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This paper demonstrates a holistic approach for conducting multi-platform and multilingual sentiment analysis of a main stream football club in the United Arab Emirates. The paper reports first iterations of the research project which anticipates to build an automated sentiment analysis system for football clubs to detect and prevent a potential social media crisis at an early stage. The article illustrates a schematic of how state of the art machine learning algorithms, methods and techniques can be put together to provide a basis for automated data collection, classification, sentiment analysis and visual reporting. The article also presents that the time-consuming and costly process of human text labelling can be effectively replaced by lexicon-based sentiment analysis. This paper reports the complete process from data collection to visual reports to discuss challenges and opportunities associated with design and development of such artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the fast growth of online content and social media platforms, the amount of user- generated data available in the form of product evaluations, social media postings, and online debates has rapidly expanded. It has become essential for organizations to comprehend client attitudes, make wise decisions, and improve their goods and services by analysing the sentiment indicated in this data. This paper aims to develop a sentiment analysis system for product reviews using URLs of particular item as data sources. It utilizes web scraping techniques to collect textual information from web pages. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied for data pre-processing, including tokenization and stop word removal. Machine learning models like Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Random Forest, KNN, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes and Deep learning models like LSTM and GRU are used for sentiment analysis. Performance measures such as recall, accuracy, and precision are employed to evaluate the models. High scores were consistently achieved by the LSTM and GRU models across all measures, demonstrating their potency in successfully capturing sequential relationships. With strong F-1 ratings of 91% and 90%, respectively, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) regularly beat other models, demonstrating their outstanding precision-recall balance. Conversely, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) presents a significant trade-off, offering a blazing-fast training time of 0.01 seconds but demanding an extensive 102.34 seconds for prediction, resulting in a lower F-1 score of 47%. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Logistic Regression achieve competitive F-1 scores of 85% and 84%, respectively, with relatively slow training and prediction times, striking a balance between performance and efficiency. Naive Bayes and Random Forest, while respectable in accuracy, fall slightly behind with F-1 scores of 71% and 80%, respectively, highlighting the significance of taking into account both performance and computing efficiency when choosing the best approach. Through this research, valuable insights are gained into the effectiveness and accuracy of different algorithms in sentiment analysis. The findings contribute to the understanding of sentiment analysis techniques and offer guidance for selecting the most suitable algorithm for URL-based sentiment analysis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicidal ideation detection from social media is an evolving research with great challenges. Many of the people who have the tendency to suicide share their thoughts and opinions through social media platforms. As part of many researches it is observed that the publicly available posts from social media contain valuable criteria to effectively detect individuals with suicidal thoughts. The most difficult part to prevent suicide is to detect and understand the complex risk factors and warning signs that may lead to suicide. This can be achieved by identifying the sudden changes in a user's behavior automatically. Natural language processing techniques can be used to collect behavioral and textual features from social media interactions and these features can be passed to a specially designed framework to detect anomalies in human interactions that are indicators of suicidal intentions. We can achieve fast detection of suicidal ideation using deep learning and/or machine learning based classification approaches. For such a purpose, we can employ the combination of LSTM and CNN models to detect such emotions from posts of the users. In order to improve the accuracy, some approaches like using more data for training, using attention model to improve the efficiency of existing models etc. could be done. This paper proposes a LSTM-Attention-CNN combined model to analyze social media submissions to detect any underlying suicidal intentions. During evaluations, the proposed model demonstrated an accuracy of 90.3% and an F1-score of 92.6%, which is greater than the baseline models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an intelligent risk management system in stock markets based on indications of social media platforms. Based on a brief survey, we found that the literature focuses on identifying, assessing and optimizing risks in stock markets using classical data sources as well as utilizing mathematical, statistical and machine learning techniques. So, we suggest a trendy data source that is social media and employing natural language processing as an advanced technique to identify and estimate risks in stock markets. This NLP model can help the investors of stock markets to be aware of the potential risks, its types and magnitudes which can help them to take the best decisions. In addition , we describe this model and some important expressions for risk analysis, risk recognition and risk estimation are driven. Besides, a practical experiment is provided to identify and evaluate the potential risks in NASDAQ stock market. Moreover, several performance measures are used to validate the efficiency of the proposed model such as the mean accuracy for the processes of risk analysis, risk identification and risk assessment is 73.33 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of the Internet and social media usage creates enormous textual data (specifically, news content) on the web. The most proportion of contents primarily are unstructured. Extracting meaningful insights from unstructured content is nearly impossible or extremely hard, and time-consuming by human labor. Thus, automatic text classification has gained much attention from NLP experts in recent years. Several techniques have been developed to classify news text in high resource languages (e.g., English, Chinese, French). However, the automatic classification of Bengali news text is in a primitive stage to date. This paper investigates the six most popular machine learning techniques (such as Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Decision Tree (DT), Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB), Random Forest (RF), etc.) with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) features for automatic sports news classification in Bengali. Due to the unavailability of benchmark corpus, this work also developed a Bengali news corpus (called BNeC) consisting of 43306 news documents with 202830 unique words in multiple classes: Cricket, Football, Tennis, and Athletics. Experimental results on the test dataset show that the Support Vector Classifier (SVC) with unigram+bigram+trigram feature space obtained the highest weighted f1-score of 97.60% than the other classifiers and feature combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classifying textual emotion plays a critical role in several HCI applications where the text is utilized as a central means of communication such as messages, reviews, blogs and other Web 2.0 platforms. The extensive usage of the Internet has emerged as an unprecedented means for people to express their feelings or emotion on blogs, social media, and e-commerce sites in recent years. Most of the emotions displayed on the online platforms are in textual forms (such as posts, tweets, comments and reviews), which are unorganized and time-consuming to structured due to their disordered forms. Although several emotion analysis tools are available in high-resource languages, it is critical to developing an automatic emotion classification system for low-resource languages, including Bengali, due to its constrained resources. This paper presents an ML-based ensemble method to classify six primary textual emotions (anger, fear, disgust, sadness, surprise and joy) from Bengali texts. An emotion corpus containing 8047 Bengali texts is developed to perform the textual emotion classification task. This work investigates eight standard ML-based techniques such as logistic regression (LR), multinomial naive Bayes (MNB), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and an ensemble method (a combination of LR, RF, SVM) with Bag of words (BoW) and tf-idf feature extraction techniques. The experimental result demonstrates that the ensemble with tf-idf achieved the highest weighted f 1 -score of 62.39% compared to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regret is a universal emotion that arises from sadness, disappointment, or remorse about something that has occurred or that one has done or failed to do in the past. It typically involves wishing that a different decision had been made or that a different action had been taken. Although regret has been studied in various contexts such as psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy, its expression and analysis on social media using natural language processing techniques is a relatively recent research topic that warrants further investigation. In this paper, we present a study of regret and its expression on social media platforms. Specifically, we present a novel dataset of Reddit texts that have been classified into three classes: Regret by Action, Regret by Inaction, and No Regret. We then use this dataset to investigate the language used to express regret on Reddit and to identify the domains of text that are most commonly associated with regret. Our findings show that Reddit users are most likely to express regret for past actions, particularly in the domain of relationships. We also found that deep learning models using GloVe embedding outperformed other models in all experiments, indicating the effectiveness of GloVe for representing the meaning and context of words in the domain of regret. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the nature and prevalence of regret on social media, as well as the potential of deep learning and word embeddings for analyzing and understanding emotional language in online text. These findings have implications for the development of natural language processing algorithms and the design of social media platforms that support emotional expression and communication. • Regret is an emotion that has a significant impact on behavior and decision-making. • Regret is often triggered by actions or inactions in the past. • Reddit's users often regret their actions about relationships in the past. • Effectiveness of GloVe in representing the meaning and context of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A far-reaching expansion of advanced information technology enables ease and seamless communications over online social networks, which have been a de facto premium correspondents in the current cyber world. The ever-growing social network data has gained attention in recent years and can be handy for industrial revolution 4.0. With the integration of social networks with the Internet of Things being noticed in different industries to enhance human involvement and increase their productivity, security in such networks is increasingly alarming. Vulnerabilities can be characterized in the form of privacy invasion, leading to hazardous contents, which can be detrimental to social media actors and in turn impact the processes of the overall Social Network-Integrated Industrial Internet of Things (SN-IIoT) ecosystem. Despite this prevalence, the current platforms do not have any significant level of functionality to capture, process, and reveal unhealthy content among the social media actors. To address those challenges by detecting hazardous contents and create a stable social internet environment within IIoT, a statistical learning-enabled trustworthy analytic tool for human behaviors has been developed in this paper. More specifically, this paper proposes a machine learning (ML)-enabled scheme SPY-BOT, which incorporates a hybrid data extraction algorithm to perform post-filtering that arbitrates the users' behavior polarity. The scheme creates class labels based on the featured keywords from the decision user and classifies suspicious contacts through the aid of ML. The results suggest the potential of the proposed approach to classify the users' behavior in SN-IIoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recently, the vast use of social media and the high availability of internet access have produced a considerably different textual data from the formal and standard data on the Web. This includes various Arabic dialectal languages, which are the native spoken languages of Arabic speakers. The presence of textual Arabic dialectal languages on the Web has brought many new opportunities as well as challenges for machine learning and Arabic language processing. The identification of this type of informal data has its crucial effect on several applications such as sentiment analysis and machine translation. However, the standard NLP tools developed for traditional data fall short due to nature of dialectal textual data. Deep learning tools have proven to be very effective in processing social Media dialectal text. In this paper, we consider a variety of deep learning models for the automatic classification of Arabic dialectal text. We use a free large manually-annotated dataset known as Arabic Online Commentary (AOC), which includes several Dialectal Arabic (DA) along with the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), [3]. We consider the most frequent dialects in the dataset. Namely, the Egyptian (EGP), Levantine (LEV), and Gulf –including Iraqi - (GLF). Four different deep neural network models have been implemented to examine the Arabic dialectal classification problem for each pair of the 3 dialects (binary classification experiments) as well as one ternary-classification experiment including all dialects together. The results show a varying but promising performance of the models for each pair of dialects. Furthermore, a closer examination on the manually-annotated AOC dataset has been carried out and hence, we conclude that there is a serious demand for a thorough refinement and review of the AOC annotated sentences as it is an important benchmark dataset in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abusive language is an expression (both oral or text) that contains abusive/dirty words or phrases both in the context of jokes, a vulgar sex conservation or to cursing someone. Nowadays many people on the internet (netizens) write and post an abusive language in the social media such as Facebook, Line, Twitter, etc. Detecting an abusive language in social media is a difficult problem to resolve because this problem can not be resolved just use word matching. This paper discusses a preliminaries study for abusive language detection in Indonesian social media and the challenge in developing a system for Indonesian abusive language detection, especially in social media. We also built reported an experiment for abusive language detection on Indonesian tweet using machine learning approach with a simple word n-gram and char n-gram features. We use Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest Decision Tree classifier to identify the tweet whether the tweet is a not abusive language, abusive but not offensive, or offensive language. The experiment results show that the Naive Bayes classifier with the combination of word unigram + bigrams features gives the best result i.e. 70.06% of F1 - Score. However, if we classifying the tweet into two labels only (not abusive language and abusive language), all classifier that we used gives a higher result (more than 83% of F1 - Score for every classifier). The dataset in this experiment is available for other researchers that interest to improved this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three datasets are merged to build a larger, more diversified spam dataset. • Data balancing is done using SmoteTomek and NearMiss data resampling techniques. • Proposed Hard and Soft voting ensemble models for performance improvement. • Several DL approaches are experimented with GloVe and FastText word embeddings. • Proposed FCB-SA hybrid DL approach outperformed other DL approaches. Cybercriminals use social media platforms to disseminate spam, misleading facts, fake news, and malicious links. Blocking such deceptive social media spam is essential. However, extracting relevant features from social networks is challenging due to privacy and time constraints. Traditional frequency-based word representation techniques are time-consuming and inefficient in producing contextual word vectors. Word embeddings and deep learning models have recently shown good results in text classification. Also, most existing approaches assumed balanced class distribution, which is false for most real-world datasets. In this paper, an attempt is made to advance the performance of the social spam detection system by leveraging dataset balancing, advanced word embedding techniques, machine learning, and deep learning approaches with the self-attention mechanism. In the proposed framework, the datasets are balanced using NearMiss and SmoteTomek techniques to feed several machine-learning models. Later, the baseline ML models and proposed voting-based ensemble models are evaluated on imbalanced and balanced datasets. For the proposed deep learning-based hybrid approaches, embeddings are generated using GloVe and FastText word embeddings on the balanced combined dataset and passed into the deep neural network comprised of Conv1D and Bi-directional recurrent neural network layers with the self-attention mechanism for improved context understanding and effective results. This study examines hybrid approaches for detecting social spam using imbalanced social network data and picks the optimum combination. Besides, Machine learning ensembles, word embeddings, deep learning with hyper-parameter optimization, and a self-attention method are compared thoroughly. Experiments and comparisons with other techniques show that the proposed hybrid framework with deep learning-based approaches achieves better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the prevalence of social media on the Internet, opinion mining has become an essential approach to analyzing so many data. Various applications appear in a wide range of industrial domains. Meanwhile, opinions have diverse expressions which bring along research challenges. Both of the practical demands and research challenges make opinion mining an active research area in recent years. In this paper, we present a review of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques for opinion mining. First, we introduce general NLP techniques which are required for text preprocessing. Second, we investigate the approaches of opinion mining for different levels and situations. Then we introduce comparative opinion mining and deep learning approaches for opinion mining. Opinion summarization and advanced topics are introduced later. Finally, we discuss some challenges and open problems related to opinion mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an enormous increase in the volume of Arabic posts on many social networks, providing a rich source of opinions on a variety of topics. Opinion mining has attracted much research interest in the last decade, but has mostly been conducted using the English language. Opinion mining from Arabic social media is lagging behind, primarily due to challenges with processing the morphologically complex Arabic natural language and the lack of available tools and resources for extracting Arabic sentiments from text. This complex task is further exacerbated when dealing with Saudi dialects that do not abide by the formal grammatical structure of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Targeting the use-case of unemployment in Saudi Arabia, this paper investigates the major challenges facing sentiment analysis researchers of the informal Arabic language and documents how these challenges can be initially addressed by means of linguistic pre-processing of raw text and supervised machine learning (ML) to identify sentiment polarity. The initial experimental evaluation yielded satisfactory sentiment classification results while also demonstrating the benefit of using ML to identify the dominant features in deciding sentiment polarity, which can in turn be used in constructing a problem-domain knowledge base that can further improve the accuracy of sentiment classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is the process of computationally identifying and categorizing opinions expressed in a piece of text, in order to determine whether the writer's attitude towards a particular topic, product, etc. is positive, negative, or neutral. It is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing and text mining in recent years. A detailed study of the two concepts (1) Temporal sentiment analysis (2) Sentiment causal relation is presented in this paper. Temporal sentiment analysis is useful for summarizing the events based on sentiment and time. Causal relation is useful for identifying cause and effect of events and is also useful for event prediction. These two concepts when combined result in a better event prediction model that can predict the time period between the events and sentiment of upcoming events. The proposed work introduces a generalized prediction model based on temporal sentiment analysis of tweet to identify the causal relation between the events which can be used to predict the event sentiment and duration between the events. The proposed method is to be evaluated using the performance measures precision and recall. The accuracy of causal rule prediction is evaluated using parameters Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the Root Mean Squared error (RMSE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentiment Analysis is an area of study within Natural Language Processing that is concerned with identifying the mood or opinion of subjective elements within a text. This paper focuses on the various methods used for classifying a given piece of natural language text according to the opinions expressed in it i.e. whether the general attitude is negative or positive. We also discuss the two-step method (aspect classification followed by polarity classification) that we followed along with the experimental setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, constitute a major part of our everyday life due to the incredible possibilities they offer to their users. However, Twitter and generally online social networks (OSNs) are increasingly used by automated accounts, widely known as bots, due to their immense popularity across a wide range of user categories. Their main purpose is the dissemination of fake news, the promotion of specific ideas and products, the manipulation of the stock market and even the diffusion of sexually explicit material. Therefore, the early detection of bots in social media is quite essential. In this paper, two methods are introduced targeting this that are mainly based on Natural Language Processing (NLP) to distinguish legitimate users from bots. In the first method, a feature extraction approach is proposed for identifying accounts posting automated messages. After applying feature selection techniques and dealing with imbalanced datasets, the subset of features selected is fed in machine learning algorithms. In the second method, a deep learning architecture is proposed to identify whether tweets have been posted by real users or generated by bots. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no prior work on using an attention mechanism for identifying bots. The introduced approaches have been evaluated over a series of experiments using two large real Twitter datasets and demonstrate valuable advantages over other existing techniques targeting the identification of malicious users in social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, due to the great uncontrolled content posted daily on the Web, there has also been a huge increase in the dissemination of hate speech worldwide. Social media, blogs and community forums are examples where people are freely allowed to communicate. However, freedom of expression is not always respectful since offensive or insulting language is sometimes used. Social media companies often rely on users and content moderators to report on this type of content. Nevertheless, due to the large amount of content generated every day on the Web, automatic systems based on Natural Language Processing techniques are required for identifying abusive language online. To date, most of the systems developed to combat this problem are mainly focused on English content, but this issue is a worldwide concern and therefore other languages such as Spanish are involved. In this paper, we address the task of Spanish hate speech identification on social media and provide a deeper understanding of the capabilities of new techniques based on machine learning. In particular, we compare the performance of Deep Learning methods with recently pre-trained language models based on Transfer Learning as well as with traditional machine learning models. Our main contribution is the achievement of promising results in Spanish by applying multilingual and monolingual pre-trained language models such as BERT, XLM and BETO. • Addressing hate speech detection on social media for Spanish. • Comparing the performance of Deep Learning and Machine Learning models. • Evaluating recent pre-trained language models based on Transformer mechanism. • Comparing pre-trained multilingual and monolingual models available for Spanish. • Conducting an error analysis in order to understand the difficulty of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]