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[Display omitted] • Rumex subgenus Rumex is resolved as monophyletic. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has an origin in the Plio-Pleistocene. • Rumex subgenus Rumex has very low nucleotide diversity in its plastid genomes. • Morphology and genetics support the docks and the sorrels as distinct lineages. The genus Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) provides a unique system for investigating the evolutionary development of sex determination and molecular rate evolution. Historically, Rumex has been divided, both taxonomically and colloquially into two groups: 'docks' and 'sorrels'. A well-resolved phylogeny can help evaluate a genetic basis for this division. Here we present a plastome phylogeny for 34 species of Rumex , inferred using maximum likelihood criteria. The historical 'docks' (Rumex subgenus Rumex) were resolved as monophyletic. The historical 'sorrels' (Rumex subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella) were resolved together, though not monophyletic due to the inclusion of R. bucephalophorus (Rumex subgenus Platypodium). Emex is supported as its own subgenus within Rumex, instead of resolved as sister taxa. We found remarkably low nucleotide diversity among the docks, consistent with recent diversification in that group, especially as compared to the sorrels. Fossil calibration of the phylogeny suggested that the common ancestor for Rumex (including Emex) has origins in the lower Miocene (22.13 MYA). The sorrels appear to have subsequently diversified at a relatively constant rate. The origin of the docks, however, was placed in the upper Miocene, but with most speciation occurring in the Plio-Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid invertase activities in roots and young seeds of a metalliferous population (MP) of Rumex dentatus were previously observed to be significantly higher than those of a non-metalliferous population (NMP) under Cu stress. To date, no acid invertase gene has been cloned from R. dentatus . Here, we isolated four full-length cDNAs from the two populations of R. dentatus , presumably encoding cell wall ( RdnCIN1 and RdmCIN1 from the NMP and MP, respectively) and vacuolar invertases ( RdnVIN1 and RdmVIN1 from the NMP and MP, respectively). Unexpectedly, RdnCIN1 and RdmCIN1 most likely encode special defective invertases with highly attenuated sucrose-hydrolyzing capacity. The transcript levels of RdmCIN1 were significantly higher than those of RdnCIN1 in roots and young seeds under Cu stress, whereas under control conditions, the former was initially lower than the latter. Unexpected high correlations were observed between the transcript levels of RdnCIN1 and RdmCIN1 and the activity of cell wall invertase, even though RdnCIN1 and RdmCIN1 do not encode catalytically active invertases. Similarly, the transcript levels of RdmVIN1 in roots and young seeds were increased under Cu stress, whereas those of RdnVIN1 were decreased. The high correlations between the transcript levels of RdnVIN1 and RdmVIN1 and the activity of vacuolar invertase indicate that RdnVIN1 and RdmVIN1 might control distinct vacuolar invertase activities in the two populations. Moreover, a possible indirect role for acid invertases in Cu tolerance, mediated by generating a range of sugars used as nutrients and signaling molecules, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First reports on Pancreatic Lipase inhibition of Rumex nepalensis anthraquinones. • An optimised extraction conditions developed for the maximum extraction yield. • New report on HPTLC based simultaneous quantification of chrysophanol and physcion. • Direct correlation between anthraquinone content with pancreatic lipase inhibition. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. (Polygonaceae) is an edible plant rich in anthraquinones, that significantly inhibits Pancreatic Lipase (PL), a key enzyme in the dietary fat digestion. The effectiveness of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) of R.nepalensis was investigated using ethyl acetate as a solvent. Further, optimization of extraction conditions required for maximizing the PL inhibitory activity was determined using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken Design (BBD with three factor, 17 experimental runs). Extraction time (A, min), solid: solvent ratio (B, g/mL) and temperature (C, °C) were selected as the variables. The optimum conditions were established as extraction time (37 min), solid: solvent ratio (1:10.5) and extraction temperature 33 °C. However, till date, no HPTLC reports are available for the simultaneous quantification of chrysophanol and physcion from R. nepalensis. Thus, chrysophanol and physcion were quantified in various extractives of R. nepalensis via. a validated HPTLC method and a positive correlation were obtained with PL inhibition activity (Pearson's r = 0.801 and 0.755 for chrysophanol and physcion respectively), that justified the PL inhibition potential of R. nepalensis derived anthraquinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the in vitro inhibitory potential of Rumex maderensis methanolic extracts (leaves, flowers, and stems) towards key digestive enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes and obesity (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase). The inhibitory activity towards aldose reductase and glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) is also reported; in these latter assays, the effect of simulated digestion on the bioactivities was evaluated. The inhibitory activities of R. maderensis extracts were statistically compared with the inhibition produced by reference compounds for each assay. The analysed extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activities, which decreased after the gastrointestinal digestion, possibly due to some loss of phenolics that took place during the digestion process. The most important results were observed during the BSA-glycation assay, in which the analysed extracts presented higher potency than a reference compound: aminoguanidine (AMG). This research is the first showing the potential anti-diabetic activity of R. maderensis. • Rumex maderensis inhibit key enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes and obesity. • Rumex maderensis displayed higher anti-glycation effects than aminoguanidine. • Flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids are the main contributors for the observed bioactivities. • Inhibitory activities decreased after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]