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Recently, a novel idea about our expanding Universe was proposed by T. Padmanabhan [arXiv:1206.4916]. He suggested that the expansion of our Universe can be thought of as the emergence of space as cosmic time progresses. The emergence is governed by the basic relation that the increase rate of Hubble volume is linearly determined by the difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the horizon surface and the one in the bulk. In this paper, following this idea, we generalize the basic relation to derive the Friedmann equations of an (n + l)-dimensional Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe corresponding to general relativity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and Lovelock gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the HZ associated production at the 14 TeV LHC in the littlest Higgs model (LHM) and study the corrections of the transverse momentum resummation and threshold resummation at the next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) accuracy and the fixed-order prediction at the QCD next-to-leading order (NLO) including the contribution from the one-loop-induced gg-fusion channel. The QCD NLO+NLL effects on the integrated cross section and the distributions of transverse momentum and invariant mass of the HZ system for the HZ production in the LHM are discussed. The distributions of transverse momentum and invariant mass of the HZ system are evaluated by means of the transverse momentum resummation and threshold resummation, respectively. We estimate their scale uncertainties and find that the predictions obtained at the QCD NLO+NLL accuracy are much more reliable than those using the pure NLO approach. We see also that the relative deviation between the results in the LHM and the standard model is considerably reduced by the resummation effects, but still observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]