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Spectrum sensing is a distinct feature of cognitive ad-hoc nodes that have the ability to opportunistically use vacant spectrum bands for its own communication purposes. Possible cooperation among the nodes may prove vital for increasing network performance. It yields the cognitive ad-hoc nodes to exchange relevant environmental and context information in order to enhance its own networking experience. This paper overviews the approaches, techniques and strategies for cooperative spectrum sensing and gives a practical example of a realized testbed implementation in an ad-hoc environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reprint from an article published within the July 6, 1841 issue of the journal "The Long Island" is presented which discusses issues related to philosophic mediation. The article highlights the importance of cultivating disposition for kindness. It is discussed how affectionate tenderness and the feeling of kindness can shape the quality of one's life.

Many approaches to work analysis have been proposed to enhance the requirements elicitation for systems design. However, systems delivered at dynamic, complex and socio-technical workplaces have still failed at satisfying the users΄ real needs, mainly because they are unable to support users΄ activities entirely, especially those related with cognition and collaboration aspects. We argue that the use of a combination cognitive and observation techniques can contribute to enhance the requirements elicitation activity, particularly if a collaborative approach is also adopted. This paper describes a collaborative observation model and a collaborative observation method aimed at improving the quality of the requirements elicitation process. We also include the description of a groupware prototype that supports our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamics of college students΄ self-regulatory processes within self-regulated learning (SRL) and externally-regulated learning (ERL) episodes during hypermedia learning. We re-analyzed and extended the results from an original study recently conducted by Azevedo and colleagues [1] to address four questions related to adaptivity, based on the temporal and dynamic deployment of self-regulatory processes by learners and human tutors in fostering complex science learning with hypermedia. Our questions include: (1) How does access to a human tutor affect the deployment of various SRL processes during learning?; (2) Which transitions between self-regulatory processes are more likely to occur within SRL and ERL?; (3) Which transitions between SRL classes are more likely or less likely to occur with SRL and ERL learning episodes?; (4) Are there significant correlations between learners΄ observed likelihood of transitions (between SRL processes) and learning outcomes? Lastly, we discuss implications for the design of MetaTutor, an adaptive hypermedia learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a cognitive account of autism centered around a reliance on pictorial representations. This Thinking in Pictures hypothesis shows significant potential for explaining many autistic behaviors. We support this hypothesis with empirical evidence from several independent behavioral and neuroimaging studies of individuals with autism, each of which shows strong bias towards visual representations and activity. We also examine three other cognitive theories of autism–Mindblindness, Weak Central Coherence, and Executive Dysfunction–and show how Thinking in Pictures provides a deeper explanation for several results typically cited in support of these theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe here our first effort for developing a virtual talking head able to engage a situated face-to-face interaction with a human partner. This paper concentrates on the low-level components of this interaction loop and the cognitive impact of the implementation of mutual attention and multimodal deixis on the communication task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human aspects have lately been found to have a significant effect on software and information systems development projects. There are various cognitive as well as social aspects that are important in the context of system design and implementation that consequently need to be well understood prior to the project's execution. In this paper, we describe in short the possible impacts of human aspects. We illustrate several possible aspects relevant specifically to designing collaborative information technology systems and suggest our vision for managing this issue within the planned research frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of that paper is to outline an alternative view on a wavelike development of human systems. The hypothesis is based on evolutionary interpretation of human knowledge development. There are some evidences that individual knowledge of each human being consists of paragons (understood as an ideal pattern of human behaviour) – of perception, cognition, behaviour, understanding, and so on. Paragons play a role analogous to genes in biology and determine, in some way, the behaviour of an individual in well-defined life situations. On the basis of biological analogy a hierarchical structure of human knowledge (a so-called archetype) is partitioned into six levels (taxa), namely: (1) epigenetic paragons, (2) the image of the world, (3) the image of the society, (4) the image of the economic system, (5) the epistechne, and (6) the paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the cognitive effects of the computational paradigm in the human sciences. Computer applications are known in all sectors of the human sciences. The most common functions served by computers are sorting and counting i.e., clerical or mathematical operations in which the traditional contest of "mind versus machine" tends to turn in favor of the latter. However, the output of mechanical sorting and counting is seldom a finished product: it has to be interpreted and evaluated in a variety of ways, in which the mind regains the upper hand. The situation is different to a particular class of simulations in which the object under study is the mental behavior of the scientist rather than the sociocultural phenomena that he or she has chosen to explore. No one will be surprised at the importance given to the matter of representation. Collecting the various bits and pieces of the database scattered in a given paper is not an easy task. Displaying them as the semiotic base of the formal construct leads to further difficulties, as the exercise brings into focus the extreme variability of scholarly practice in this respect. Given a set of material or textual objects, there seems to be no such thing as a common language in the way they are represented in different papers. Needless to say, arguments are not lacking in defense of variability, the more worthy from a scientific viewpoint being the well-established relation between representation systems and the theories which are made to rest upon them.

Trust plays a critical role in communications, strength of relationships, and information processing at the individual and group level. Cognitive social simulations show promise in providing an experimental platform for the examination of social phenomena such as trust formation. This paper describes the initial attempts at representation of trust in a cognitive social simulation using reinforcement learning algorithms centered around a cooperative Public Commodity game within a dynamic social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Wide Web is a potentially valuable source of information about the cognitive characteristics of cultural groups. However, attempts to use the Web in the context of cultural modeling activities are hampered by the large-scale nature of the Web and the current dominance of natural language formats. In this paper, we outline an approach to support the exploitation of the Web for cultural modeling activities. The approach begins with the development of qualitative cultural models (which describe the beliefs, concepts and values of cultural groups), and these models are subsequently used to develop an ontology-based information extraction capability. Our approach represents an attempt to combine conventional approaches to information extraction with epidemiological perspectives of culture and network-based approaches to cultural analysis. The approach can be used, we suggest, to support the development of models providing a better understanding of the cognitive characteristics of particular cultural groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to clarify the composition of teaching skills. Firstly, according to the definition of teaching skills and the procedural knowledge, this paper extract the elements of general teaching skills from two aspects, including teachers' teaching behaviors and teachers' cognition, and analyze the hierarchical model of teaching skills, which will provide solid theoretical support for the evaluation of the basic teaching skills reasonably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vision for future telecommunication systems is considered as a representative example of a complex adaptive organization, where several elements, with various computational capabilities and network resources, are interconnected. The increased complexity and the continuously changing network environment make more intense the need for automation and for localized network management tasks. Self-management will allow the execution of advanced configuration actions, such as the change of the wireless network topology under various performance criteria. This paper focuses on the description of the principles and the architectural framework for the cognitive management of future communication systems, considering a complex radio access environment. This framework is used in order to present a solution on the autonomic topology control of future communication systems, where multi-hop links are established using the available relays stations, under the energy consumption constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although, many have theorized about the link between cognition and affect and its potential importance in complex tasks such as problem solving and deep learning, this link has seldom been explicitly investigated during tutoring. Consequently, this paper investigates the relationship between learners΄ cognitive and affective states during 50 tutoring sessions with expert human tutors. Association rule mining analyses revealed significant co-occurrence relationships between several of the cognitive measures (i.e., student answer types, question types, misconceptions, and metacomments) and the affective states of confusion, frustration, and anxiety, but not happiness. We also derived a number of association rules (Cognitive State → Affective State) from the co-occurrence relationships. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories that link affect and cognition during learning and for the development of affect-sensitive ITSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the experience of improvisers as they perform to better understand how narrative is constructed by group performance in improvisational theatre. Our study was conducted with improvisers who would perform improv ˵games″ with each iteration video recorded. Each individual participant was shown the video in a retrospective protocol collection, before reviewing it again in a group interview. This process is meant to elicit information about how the cognition involved develops narrative during an improvisation performance. This paper presents our initial findings related to narrative development in improvisational theatre with an ambition to use these and future analyses in creating improvisational intelligent agents. These findings have demonstrated that the construction of narrative is crafted through the making and accepting of scene-advancing offers, which expert improvisers are more readily capable of performing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To build software which, at the press of a button, can tell you what cognition related hazards there are within an environment or a task, is probably well into the future if it is possible at all. However, incorporating existing tools such as task analysis tools, interface design guidelines and information about general cognitive limitations in humans, could allow for greater evaluative options for cognitive ergonomics. The paper will discuss previous approaches on the subject and suggest adding design and evaluative guiding in DHM that will help a user with little to no knowledge of cognitive science, design and evaluate a human- product interaction scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents phase one of a study aimed at investigating how and why secondary school students use computer tools, such as spelling and grammar checkers, to aid them in their English writing and how their patterns of use relate to their English literacy. The study was prompted through close observations over many years, on how students use computers to support their writing. The observation indicated that while some students make a lot of use of computers, they still struggle to read and write in English. The research involved testing and surveying sixty-five Year 8 students. The test results obtained are compared with students΄ responses to the survey. The survey questionnaire contained open ended questions for the students to respond reflectively and to evaluate their uses of computer tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of ubiquitous computing has revolutionized distributed Multi-agent systems (MAS). Consequently, there are many software projects focusing on MASs. However, its successful application is subject to the adoption of effective agents' communication that would be needed to share expertise for achieving goals of MAS. Communication among agents and agents' cognitive capabilities influences MAS quality. The main quality factors that are affected by communication among agents are knowledgeability and performance and vice-versa. Knowledgeability can be realized by maximizing the amount and specification of knowledge in knowledge-base that affects the quality of decisions to achieve the goals, while performance can be interpreted as a means to maximize the utility of MAS in terms of throughput, resource utilization and response time. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps are useful tool for simulating and analyzing dynamic systems. This paper presents an application of FCM to analyze the interdependencies of four major features of MAS namely agent base, communication effort, performance and knowledgeability that would assist the analyst in modeling MAS to meet the desired objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on problems posed by magical thought systems for anthropological theory. Magical thinking is an expression of a cognitive-processing limitation of the human mind. It is that form of non-correlational reasoning utilized when objects and events conceptually affiliate or exclude one another in minds of people. Typically, it involves a confusion of propositions about the world with propositions about language. Correlation and contingency are relatively complex concepts that are not spontaneously available to human thought. The article suggests that anthropologists interested in thought may have mistaken a difference in the content of thought for a difference in mode of thought. Magical thinking does not distinguish one culture from another. Resemblance, not co-occurrence likelihood, is a fundamental conceptual tool of the everyday mind. It should be kept in mind that this paper has been concerned primarily with the kinds of concepts men employ to organize and manipulate information, regardless of the interpretive content of the information processed.

Historically, the concept of ‘delusion’ is intertwined with that of ‘insanity’ and depends upon contemporary theories of thinking and belief. On the continent, and up to the 1850s, délire and Wahn referred to either madness or delusion (the French term also named ‘organic delirium’). Since the sixteenth century, the English word delusion has meant ‘fixed false opinion or belief with regard to objective things’ (OED, second edition). This intellectualist definition, albeit narrower, is easier to explore than its continental counterparts. Delusions before the nineteenth century Continental views A good place to start is the French Encyclopédic where délire is defined as ‘an error of judgment by the spirit, during wakefulness, of things known to all.’ The author used the same word to refer to delusion and delirium and offered the same causal mechanism for both. Delusion and delirium were to be distinguished on the bases of aetiology, course, intensity, presence or absence of fever. All forms of délire were ‘organic’: ‘the soul is always in the same state and is not susceptible to change. So, the error of judgment that is délire cannot be attributed to the soul but to the disposition of the bodily organs.’ Tension and relaxation of nerves led to manic or melancholic délire, respectively; and according to the number of nervous fibres involved, délire was universal (organic delirium) or particular (delusion). Severity may range from mild to severe and was proportional to the ‘strength of internal sensations’. In délire internal sensations are stronger than external ones. In a first stage, internal sensations impinge upon consciousness but no judgment is made (i.e. the subject remains insightful); and in a third stage, emotions compound the picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mentioned in Chapter 7, idiocy and dementia - the two syndromic forms of intellectual failure - were differentiated before Esquirol, although this alienist made their separation official. The history of acquired cognitive impairment, called here dementia for short, will also throw light on the history of the concept of cognition. The current concept of dementia was constructed during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This process can be described as one of pruning down the heterogeneous clinical content of dementia. The process started before 1800 and culminated in the early 1900s in what I have called the ‘cognitive paradigm’, i.e. the view that dementia just consisted of an irreversible disorder of intellectual functions. Historical analysis shows that this view resulted more from ideology than clinical observation. For decades, the cognitive paradigm has prevented the adequate mapping of the non-cognitive symptoms of dementia and hindered research. Dementia before the eighteenth century Before 1700, terms such as amentia, imbecility, morosis, fatuitas, anoea, foolishness, stupidity, simplicity, cams, idiocy, dotage, and senility (but surprisingly not dementia) were used to name, in varying degree, states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence. The word dementia, which is almost as old as the oldest of those listed above (for example, it is already found in Lucretius) simply meant ‘being out of one's mind.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of mental symptoms during the nineteenth century can be explored from four complementary perspectives: descriptive psychopathology (DP), aetiological theory, pathogenesis and taxonomy. DP refers to the language of description, aetiology to underlying causes, pathogenesis to the mechanisms that disrupt brain structure and /or function which, in turn, generate symptoms, and taxonomy to the clustering rules which govern symptom grouping. DP (also called ‘psychiatric semiology’ in Continental countries) owes much to eighteenth century theory of signs; psychiatric aetiological theory and pathogenesis were moulded upon nineteenth century developments in general medicine; and taxonomy grew out of metaphors of order and classificatory principles developed during the Enlightenment. This book deals exclusively with the history of DP and enjoins historians to tackle the remainder, i.e. the history of psychiatric aetiological theory, pathogenesis and taxonomy during the nineteenth century on which, so far, near to nothing of substance has been written. The development of DP Inter alia, DP can be defined as a descriptive-cum-cognitive system designed to capture aspects of abnormal behaviour. This it does by applying words to segments of speech and action. To achieve its purpose, two components are needed: a lexicon and segments (symptoms or referents) which have to be ‘outlined’ or ‘constructed’. Since the latter are not obviously delimited or tagged, the naming function of DP often entails fracturing the behaviour presented by mentally ill patients. Furthermore, since the resulting ‘fragments’ are not equally informational, only some need to be kept. The rules for such a decision are based on nosological and aetiological theories of mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic-based computer interactivity offers great potential [1], particularly with blind and visually impaired users [2]. At Indiana University΄s School of Informatics at IUPUI, we have developed an innovative educational approach relying on ˵audemes,″ short, nonverbal sound symbols made up of 2-5 individual sounds lasting 3-7 seconds - like expanded ˵earcons″[3] - to encode and prompt memory. To illustrate: An audeme for ˵American Civil War″ includes a 3-second snippet of the song Dixie partially overlapped by a snippet of Battle Hymn of the Republic, followed by battle sounds, together lasting 5 seconds. Our focus on non-verbal sound explores the mnemonic impact of metaphoric rather than literal signification. Working for a year with BVI students, we found audemes improved encoding and long-term memory of verbal educational content, even after five months, and engaged the students in stimulating ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sum of all the parts of Such – Of each laboratory scene – Is such. While science means this much And means no more, why, let it mean! But were the science-men to find Some animating principle Which gave synthetic Such a mind Vital, though metaphysical – To Such, such an event, I think, Would cause unscientific pain: Science, appalled by thought, would shrink To its component parts again. The first nineteen chapters of this book were written in the third person, with the author assuming the role of the proverbial fly on the wall. This was appropriate because the things described in those chapters are accessible to any observer, directly or indirectly, through his or her senses. In that respect, they exemplify what John Ziman said of science in general – they are public knowledge. The human mind has long been regarded as basically different because of its subjective dimension. We take a third-person stance when considering the workings of minds, admittedly, but our own thoughts are perforce first person and private. In this last chapter, therefore, I shall feel justified in making occasional first-person excursions, and there will even be expressions of my own subjective beliefs about such issues as consciousness and intelligence. But that doesn't imply acceptance of the view that the mind is fundamentally different from anything else in Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of co-verbal gestures in map-task activities is particularly interesting for several reasons: on the one hand, the speaker is engaged in a collaborative task with an interlocutor; on the other hand, the task itself is designed in order to place a cognitive demand on both the speaker and the receiver, who are not visible to one another. The cognitive effort in question implies the activation of different capabilities, such as self-orientation in space, planning (which can also be considered a self-orientation task concerning the capability of organising successful communicative strategies for the solution of a given problem), and communication in “unnatural” conditions. The co-verbal gestures performed during such a task are quantitatively and qualitatively different from those performed in normal conditions, and can provide information about the Speaker's Mind. In particular, the recursive pattern of some metaphors can be interpreted as a reliable index of the communicative strategy adopted by the speaker: the case of the “palm-down flap” will be here analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 21 of the book "Social Brain Matters: Stances on the Neurobiology of Social Cognition" is presented. It explores the limitations and possible contributions of cognitive science. It argues that while philosophers and scientists need to be objective on the social and ethical issues relating to human cognition, their sensitive nature as human beings has required them to attribute a personal, subjective meaning to the resulting knowledge. The chapter proposes ways for attaining human moral community which can be learned by and through the heart.

Chapter XXV of the book "The Betrayal," by E. Phillips Oppenheim is presented. It discusses the thoughts of Guy Ducaine about the personality of Colonel Mostyn Ray and his revelation of his true feelings for Lady Angela. It focuses on the conversation between Ducaine and Lady Angela about the latter's brother, Lord Blenavon, and her marriage with Colonel Ray. It also presents the brief talk of the Duke and his daughter Lady Angela.

Chapter 15 of the book "Assessment in Science: Practical Experiences and Education Research" is presented. It focuses on the selection of target cognitive strategies and designing methods for teaching target strategies in fourth-grade science students based on a study. Also described are four cognitive strategies and instructional approaches used by elementary teacher Michael Tomlinson including setting a purpose and using prior knowledge. The study found that some students had difficulty in giving clear examples of the strategies.

Chapter Fourteen of the book "Pragmatism and Values: The Central European Pragmatist Forum" is presented. It discusses the philosophy of Richard Rorty on cognition, physicalism, and behaviorism. It argues on the threat of the pragmatism of Rorty to democracy and the dangers of neo-liberalism that Rorty propounded for countries at a disadvantage in the globalized world such as Central and Eastern Europe.

This article investigates whether there is an underlying morality in the ways that human beings seek to obtain economic security within our imperfect economy, which can be illuminated through evolutionary biology research. Two research questions are the focus of the analysis: (1) What is the transaction cognitive machinery that is specialized for the entrepreneurial task of exchange-based security-seeking? and, (2) What are the moral implications of the acquisition and use of such transaction cognitions? Evolutionary biology research suggests within concepts that are more Darwin- v. Huxley-based, an underlying morality supportive of algorithm-governed economizing arising from the behaviors that are most worthy of long-term reproduction. Evolutionarily stable algorithm-enhanced security-seeking is argued to be a new view of entrepreneurship, but one that, somewhat ironically, is grounded in a primordially-based entrepreneurial morality that is at the core of economic security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hans Kelsen's fundamental contributions to legal philosophy are accompanied by seminal work in political theory and on problems of constitutional law and public international law. There are also forays into anthropological speculation, important studies of classical philosophers, most notably Plato, and much more of interest along the way. It is in legal philosophy, however, that Kelsen made his mark. As early as 1934, the erudite Roscoe Pound wrote that Kelsen was ‘unquestionably the leading jurist of the time’ (Pound 1933–4: 532), and to this day many in jurisprudential circles endorse Pound's assessment. Three phases of development in Kelsen's theory can be distinguished: an early phase, ‘critical constructivism’ (1911–21); then the long, ‘classical’ or ‘Neo-Kantian’ phase (1921–60), including in the 1920s the formation, around Kelsen, of the Vienna School of Legal Theory; and, finally, the late, ‘sceptical’ phase (1960–73). The early phase is seen most clearly in Kelsen's first major treatise, Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre (Kelsen 1911). One of Kelsen's central aims in the early phase – but not just there – is to establish legal science as a ‘normative’ discipline, by which he understands a discipline that is addressed to normative material and whose statements are formulated in normative language. Toward this end, he attempts to ‘construct’ the fundamental concepts of the law, for, as he argues, to understand these concepts correctly is to understand them as peculiarly normative – and not, then, as amenable to expression in factual terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timing is a fundamental aspect of speech motor control. In a recent, prominent view towards speech timing, temporal organization is seen as arising from the interactions of peripheral articulatory structures and is not considered to be subject to external neurocognitive control. Evidence and arguments countering the main study supporting this position are critically reviewed. New data is presented in favor of neurocognitive control (possibly via the cerebellum) over two specific types of speech timing, rhythm and interarticulatory coordination. It is shown how such a notion of external control can be integrated into a general multifactorial experimental approach towards timing. The multifactorial approach is further illustrated with respect to hypotheses arising from Lindblom's distinction of hyper- and hypospeech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights regarding the article "The Value of Man in the Hartman Value System," by Rem B. Edwards. The author states that Edwards assessed the central arguments of the "Four Axiological Proofs of the Infinite Value of Man," by Robert S. Hartman. He mentions the objections including the limited power of thinking, Hartman's confusion of potential with actual infinity, and not real potentiality on thinking a non-denumerable infinity of thoughts.

Chapter XXXII of book II of the book "An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding," Volume I by John Locke is presented. The chapter discusses considerations concerning the truth and falsehood the idea, whether simple or complex, as the human conceives them. It discusses when an idea is said to be true or false and the references in judging its truthfulness and falsehood.

Chapter XXXI of book II of the book "An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding," Volume I by John Locke is presented. The chapter discusses considerations concerning the adequacy and inadequacy of real ideas as the human mind conceives them. The idea is said to be of adequate when it represents perfectly all those archetypes and it is said to be inadequate when there is incomplete representation of those archetypes.

The chapter "The Imagination: Its Functions and Its Culture" of the book "A Dish of Orts," by George MacDonald is presented. It explores the meaning of imagination as the faculty which provides form to thoughts not inevitably uttered form but form capable of being uttered in shape or in sound. Moreover, it discusses the faculty in man which is the same to the prime operation of the power of God and has been called as the creative faculty.

An essay is presented on the difference between the mental capacity of human beings and animals. It cites the belief of the author that the mental faculties of man and animals have no fundamental difference. It explores that man and animals possess the same sense and fundamental intuition, as well as few common instincts.

This appendix to the book "The Functions of the Executive," by Chester I. Barnard (1938) is from a lecture presented before the engineering faculty and the students of Princeton University on March 10, 1936. Barnard's aim is to present a personal attitude or understanding concerning the mental aspects of human beings in the work of everyday affairs.

The article offers information poet and scholar Walt Whitman and his literary expositions. Whitman wrote for the journal "New Orleans Crescent," but failed otherwise to preserve an interesting account of his trip to Louisiana. The elements of Whitman's nature which were beginning to emerge into consciousness during the last period assume more definiteness of expression.

The article offers information on poet and scholar Walt Whitman and his literary expositions, particularly prose. Whitman's system of punctuation used in prose was unique. Throughout his entire career as a prose writer, Whitman relied largely on the dash. Some authors say that Whitman is a man gifted with the divine power of using words.

Chapter 11 of the book "Balthasar And Other Works 1909," by Anatole France is presented. It mentions a woman who was haunted by a perpetual nightmare in which her husband appeared to her dead and decomposing and pointing her out with his finger to the inquisitive magistrates. It suggests that this woman was the victim of her own morbid imagination.

The article focuses on the vision of British poet William Blake. It asserts that Blake advised an artist to cultivate his or her imagination to vision. It indicates that hoped that all men would also be gifted in visionary faculty. It claims that he also acknowledged that vision had the capability of taking an untrue report to the mind.