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The article presents a brief history of paper in relation to ink. Topics covered include the early appearance of paper based on papyrus and early forms of paper that existed in China, the spread of papermaking through the Islamic world, and the use of paper in Europe which came through Spain. Several advances in papermaking, including the development of the acid-free paper, are also cited.

The article discusses the invention of the paper clip which is a device used to fasten sheets of paper together. Topics include a brief overview of the history of the paper clip and its various shapes, such as the bent wire variety patented in 1867 by Samuel B. Fay, how the paper clip originated in the pin making industry, and an overview of the U.S. company Gem Office Products Company which manufactures them.

The article focuses on the history of paper bag cookery. In 1911, chefs in Great Britain and America used paper bags to bake fishes. The art of paper-bag cookery was started in 1896 by Nicolas Soyer, a chef. In July 1911, Soyer released his new cookbook, "Paper-Bag Cookery." According to Soyer, the key to success in paper bag cookery was not just the paper, it was the bag. Explosions could be prevented if the paper container was strong. Soyer used a paper bag with the opening folded over several times. The paper bag was secured with metal clips.

The article discusses the invention of paper money which was a substitute for coins that turned into a means for globalization. Topics include a historical overview of the use of banknotes in China during the Tang Dynasty from A.D. 618-907, their use during the copper shortage during China’s Song Dynasty, and how explorer Marco Polo’s visit to the Mongol Empire in the 1200s aided the circulation of paper currency which altered the global balance of power.

The article presents several sampling of websites for historical paper ephemera. These include The Art of American Advertising, 1865-1910 and Center for Popular Music for Library Collections, T209-Contentnea Cards, 1909-1910 and The John and Carolyn Grossman Collection for nonlibrary collections and Centre for Ephemera Studies and Ephemera Society of America for organizations.

As students digest their GCSE and A-Level results, they might be surprised to learn that the origins of the examination system date back 150 years to the 'Locals' set for the first time by Oxford University in June 1858, and by Cambridge University in December of the same year. Cambridge Assessment, as the University of Cambridge examinations syndicate is now called, still sets secondary examinations for students in the UK as well as more than 150 countries around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the Web site State Papers Online: Eighteenth Century, 1714-1782; Part IV: State Papers, Foreign, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Turkey, from publisher Gale Cengage, located at https://www.gale.com/c/state-papersonline-eighteenth-century-part-iv.

Presents an essay on the fading paper mill industry in Holyoke, Massachusetts. World-class supplier of fine writing papers in the mid-nineteenth century; Raymond Beaudry, president of the paper makers union; Mills supplying jobs for newly arrived immigrants; Skill of Holyoke machine tenders; Brief history of Holyoke's paper industry.

The article discusses a ten dollar United States currency note issued in 1901 to commemorate the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It notes that the bill, called the "bison note" or the "buffalo bill," featured a bison named Pablo as well as explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and was sketched by artist Charles R. Knight and engraved by artist Marcus S. Baldwin. The author comments on currency design in relation to American national identity. She also examines American interest in the idea of the "Wild West" and reflects on anxiety concerning the closure of the West as a frontier.

The article discusses a paper presented at the Chilembwe Revisited Symposium, held at the Edinburgh University in Scotland on February 7, 2015, that talks about the life and death of Baptist pastor John Chilembwe. Topics discussed include details of Chilembwe's birth and family including a putative daughter Sylvia, his travel to the U.S. in 1897 to obtain a western education, and his role in the Chilembwe Rebellion of 1915.

The article discusses the role that necessity played in the invention of paperweights from the late 19th century through the 1950s in the U.S., including the electrical engineer Charles P. Steinmetz's use of ad-hoc paperweights throughout his career. An overview of various items used to hold down paper, including rounded stones and horseshoes, is provided.

The article looks at the evolution of counterfeit money, and the historical exhibition "Funny Money" at the public gallery of the American Numismatic Society at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. It describes the lack in uniformity of early U.S. paper money, the founding of the U.S. Secret Service, using photography to document counterfeit bills, and the skills and artistry involved in creating money.

The article reports on the history of money in the U.S. It mentions the use of bank notes as a form of private currency, the issue of counterfeiting money, and the use of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to get around government control of the creation of money.

Presents information about the history of paper money, in light of the introduction of euro notes and coins on January 1, 2002. Prediction that the release of the money will cause problems such as long lines, confusion, exploitation of consumers, and forgery; Ways the European Central Bank will protect against forgery; Idea that forgery is become easier through technology.

The article explores the history of voting and election ballots in the U.S. Topics explored include paper ballots, universal suffrage, secret voting, and the role of political parties in supplying ballots. The author reflects on Australian election reform that was incorporated in the U.S. to enable private voting in booths. Other topics include election officials, voter turnout, and technology and voting.

The article discusses software engineering in which software is used to develop software. Compilers convert a text form of instructions into machine instructions executable by a machine, the author states. Topics include integrated development environments (IDEs) which are mostly word processors with specific look-up processes, what the act of putting knowledge onto pieces of paper does to the knowledge itself, and computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools used to store knowledge in a variety of formats including tables.

We present our approach for overcoming the cost, operational complexity, and limited scale endemic to datacenter networks a decade ago. Three themes unify the five generations of datacenter networks detailed in this paper. First, multi-stage Clos topologies built from commodity switch silicon can support cost-effective deployment of buildingscale networks. Second, much of the general, but complex, decentralized network routing and management protocols supporting arbitrary deployment scenarios were overkill for single-operator, pre-planned datacenter networks. We built a centralized control mechanism based on a global configuration pushed to all datacenter switches. Third, modular hardware design coupled with simple, robust software allowed our design to also support inter-cluster and wide-area networks. Our datacenter networks run at dozens of sites across the planet, scaling in capacity by 100x over 10 years to more than 1 Pbps of bisection bandwidth. A more detailed version of this paper is available at Ref. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the website database "The Making of Modern Law: American Civil Liberties Union Papers, 1912-1990" from the Gale firm Cengage Learning, located at http://www.gale.com/moml-aclu-papers.

We consider an environmentwhere players need to decide whether to buy a certain product (or adopt a technology) or not. The product is either good or bad, but its true value is unknown to the players. Instead, each player has her own private information on its quality. Each player can observe the previous actions of other players and estimate the quality of the product. A classic result in the literature shows that in similar settings, informational cascades occur, where learning stops for the whole network and players repeat the actions of their predecessors. In contrast to this literature, in this paper, players get more than one opportunity to act. In each turn, a player is chosen uniformly at random from all the players and can decide to buy the product and leave the market or wait. Her utility is the total expected discounted reward, and thus, myopic strategies may not constitute equilibria. We provide a characterization of perfect Bayesian equilibria (PBEs) with forward-looking strategies through a fixed-point equation of dimensionality that grows only quadratically with the number of players. Using this tractable fixed-point equation, we show the existence of a PBE and characterize PBEs with threshold strategies. Based on this characterization, we study informational cascades in two regimes. First, we show that for a discount factor $\delta$ strictly smaller than 1, informational cascades happen with high probability as the number of players $N$ increases. Furthermore, only a small portion of the total information in the system is revealed before a cascade occurs. Second, and more surprisingly, we show that for a fixed $N$ , and for a sufficiently large $\delta < 1$ , when the product is bad, there exists an equilibrium where an informational cascade can happen only after at least half of the players revealed their private information, and consequently, the probability for a “bad cascade” where all the players buy the product vanishes exponentially with $N$. Finally, when $\delta =1$ and the product is bad, there exists an equilibrium where informational cascades do not happen at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relatively little literature specific to the discipline of History aims to translate theory into practice in regard to designing effective online and flipped learning experiences. This article synthesises current literature into practical advice and reflects on previous experience as an aid to historians (a) tasked with developing online or flipped units or (b) who have transitioned online and are seeking ways to improve. Feedback from students and learning analytics from a flipped unit at a large Australian university underpin the paper's advice. Student feedback and behaviour, coupled with the reflections of the unit's designers, encourage (1) prioritising effective educational media and recording practices over the production of digital material with the longest shelf life, (2) explicit consideration of unit structure and support offered to students, (3) readings which consider the student perspective, (4) enthusiasm about the delivery format, and (5) the overarching importance of constructive alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]