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This paper discusses the interrelations between migration, agricultural production, class, and cultural belonging, focusing on the economic and demographic transformation of Gemlik, an Ottoman district that underwent substantial change over the course of the nineteenth century. Based on the mid-nineteenth-century population and tax registers of the town of Gemlik and of two villages in the district, Kurşunlu and Kumla-i Sagir, we demonstrate that the agricultural economy in the district was heavily shaped by commodity production in the context of the district's increasing integration into global markets. By tracing specific patterns of mobility and settlement over time, we show that the process of global integration was entangled with class and cultural differentiation in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed at designing a model of sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship among local producers of agricultural inputs. The paper highlights causal, contextual, and intervening conditions for sustainability entrepreneurship among these local producers. In addition, the necessary action strategies are provided to develop sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship. The consequences of agricultural input production are also illustrated based on the insight of sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship. The research population was composed of knowledge-intensive businesses working on pesticide production in Iran. They were sampled using the purposive sampling technique. The research instrument was interviews in the qualitative phase and a questionnaire in the quantitative phase. The qualitative data were analyzed by grounded theory in three steps of open, axial, and selective coding, and the sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship model was derived. The results show that sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship is composed of contextual conditions (e.g. the values and understanding of the society, training, and the role of media), causal conditions (e.g. entrepreneurial attitude and passion, higher demand, and specific diseases), and intervening conditions (e.g. international sanctions, support by the government and other institutions, and the development of technical and technological infrastructure). Also, the strategies of sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship include increasing production capacity, matching national and global regulations, assessing environmental considerations, creating an entrepreneurial culture, and strengthening scientific research and international cooperation. These strategies will have extensive implications at the level of individuals (e.g. motivation), families (e.g. improvement of physical and mental health), and society (e.g. creating employment and value-added and developing sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship in the agricultural inputs domain). It was found in the quantitative phase that the model of sustainability-oriented responsible entrepreneurship was well fitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]