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This work demonstrated, through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the environmental advantages brought by the application of the Structural Inspection and Diagnosis (SID) methodology to the structural refurbishment of 7 traditional buildings located in the city of Porto (Portugal), when compared to the common total demolition and reconstruction approach. The early diagnosis of the conservation state of the existing structural elements, and their characterization provides fundamental information for optimizing the design of the refurbishment towards environmental sustainability. SID approach can reduce by 75.3%, on average, the demolished material and provide the lowest environmental burdens in the environmental categories of Global Warming, Acidification, Eutrophication, Ozone, and Abiotic Depletion, Photochemical Ozone Creation potential, Human Toxicity as well as Energy Demand when compared with the total demolition and reconstruction scenarios. In terms of relative environmental impact for the reconstruction scenarios, it was concluded that reinforced concrete, in the form of lightweight and solid slabs, presents the worst performance due to the concrete production process. Furthermore, timber structures show better environmental performance when compared to the use of glued laminated timber. The establishment of the SID tool as a consolidated methodology can be a unique opportunity to systematically include, in the refurbishment of traditional buildings, the principles of the environmental sustainability required by EU policies in the construction sector, providing a significant reduction of demolition wastes and the maximization of the preservation of existing structural materials. [Display omitted] • Structural Inspection and Diagnosis (SID) is suggested as a methodology for building refurbishment. • SID preserves the existing structural materials of traditional buildings. • 75.3% reduction of demolition material with the SID approach. • SID methodology guarantees the lowest environmental impacts. • SID can be considered an integrative strategy for contributing to buildings' carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]