13 results
Search Results
2. Structure of the scientific paper
- Author
-
Brain L
- Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic) ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Speech recognition ,Science ,Writing ,General Engineering ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,computer.software_genre ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Humans ,Medicine ,Artificial intelligence ,Periodicals as Topic ,business ,computer ,Natural language processing ,General Environmental Science ,Research Article - Published
- 1965
3. On Coordination Reduction and Sentence Analysis.
- Author
-
Petrick, Stanley R., Postal, Paul M., and Rosenbaum, Peter S.
- Subjects
NATURAL language processing ,COMPUTATIONAL linguistics ,LISP (Computer program language) ,PROGRAMMING languages ,ELECTRONIC data processing - Abstract
A class of coordination phenomena in natural languages is considered within the framework of transformational theory. To account for these phenomena it is proposed that certain machinery be added to the syntactic component of a transformational grammar. This machinery includes certain rule schemata, the conditions under which they are to be applied, and conditions determining the sequence of subtrees on which they are to be performed. A solution to the syntactic analysis problem for this class of grammars is outlined. Precise specification of both the generative procedure of this paper and its inverse is given in the form of LISP function definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. BRAIN STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO THE MIND: Illustrated by new and original models
- Author
-
Richard J. A. Berry
- Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic) ,Relation (database) ,Computer science ,business.industry ,computer.software_genre ,Bioinformatics ,Original Papers ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Surgery ,Neurology (clinical) ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Natural language processing - Published
- 1932
5. Linguistics and Information Science.
- Author
-
Montgomery, Christine A.
- Subjects
LINGUISTICS ,INFORMATION science ,COMPUTATIONAL linguistics ,NATURAL language processing ,INDEXERS ,CONTENT analysis - Abstract
This paper defines the relationship between linguistics and information science in terms of a common interest in natural language. The notion of automated processing of natural language-i.e., machine simulation of the language processing activities of a human-provides novel possibilities for interaction between linguists, who have a theoretical interest in such activities, and information scientists, who have more practical goals, e.g. simulating the language processing activities of an indexer with a machine. The concept of a natural language information system is introduced as a framework for reviewing automated language processing efforts by computational linguists and information scientists. In terms of this framework, the former have concentrated on automating the operations of the component for content analysis and representation, while the latter have emphasized the data management component. The complementary nature of these developments allows the postulation of an integrated approach to automated language processing. This approach, which is outlined in the final sections of the paper, incorporates current notions in linguistic theory and information science, as well as design features of recent computational linguistic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Transition Network Grammars for Natural Language Analysis.
- Author
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Woods, W. A. and Bobrow, D. G.
- Subjects
NATURAL language processing ,NETWORK grammar ,PROGRAMMING languages ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,ELECTRONIC data processing ,HUMAN-computer interaction - Abstract
The use of augmented transition network grammars for the analysis of natural language sentences is described. Structure-building actions associated with the arcs of the grammar network allow for the reordering, restructuring, and copying of constituents necessary to produce deep-structure representations of the type normally obtained from a transformational analysis, and conditions on the arcs allow for a powerful selectivity which can rule out meaningless analyses and take advantage of semantic information to guide the parsing. The advantages of this model for natural language analysis are discussed in detail and illustrated by examples. An implementation of an experimental parsing system for transition network grammars is briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Automatic Parsing for Content Analysis.
- Author
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Damerau, Frederick J. and Borrow, D. G.
- Subjects
CONTENT analysis ,SEMANTICS ,INFORMATION theory ,LANGUAGE & languages ,SEMANTICS (Philosophy) ,COMPUTATIONAL linguistics - Abstract
Although automatic syntactic and semantic analysis is not yet possible for all of an unrestricted natural language text, some applications, of which content analysis is one, do not have such a stringent coverage requirement. Preliminary studies show that the Harvard Syntactic Analyzer can produce correct and unambiguous identification of the subject and object of certain verbs for approximately half of the relevant occurrences. This provides a degree of coverage for content analysis variables which compares favorably to manual methods, in which only a sample of the total available text is normally processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. A PL/1 Program to Assist the Comparative Linguist.
- Author
-
Frantz, Donald G. and Borrow, D. G.
- Subjects
LANGUAGE & languages ,COMPARATIVE linguistics ,ELECTRONIC data processing ,PL/I (Computer program language) ,ELECTRONIC file management ,SORTING (Electronic computers) - Abstract
A practical PL/1 program is described which can assist comparative linguists to determine the regular sound correspondences between genetically related languages. The investigator must arrange data for input by aligning pairs of suspected cognates. The program tabulates the correspondences, and uses list processing techniques to sort and count them. Each pair of words is then assigned a relative value that is a function of the total frequency in the data of each correspondence found in that pair of words. The output is a list of all correspondence types with their frequency of occurrence in the data, and a separate listing of each correspondence with all words pairs showing that correspondence (unless their relative value is below an arbitrarily chosen cutoff point). The article explains the usefulness, as well as the limitations, of the program, and illustrates its use with a small portion of hypothetical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Natural Language Question-Answering Systems: 1969.
- Author
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Bobrow, D. G. and Simmons, Robert F.
- Subjects
COMPUTATIONAL linguistics ,NATURAL language processing ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,PROGRAMMING languages ,DATA structures ,QUESTION answering systems - Abstract
Recent experiments in programming natural language question-answering systems are reviewed to summarize the methods that have been developed for syntactic, semantic, and logical analysis of English strings. It is concluded that at least minimally effective techniques have been devised for answering questions from natural language subsets in small scale experimental systems and that a useful paradigm has evolved to guide research efforts in the field. Current approaches to semantic analysis and logical inference are seen to be effective beginnings but of questionable generality with respect either to subtle aspects of meaning or to applications over large subsets of English. Generalizing from current small-scale experiments to language-processing systems based on dictionaries with thousands of entries-with correspondingly large grammars and semantic systems-may entail a new order of complexity and require the invention and development of entirely different approaches to semantic analysis and question answering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
10. The Teachable Language Comprehender: A Simulation Program and Theory of Language.
- Author
-
Bobrow, D. G. and Quillian, M. Ross
- Subjects
COMPUTER software ,COPYING ,C (Computer program language) ,COMPUTER storage devices ,PROGRAMMING languages ,COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
The Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) is a program designed to be capable of being taught to "comprehend" English text. When text which the program has not seen before is input to it, it comprehends that text by correctly relating each (explicit or implicit) assertion of the new text to a large memory. This memory is a "semantic network" representing factual assertions about the world. The program also creates copies of the parts of its memory which hove been found to relate to the new text, adapting and combining these copies to represent the meaning of the new text. By this means, the meaning of all text the program successfully comprehends is encoded into the same format as that of the memory. In this form it can be added into the memory. Both factual assertions for the memory and the capabilities for correctly relating text to the memory's prior content are to be taught to the program as they are needed. TLC presently contains a relatively small number of examples of such assertions and capabilities, but within the system, notations for expressing either of these are provided. Thus the program now corresponds to general process for comprehending language, and it provides methodology for adding the additional information this process requires to actually comprehend text of any particular kind. The memory structure and comprehension process of TLC allow new factual assertions and capabilities for relating text to such stored assertions to generalize automatically. That is, once such an assertion or capability is put into the system, it becomes available to help comprehend a great many other sentences in the future. Thus the addition of a single factual assertion or linguistic capability will often provide large increment in TLC's effective knowledge of the world and in its overall ability to comprehend text. The program's strategy is presented as a general theory of language comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1969
11. Contextual Understanding by Computers.
- Author
-
Weizenbaum, Joseph and Bobrow, D. G.
- Subjects
INTERACTIVE computer systems ,PROGRAMMING languages ,NATURAL language processing ,ONLINE data processing ,INTERACTIVE computer terminals ,COMPUTER software - Abstract
A further development of a computer program (ELIZA) capable of conversing in natural language is discussed. The importance of context to both human and machine understanding is stressed. It is argued that the adequacy of the level of understanding achieved in a particular conversation depends on the purpose of that conversation, and that absolute understanding on the part of either humans or machines is impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. 'Syntax' and 'semantics.'
- Author
-
Lentin, André
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC data processing ,NATURAL language processing ,HUMAN-computer interaction ,SEMANTICS ,PROGRAMMING languages ,COMPUTER science - Abstract
Now that they are aware of the possibilities opened up by mechanical data-processing systems, research workers concerned with the sciences of man are looking for guidance on the methods likely to ensure efficiency or greater efficiency in their use of the machines. In order to use an electronic machine designed for data-processing, one must be able to communicate with it. The term "language" is applied to any organized system of signs calculated to bring about such communication, and the words "syntax" and "semantics" are used in reference to languages of this kind. These terms, language, syntax, semantics, and a number of others, have been borrowed by data-processing specialists from the linguistics of natural languages. The purpose is to suggest that, although linguistics, mathematical logic and data-processing cover entirely different fields, the problems arising in each of them in connection with the relations between syntax and semantics must be formulated on lines which, if not exactly the same, are at least fairly similar in each field.
- Published
- 1971
13. A Multiple Testing of the Natural Language Storage and Retrieval ABC Method: Preliminary Analysis of Test Results.
- Author
-
Altmann, Berthold
- Subjects
KEYWORD searching ,NATURAL language processing ,INFORMATION retrieval ,RECORDS management ,DOCUMENTATION - Abstract
After a brief summary of the test program, the statistical results tabulated as over-all "ABC-Relevance Ratios" and "ARC-Recall Figures" are presented and reviewed. An abstract model developed in accordance with Max Weber's "idealtypus" is used in discussing such observations as the absence of the detrimental effects of an inverse relationship of Relevance and Recall upon a system's effectiveness. The increase of Recall in proportion to the number of documents retrieved is attributed to the ABC-systems peculiar capability of making the user an integral part of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1967
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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