enzyme activities and pollutant removal (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Soil microbial community structure was assessed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting method, and results demonstrated that bacterial communities remained relatively stable in different seasons. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were found to be the dominant phyla of the bacteria communities, and three clones which might be related to the biodegradation of phenanthrene were also detected. Results of the present work would broaden the knowledge of the purification mechanism of contaminants in the constructed wetlands (CWs), and identification of the treatment performances and temporal and spatial variations of biological activities of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSFCWs) would help to improve the operations of CWs for surface water protection.

This study reports on a method for determination of methanol in paper products by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). The method is based on the hydrolysis of the pulp or paper matrix, using a phosphoric acid solution (42.5%) as the medium at 120 °C in 5 h (excluding air contact) in order to release matrix-entrapped methanol, which is then determined by HS-GC. Data show that, under the given conditions of hydrolysis, no methanol was formed from the methoxyl groups in the material. Reproducibility tests of the method generated a relative standard deviation of <3.5%, with recovery in the range of 93.4-102%. The present method is reliable, accurate, and suitable for use in batch testing of the methanol content in paper-related materials. The method can play an important role in addressing food safety concerns that may be raised regarding the use of paper materials in food and beverage packaging.

A novel two-stage biological/flocculation process was developed for treating the pulping effluent from the alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) process. In the first biological stage, the aerobic fermentation by using Aspergillus niger can decrease the chemical oxygen demand (COD) by about 60% while producing about 7 g/l of solid biomass. In the second stage (post-coagulation/flocculation), the residual COD, turbidity and color, can be further decreased by using alum and polyacrylamide (PAM). The overall removal efficiencies of COD, color and turbidity from the APMP pulping effluent by the above two-stage biological-coagulation/flocculation process were 93%, 92% and 99%, respectively, under the conditions studied., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)