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Keywords for this news article include: Suwon, South Korea, Asia, Biochip Technology, Biotechnology, Anions, Chemicals, Connective Tissue Cells, Electrolytes, Elements, Gases, Health and Medicine, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Peroxide, Immunology, Inorganic Chemicals, Ions, Macrophages, Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Myeloid Cells, Organic Chemicals, Oxides, Peroxides, Phagocytes, Reactive Oxygen Species, Ajou University. Keywords: Suwon; South Korea; Asia; Biochip Technology; Biotechnology; Anions; Chemicals; Connective Tissue Cells; Electrolytes; Elements; Gases; Health and Medicine; Hydrogen; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunology; Inorganic Chemicals; Ions; Macrophages; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Myeloid Cells; Organic Chemicals; Oxides; Peroxides; Phagocytes; Reactive Oxygen Species EN Suwon South Korea Asia Biochip Technology Biotechnology Anions Chemicals Connective Tissue Cells Electrolytes Elements Gases Health and Medicine Hydrogen Hydrogen Peroxide Immunology Inorganic Chemicals Ions Macrophages Mononuclear Phagocyte System Myeloid Cells Organic Chemicals Oxides Peroxides Phagocytes Reactive Oxygen Species 3014 3014 1 08/14/23 20230818 NES 230818 2023 AUG 18 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- Researchers detail new data in Biotechnology - Biochip Technology. [Extracted from the article]

A new review paper published in Aging explores the concept of using senescent cell-derived vaccines as a potential immune response against cancer and aging. The paper discusses the role of tumor-associated senescent cells in cancer progression and regression and highlights the potential use of senolytics, drugs that eliminate senescent cells, in cancer treatment. The researchers also propose the idea of designing an adaptive anti-aging vaccine. The paper provides valuable insights into the current knowledge in this field. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents abstracts related to dairy cows including "Induced hyperketonemia affects the mammary immune response during lipopolysaccharide challenge in dairy cows," by Zarrin and colleagues, "Survey of mycotic mastitis in dairy cows from Heilongjiang Province, China," by Zhou and colleagues, and "Effect of prolonged duration therapy of subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows using penethamate hydriodide," by Steele and McDougall and colleagues.

A new report from Wroclaw Medical University in Poland discusses the unique characteristics of cancer cells in female genital neoplasms. The research highlights how cancer cells can adapt to their environment and alter immunological pathways to survive and proliferate. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding these processes in order to develop specialized therapies for gynecologic neoplasms. The research was funded by the Statutory Subsidy Funds of The Department of Molecular And Cellular Biology. [Extracted from the article]

A research paper titled "The anticancer potential of the CLK kinases inhibitors 1C8 and GPS167 revealed by their impact on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the antiviral immune response" was recently published in Oncotarget's Volume 15. The study focuses on two compounds, 1C8 and GPS167, which inhibit CLK kinases and have an effect on the proliferation of various cancer cell lines. The compounds were found to impact the expression and splicing of transcripts involved in mitotic spindle assembly, tumor progression pathways, and the antiviral immune response. The research suggests that these compounds have potential in targeting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by Afyon Kocatepe University investigated the effects of strain, cage density, and position on the immune response to vaccines and blood parameters in layer pullets. The study involved 2,000 1-day-old layer chicks from different breeds and placed them in different cage densities and positions. The researchers found that specific antibody titres to vaccines were greater in white egg laying strains compared to brown egg layer strains. They also observed that cage density slightly increased the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes. The study suggests that proper positioning and density within cage systems can decrease stress, improve disease resistance, and enhance the well-being of hens. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides information on hot papers on immunology based on a data given by international research firm Thomson Reuters from its Essential Science Indicators from January 1999 to December 2009. It mentions several studies including the "Late Developmental Plasticity in the T Helper 17 Lineage," by Yun Kyung Lee and colleagues as well as "IL-17 and Th17 Cells," by Thomas Korn and colleagues. Another research included is "The Inflammasome: A Caspase-1 Activation Platform That Regulates Immune Responses and Disease Pathogenesis."

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic has found that sex differences in immune response and metabolism may contribute to women's increased risk for Alzheimer's disease and its severity. The study analyzed genes and brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients and identified differences in brain immunometabolism, particularly in microglia, the immune cells in the brain. These findings highlight the importance of developing sex-specific treatment and prevention options for Alzheimer's disease, which is the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and is part of an ongoing effort to understand the link between sex and neurodegenerative conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Reports on the decision of the Alexander Kugler of the University of Göttingen in Germany and his colleagues to retract their study regarding a cancer-vaccine strategy. Application of tumor cells from people with kidney cancer; Cause of immune response against secondary tumors; Factors that lead to the decision of the authors.

Recent studies have utilized evolutionary mechanisms to impede the emergence of drug-resistant populations. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model that integrates hormonal treatment, immunotherapy, and the interactions among three cell types: drug-sensitive cancer cells, drug-resistant cancer cells and immune effector cells. Dynamical analysis is performed, examining the existence and stability of equilibria, thereby confirming the model's interpretability. Model parameters are calibrated using available prostate cancer data and literature. Through bifurcation analysis for drug sensitivity under different immune effector cells recruitment responses, we find that resistant cancer cells grow rapidly under weak recruitment response, maintain at a low level under strong recruitment response, and both may occur under moderate recruitment response. To quantify the competitiveness of sensitive and resistant cells, we introduce the comprehensive measures R 1 and R 2 , respectively, which determine the outcome of competition. Additionally, we introduce the quantitative indicators C I E 1 and C I E 2 as comprehensive measures of the immune effects on sensitive and resistant cancer cells, respectively. These two indicators determine whether the corresponding cancer cells can maintain at a low level. Our work shows that the immune system is an important factor affecting the evolution of drug resistance and provides insights into how to enhance immune response to control resistance. • The proposed model is validated by theoretical analysis and experimental data fitting. • MTD treatment promotes and no treatment inhibits resistant cells. • Weaker recruitment of immune effector cells makes drug resistance more likely to occur. • Different drug strategies are suit to patients with varied immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have developed a new method of targeting specific cells for death using light. This technique, called optogenetics, involves inserting a light-activated gene into cells and using blue light to trigger the activation of a protein that regulates cell death. By inducing inflammatory cell death rather than directly killing the cell, the immune system is activated, releasing chemicals that attract white blood cells to attack threats. While the current application is limited to tissues near the skin, further studies in mice will be conducted to explore the potential of this technique in cancer and inflammatory diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: Cancer; Carcinomas; Health and Medicine; Immunology; Liver Cancer; Oncology EN Cancer Carcinomas Health and Medicine Immunology Liver Cancer Oncology 1031 1031 1 08/07/23 20230808 NES 230808 2023 AUG 8 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Immunotherapy Weekly -- Data detailed on liver cancer have been presented. According to the news reporters, the research concluded: "This paper will introduce the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and the current basic and clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway associated with immune response in HCC transplantation.". [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this paper is to study the behaviors shown by a modified mathematical model representing interactions between immune cells, un-infected tumor cells, infected tumor cells, and normal cells when subjected initially to chemotherapy and virotherapy alone and subsequently a combination of both. Stability analysis is carried out for all steady states in each treatment model. Conditions are derived under which recurrence of tumors can be prevented when the amount of applied drugs are reduced. Analysis of the model shows that the tumor can be eliminated with a lower dose of chemotherapy if it is combined with virotherapy. The existence of an optimal control set, and optimality of the model are discussed. The optimal control problem relative to the model is designed in a way to reduce the number of tumor cells and the amount of chemotherapeutic drugs and at the same time to increase the positive effect of virotherapy to improve the immune system, thereby causing a reduction in patient's recovery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a stochastic HBV infection model with virus-to-cell infection, cell-to-cell transmission and CTL immune response is proposed. The model has a general form of infection rate, in which the contact rate is governed by the log-normal Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. First, it is proved that the stochastic model has a unique positive global solution. The dynamic properties of the solutions around the equilibrium points are also analysed. It further follows that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 < 1 , while the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if R 0 > 1. Then, we establish sufficient conditions for the stationary distribution and extinction of the model by constructing suitable Lyapunov functions, respectively. After that, we calculate the exact analytical expression for the probability density function of stationary distribution near the quasi-endemic equilibrium. Finally, the effect of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process on the dynamical behaviour of the model is verified by numerical simulations. One of the most interesting findings is that larger regression speeds and smaller volatility intensities can significantly reduce major outbreaks of HBV infection within the host, which may have important implications for future HBV therapeutic regimens. • A HBV infection model disturbed by Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is presented. • Dynamic properties of the solutions around the equilibrium points are analysed. • Stationary distribution and extinction are studied. • The density function around the quasi-endemic equilibrium is discussed. • Comprehensive numerical simulations are represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new mRNA cancer vaccine developed at the University of Florida has shown promising results in a first-ever human clinical trial. The vaccine quickly reprogrammed the immune system to attack glioblastoma, a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor. The vaccine uses a patient's own tumor cells to create a personalized vaccine and employs a complex delivery mechanism using lipid nanoparticles. The results from the trial were similar to those seen in preclinical mouse models and in a clinical trial involving pet dogs with brain tumors. The next step is to conduct a Phase 1 pediatric clinical trial for brain cancer. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, a fractional-order model for HIV with drug-resistance and CTL immune response is established. Two cases (subsystem with drug-sensitive and subsystem with drug-resistant) are considered. For both subsystems: firstly, the existence and uniqueness of the positive solution is proved; secondly, the sufficient conditions for the stability of the disease-free equilibrium are obtained; finally, some numerical simulations are performed to verify the theoretical results. After that, the main system is analyzed in a similar way. Calculation indicates that the basic reproduction number of the main system is the maximum value of the basic reproduction numbers of the corresponding subsystems. In addition, through numerical simulation, we know that the drug efficacy plays an important role in the treatment of HIV. • A fractional-order model for HIV with drug-resistance and CTL immune response is constructed. • The basic reproduction number of the main model is the maximum value of the corresponding two subsystems. • Through numerical simulations, the relationship of basic reproduction number with respect to fractional order was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the effect of stochastic noise on the virus infection model with nonlytic immune response. Firstly, the mathematical model describing the virus infection with nonlytic immune response is presented. The basic reproduction number is derived and the stability of disease-free state E 0 and disease state E 1 are analysed. Then the threshold conditions for extinction and persistence of the virus are derived by the rigorous theoretical proofs. It is found that when the noise is large enough, the virus will die out without constraint. When the noise is small, the virus will become extinct under the condition R 0 * < 1 and persistence under R 0 * * > 1 . Besides, the upper bound and lower bound for persistence have been given. At last, some numerical simulations are carried out to support our results. The conclusion of this paper could help provide the theoretical basis for the further study of the virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent report from the Institute of Cybernetics in Havana, Cuba discusses the first-stage dynamics of the immune system and cancer. The research emphasizes the importance of the innate immune system as the first line of defense against pathogens. The study compares the immune response of different tissues to infections and cancer, using simple ideas and qualitative theory of differential equations. The findings suggest a correlation between the tissue's response to infection and its response to cancer. The research provides precise statements that can be further explored through quantitative immunology. [Extracted from the article]

• The goal of this research paper is to develop a stepwise mathematical modeling strategy, informed by preclinical mouse model and imaging data, to describe the biological relationship between immunotherapy and tumor response in cancer. • This stepwise model was developed results and applied to mouse models of colorectal and breast cancer that displayed a range of therapeutic responses to immune checkpoint blockade. • Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data of tumor hypoxia and tumor volume kinetics during immunotherapy from experimental data informed was used to calibrate the model and expand to include both failures and successful tumor response to immunotherapy. • The modeling results suggest elevated immune response fractions (> 30 %) in tumors unresponsive to immunotherapy is due to a functional immune response that wanes over time. • This experimental-mathematical approach provides a means to evaluate dynamics of the system that could not have been explored using the data alone, including tumor aggressiveness, immune exhaustion, and immune cell functionality. Immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockade to PD1 and CTLA4 can have varied effects on individual tumors. To quantify the successes and failures of these therapeutics, we developed a stepwise mathematical modeling strategy and applied it to mouse models of colorectal and breast cancer that displayed a range of therapeutic responses. Using longitudinal tumor volume data, an exponential growth model was utilized to designate response groups for each tumor type. The exponential growth model was then extended to describe the dynamics of the quality of vasculature in the tumors via [18F] fluoromisonidazole (FMISO)-positron emission tomography (PET) data estimating tumor hypoxia over time. By calibrating the mathematical system to the PET data, several biological drivers of the observed deterioration of the vasculature were quantified. The mathematical model was then further expanded to explicitly include both the immune response and drug dosing, so that model simulations are able to systematically investigate biological hypotheses about immunotherapy failure and to generate experimentally testable predictions of immune response. The modeling results suggest elevated immune response fractions (> 30 %) in tumors unresponsive to immunotherapy is due to a functional immune response that wanes over time. This experimental-mathematical approach provides a means to evaluate dynamics of the system that could not have been explored using the data alone, including tumor aggressiveness, immune exhaustion, and immune cell functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal control theory is one of the most important tools in the development of new therapeutic protocols for treating infections. In this work, we present an algorithm able to deal with high-dimensional problems with bounded controls. The optimal solution is obtained by minimizing a positive-definite treatment cost function. Our method, based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle and the coordinate cyclic descent method, allows solving problems of varied nature. In this paper, and by way of example, therapeutic enhancement of the immune response to invasion by pathogenic attack is addressed as an optimal control problem. The generic mathematical model used describes the evolution of the disease by means of four non-linear, ordinary differential equations. The model is characterized by the concentration of pathogens, plasma cells, antibodies and a numerical value that indicates the relative characteristic of an organ damaged by disease. From a system theory point of view, drugs can be interpreted as control inputs. Therapies based on separate application of the agents are presented in previous studies. We shall present the more general problem in this paper, considering combined therapies and bounded controls. Finally, we present several numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phase 2 clinical trial has found AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine delivers similar immune responses in people aged over and under 70 years. The update, which suggests the vaccine is better tolerated by seniors, provides further evidence that prophylactics may work in the people most vulnerable to the coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses study of researchers on symptoms of brain fog, confusion and depression caused by coronavirus and mentions brain cells seldom infected by the virus. Topics discussed include autopsy studies of coronavirus getting into brain through brain tissue, impact of covid-19 on blood vessels and body's immune response to the chemotherapy.

New research combining computer modeling and experiments with macaques shows that the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling HIV infections. The study found that the immune system suppresses viral production in already infected cells and kills viral infected cells, but only within a narrow time window at the start of a cell's infection. The researchers hope that by understanding how the immune system controls HIV, they can develop treatments to enhance this mechanism and potentially cure the disease. The study also resolved a controversy in HIV research by showing that a type of immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells controls infection by both killing infected cells and triggering human cells to deploy defenses against the infection. [Extracted from the article]

Until now, understanding how a T cell forms into a specific role, for example a cell-killing (cytotoxic) T cell or memory T cell, has eluded us. Keywords: Antigens; Biological Factors; Cancer; Engineering; Health and Medicine; Immunology; Institute for Systems Biology; Oncology EN Antigens Biological Factors Cancer Engineering Health and Medicine Immunology Institute for Systems Biology Oncology 103 103 1 11/06/23 20231107 NES 231107 2023 NOV 9 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Immunotherapy Weekly -- SEATTLE - T cells are soldiers on the front lines of the human immune system. [Extracted from the article]

The mouse whipworm Trichuris muris has long been used as a tractable model of human Trichuriasis. Here we look back at the history of T. muris research; from the definition of the species and determination of its life cycle, through to the complex immune responses that we study today. We highlight the key research papers that have developed our understanding of immune responses to this parasite, and reflect on how original concepts have been transformed, as our knowledge of immunology has grown. Although we have a good understanding of host–parasite interactions in the context of the underlying cellular immunology, there are still many aspects of the biology of the Trichuris parasite that remain undefined. We predict that advances in parasite biology will be key in the future development of new and improved treatments for Trichuriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bacterial elimination involves the coordination of the immune system. • We formulate a model based on the abstraction of the innate-regulatory immune host response. • Stability and bifurcation analyses of the model reveal the trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes. • The trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes integrates previously observed bacterial fates into a unified framework. The successful elimination of bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae from a host involves the coordination between different parts of the immune system. Previous experimental studies have found that pathogenic outcomes can vary with the size of the initial bacterial dose. However, others yield support to the notion of dose-independent factors contributing to bacterial clearance. In this paper, we seek to provide a deeper understanding of the immune responses associated to the pneumococcus. To this end, we formulate a model that realizes an abstraction of the innate-regulatory immune host response. Stability and bifurcation analyses of the model reveal the following trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes determined by the bifurcation parameters: (i) dose-independent clearance ; (ii) dose-independent persistence ; and (iii) dose-limited clearance. Bistability, where the bacteria-free equilibrium co-stabilizes with the most substantial steady-state bacterial load is the specific result behind dose-limited clearance. The trichotomy of pneumococcal outcomes here described integrates all previously observed bacterial fates into a unified framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The optimal vaccination strategy for a constrained time-varying SEIR epidemic model is proposed. • The computed vaccination strategy can control the epidemic efficiently. • The comparisons of different cases show that omitting the time-varying factors may result in less optimal even unreasonable control strategy. Abstract The optimal control strategy for time-varying epidemic models remains a wide open research area. In this paper, the optimal vaccination strategy for a constrained time-varying SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Recovered) epidemic model is solved under the frame of constrained optimal control problems. Three time-varying factors, i.e., seasonally varying incidence coefficient, monotonic decreasing successfully immune rate and monotonic increasing vaccine yield are considered. Constraints on vaccination rate, susceptible population and vaccine supply at each time instant, which are pure-control constraint, pure-state constraint and mixed state-control constraint, respectively, are all taken into consideration. The characterization for the optimal control is derived with the help of the Pontryagin's maximum principle. And optimal control problems are successfully solved by a symplectic pseudospectral method numerically. Numerical results are consistent with the analytical ones. Finally, comparisons of different cases demonstrate that time-varying factors could alter the optimal vaccination strategy, which implies that omitting the time-varying factors may result in less optimal even unreasonable control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the immune factor related to inflammation. Inflammation is a vital immune response to infection, injury or irritation. It is the basis of humanity's earliest survival. It's what causes the redness in that paper cut the result of extra blood walling off the area and rushing macrophages, histamine and other bacteria-fighting immune factors to the wound. The same inflammatory process is what makes one's throat burn when they decide to impress their friends by chugging the extra-spicy suicide sauce and blood vessels leak fluid, proteins and cells to repair or remove damaged tissues.

This paper deals with the study of a virus dynamics model in order to get better insights into HIV infection within the body. The model incorporates therapeutic modalities such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). RTIs prevent viral replication/entry within the infected CD4 + T cells while PIs block the virus assembly and thus further propagation and production of new virions. The proliferation of uninfected CD4 + T cells has been assumed to be as full logistic growth term to capture the dynamics of HIV virus. The model also considers two important components of the acquired immune response, namely the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response (self stimulation due to infection and stimulation due to infected cells have been considered) and antibody immune response. Critical threshold conditions for the existence of equilibrium points have been determined. We studied the analytical behavior of these equilibrium points locally as well as globally using Lasalle’s invariance principle and Lyapunov’s direct method. We explored the sensitivity of the therapeutic drugs on the model system. Further, the behavior of the proposed model system has been studied numerically through simulation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: New York City; State:New York; United States; North and Central America; Brain Diseases and Conditions; Brain Metastasis; Cancer; Health and Medicine; Lung Cancer; Lung Diseases and Conditions; Lung Neoplasms; Melanoma; Oncology EN New York City State:New York United States North and Central America Brain Diseases and Conditions Brain Metastasis Cancer Health and Medicine Lung Cancer Lung Diseases and Conditions Lung Neoplasms Melanoma Oncology 279 279 1 05/22/23 20230523 NES 230523 2023 MAY 23 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Immunotherapy Weekly -- New research on Brain Diseases and Conditions - Brain Metastasis is the subject of a report. New York City, State:New York, United States, North and Central America, Brain Diseases and Conditions, Brain Metastasis, Cancer, Health and Medicine, Lung Cancer, Lung Diseases and Conditions, Lung Neoplasms, Melanoma, Oncology. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, a cytokine-enhanced viral infection model with time delays and CTL immune response is proposed and analyzed. Multiple time delays, namely intracellular delay τ 1 , virus replication delay τ 2 and immune response delay τ 3 are included. Firstly, two key parameters with strong biological significance, namely the virus reproductive number R 0 and the CTL immune reproductive number R 1 are derived. And then the stability of equilibria of the model is investigated by constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals and using LaSalle's invariance principle. We prove that if R 0 < 1 , then the infection-free equilibrium E 0 is globally asymptotically stable for any τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 ≥ 0 ; if R 0 > 1 , R 1 < 1 , then the immunity-inactivated equilibrium E 1 is globally asymptotically stable for any τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 ≥ 0 ; and if R 1 > 1 , then the immunity-activated equilibrium E ∗ is globally asymptotically stable for any τ 1 , τ 2 ≥ 0 and τ 3 = 0. For τ 1 , τ 2 ≥ 0 , τ 3 > 0 , theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that with the increase of τ 3 , the equilibrium E ∗ loses its stability and the system generates Hopf bifurcation, which means the system produces periodic oscillation under certain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Henan; People's Republic of China; Asia; Drugs and Therapies; Health and Medicine; Mononegavirales; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pediatrics; Pneumovirinae; Pneumovirus; Pneumovirus Infections; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases and Conditions; Risk and Prevention; Viral; Virology EN Henan People's Republic of China Asia Drugs and Therapies Health and Medicine Mononegavirales Paramyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Infections Pediatrics Pneumovirinae Pneumovirus Pneumovirus Infections RNA Viruses Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Respiratory Tract Diseases and Conditions Risk and Prevention Viral Virology 213 213 1 04/17/23 20230421 NES 230421 2023 APR 22 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Pediatrics Week -- New research on Respiratory Tract Diseases and Conditions - Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections is the subject of a report. Both intestinal flora disorder and RSV infection could cause cellular immunity imbalance of Th1/Th2 or Treg/Th17, eventually leading to disease deterioration and even a vicious cycle. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, a micro-epidemic non-linear dynamical model has been proposed and analyzed for primary dengue infection. The model incorporates the effects of T cells immune response as well as humoral response during pathogenesis of dengue infection. The time delay has been accounted for production of antibodies from B cells. The basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) has been computed. Three equilibrium states are obtained. The existence and stability conditions for infection-free and ineffective cellular immune response state have been discussed. The conditions for existence of endemic state have been obtained. Further, the parametric region is obtained where system exhibits complex behavior. The threshold value of time delay has been computed which is critical for change in stability of endemic state. A threshold level for antibodies production rate has been obtained over which the infection will die out even though R 0 > 1. The model is in line with the clinical observation that viral load decreases within 7–14 days from the onset of primary infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many common and emergent infectious diseases like Influenza, SARS, Hepatitis, Ebola etc. are caused by viral pathogens. These infections can be controlled or prevented by understanding the dynamics of pathogen-immune interaction in vivo. In this paper, interaction of pathogens with uninfected and infected cells in presence or absence of immune response are considered in four different cases. In the first case, the model considers the saturated nonlinear infection rate and linear cure rate without absorption of pathogens into uninfected cells and without immune response. The next model considers the effect of absorption of pathogens into uninfected cells while all other terms are same as in the first case. The third model incorporates innate immune response, humoral immune response and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) mediated immune response with cure rate and without absorption of pathogens into uninfected cells. The last model is an extension of the third model in which the effect of absorption of pathogens into uninfected cells has been considered. Positivity and boundedness of solutions are established to ensure the well-posedness of the problem. It has been found that all the four models have two equilibria, namely, pathogen-free equilibrium point and pathogen-present equilibrium point. In each case, stability analysis of each equilibrium point is investigated. Pathogen-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when basic reproduction number is less or equal to unity. This implies that control or prevention of infection is independent of initial concentration of uninfected cells, infected cells, pathogens and immune responses in the body. The proposed models show that introduction of immune response and cure rate strongly affects the stability behavior of the system. Further, on computing basic reproduction number, it has been found to be minimum for the fourth model vis-a-vis other models. The analytical findings of each model have been exemplified by numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to making realistic prediction for the trajectory transition of tumor cells induced by stochastic disturbances. To maintain better consistency with reality, an asymmetric Lévy noise is incorporated in a tumor–immune model. The corresponding Fokker–Planck equation is derived by the adjoint operator method. The transition behaviors of tumor cells are measured by maximizing the probability density function of system trajectories, namely, the most probable trajectory. The numerical algorithm for obtaining the most probable trajectory is offered. Based on the numerical calculations, the effect of Lévy noise on the evolution trajectories of tumor cells is discussed to explore the optimal parameters controlling or even eradicating tumor. It is found that by adjusting noise parameters, Lévy noise can induce the transition of tumor from the high concentration stable state toward the low concentration stable state or even to the tumor extinction state. When the skewness parameter is negative, Lévy noise with the stability index less than 1.0 and larger noise intensity is in favor of inhibiting tumor proliferation. While when the skewness parameter is positive, Lévy noise with the stability index larger than 1.0 and smaller noise intensity promotes the decrease of tumor cells. • The asymmetric Lévy noise is introduced into a tumor-immune model. • The most probable trajectory is used to quantify tumor transition behaviors. • The adjoint operator method is applied to obtain the Fokker-Planck equation. • The influences of the asymmetric Lévy noise on the most probable trajectory are explored. • The optimal parameters, which help decrease tumor cell concentration are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article profiles Wendy Havran, an immunologist who research the distinct T cell population for wound treatment. Topics discussed include the brief personal background of Havran, her academic achievements, her inclination to research, her immersion to immunology, and her studies on T-cells as a treatment option.

A personal narrative is presented in which the author talks about his health condition of suffering from a disabling mutation in a gene, known as PLCG2, which is crucial for proper immune functioning; how she coped during Covid-19 pandemic and her current health state.

Wild mammals, especially rodents, can participate in the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni; however, the impact of these parasite strains on the severity of schistosomiasis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the parasitological and immunopathological alterations induced by an S. mansoni strain isolated from the wild rodent Holochilus sciureus (HS strain) and a parasite strain isolated from a human (LE strain) in experimentally infected mice. Male BALB/c mice were subcutaneously infected with 50 cercariae/ mouse of either the HS or the LE strain and were evaluated for 12 weeks. In the experimental groups, the parasite burden was estimated by worm and egg (feces and tissues) count, and immunopathological alterations were evaluated in the liver and intestines. Compared to experimental infection with the LE parasite strain, HS-infected mice showed reduced number of parasite worms but higher fecundity rate, significant reduction in IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations, lower EPO-activity in liver homogenate and higher concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-17 in the small intestine homogenate. Moreover, HS infection resulted in higher concentrations of NO end-products in both the liver and intestine, suggesting a predominance of the Th1/Th17 immune response. HS-infected mice also showed higher plasma transaminase levels, formed larger granulomas, and had a higher mortality rate in comparison with LE-infected mice. Data indicate that BALB/c mice infected with the HS strain of S. mansoni showed reduced susceptibility to the parasite but stronger tissue inflammation and high disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study conducted by researchers at the School of Sciences in Shaanxi, China, explores the global dynamical behavior of a delayed cytokine-enhanced viral infection model with nonlinear incidence and immune response. The researchers analyze the equilibria of the model and discuss the existence and properties of local Hopf bifurcation. They also conduct numerical simulations to validate their findings. The study concludes that increasing the immune delay destabilizes the model and generates a Hopf bifurcation, indicating the complexity of the host's immune system during viral infection. The full article can be accessed for free through the provided link. [Extracted from the article]

Lab grown "mini-lungs" revealed SARS-CoV-2's hidden infectious capability, a lung-specific immune response, and potential treatment paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver cancer. The authors develop a mathematical model to explore how the immune system responds to HBV and coexisting liver cancer within the liver cell population. The model categorizes liver cells into various stages of infection and assesses the impact of different branches of the immune response on model dynamics. The simulations predict that IL-10 contributes to HBV persistence by inhibiting the immune response, allowing the virus to establish chronic infection. However, it should be noted that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study aimed to identify genes that are commonly expressed in CD8+ T cells, which are immune cells that can drive anti-tumor immunity in various types of human cancers. The researchers developed a mathematical method to analyze data from different cancers and discovered 72 genes that are commonly expressed in these immune cells. One of these genes, CXCR6, was found to support the survival of CD8+ T cells. The findings have implications for the development of broadly active cancer therapies and further research will focus on identifying unique targets for specific cancer types. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers from Central China Normal University explores the complex and nonlinear interactions between tumors and the immune system. The researchers propose a model that incorporates a nonmonotonic immune response function and adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI). The model reveals the existence of multiple equilibria and various bifurcations, including saddle-node, transcritical, Hopf, and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations. The study also identifies two bistable scenarios, indicating that patients under ACI can potentially achieve either a stable tumor-free state or a low-tumor-presence state. These findings highlight the potential of activating the immune system to combat tumors. [Extracted from the article]

A new report discusses research on HIV/AIDS conducted at Central South University in Hunan, People's Republic of China. The study investigates the dynamics of a cytokine-enhanced HIV infection model with delays in intracellular, virus replication, and immune response. The research establishes the virus reproductive number and the antibody immune reproductive number as important parameters and determines that delays have no effect on the stability of certain equilibria. However, numerical analysis suggests that time delays play a positive role in virus infection and can lead to Hopf bifurcation. For more information, readers can refer to the article "Stability and Hopf bifurcation of a cytokine-enhanced HIV infection model with antibody immune response delay" in the International Journal of Biomathematics. [Extracted from the article]

A fractional-order tumor virotherapy model with two time delays is presented and analyzed in this paper. The existence, positivity and bounbdedness of solutions under positive initial conditions will be proved. The basic reproduction number R 0 and the immune response reproduction number R 1 are given. The virus-free equilibrium E 0 and the therapy partial success equilibrium E ∗ are presented depending on the value of R 0 and R 1. Sufficient conditions to ensure the local stability of both the virus-free equilibrium and the therapy partial success equilibrium according to different values of two time delays are established. By considering the time delay as a bifurcation parameter, it was appeared that the model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation when the delay passes through a critical value. Finally, numerical simulations were carried out to support the theoretical results and to show the effect of both the fractional-order derivative and the time delays. • A fractional-order tumor virotherapy model with two time delays is presented and studied. • The existence, positivity and boundedness of solutions are proved. • The local stability of both the virus-free equilibrium and the therapy partial success equilibrium is established. • Hopf bifurcation is observed when the delay passes through a critical value. • Numerical simulations were carried out to support the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A reaction-diffusion fractional-order model for M1 oncolytic virotherapy with CTL immune response is presented. • Threshold parameters and equilibria are determined. • Stability analysis are rigorously established. • Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the analytical results. Despite many years of research, cancer continues to be a major worldwide concern. Several researchers proposed their mathematical models to understand and describe the dynamics of tumor cells under some cancer treatments. In this paper, we present a fractional partial differential equation system to describe the dynamics in space and time of the concentration of normal cells, tumor cells, nutrient, M1 virus, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) cells, as well as the interaction between them. We study and analyze the equilibrium points of the presented system. The global stability of these equilibrium points is proved by constructing adequate Lyapunov functional for each equilibrium point. Furthermore, we give some numerical simulations to illustrate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]