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Many theoretical methods have been applied to research user behaviour and requirements. However, the uncertainty associated with customer characteristics often biases the conclusions drawn from customer research and affects the effectiveness of product design. In this paper, Bayesian networks (BN) are introduced into the research on customer behaviour analysis based upon theory of planned behaviour (TPB), and an analysis model driven by customer research data is established from the perspective of user behaviour intention to guide design optimisation. Combining the User background Factor with the TPB Factor, the model analyses the uncertainty of the association between the two, and corrects the errors in the designer's prior knowledge through structural learning. By a case study the paper finds that the evaluations that enhance customers' subjective norms and perceived behavioural control lead to a greater probability of purchase or use. In addition, customers with specific characteristics are more inclined to generate behaviour intention. The paper finally provides a design optimisation plan based upon the result of the research and discusses about the advantages of the research approaches and the directions of future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this response, we address issues they raised in their paper. We tackle the misrepresentation of our research and findings by further clarifying the applied behavior analytic framework underpinning our intervention studies; emphasize the substantial effects of improving the content knowledge of teachers; refute ideological positioning based on scholarly one-upmanship; and elaborate on the scientific growth of our understanding of CCK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the trajectory behavior evaluation for generalised Persidskii systems with an essentially bounded input on a finite time interval. Also, the notions of annular settling and output annular settling for general nonlinear systems are introduced. We propose conditions for annular short-time stability, short-time boundedness with a nonzero initial state, annular settling, and output annular settling for a class of Persidskii systems. These conditions are based on the verification of linear matrix inequalities. An application to recurrent neural networks illustrates the usefulness of the proposed notions and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact wires are critical components of railway overhead infrastructure which provide power for trains. This paper proposes an innovative method to determine the service life of worn contact wires under three failure modes: tension, fatigue, and attrition. The tensile stress, fatigue damage, and cross-section loss of contact wire have been modelled as stochastic processes following lognormal distribution. The first-passage probability method is then used to determine the time-dependent failure probability for contact wires under each failure mode. The service life of the contact wire is determined through system reliability analysis. This method has then been applied to a case study to provide information on behaviour evaluation of contact wire. It has been found that the service life of contact wire can be underestimated without considering the wear effect on fatigue failure mode. Also, through sensitive analysis, it has been determined that the wear rate of contact wire can affect the probability of fatigue failure considerably in the longer term. The methodology proposed in this paper can help engineers and asset managers in making optimum decisions regarding the time of repair and/or maintenance of contact wire exposed to wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democratic theory asserts that the legitimacy of contemporary international and regional organisations rests on a degree of consensus expressed by various actors. The quest for diffuse support now extends beyond member states and explains the opening up of IOs/ROs to transnational civil society's participation. Despite both notions being familiar to IR scholars, a more precise understanding is needed concerning the relationship between each concept, particularly with regard to the inclusion/exclusion nexus and in the still neglected study of organisations in the global South. Using a practice perspective, the paper offers a contribution to that understanding by proposing a micro-level analysis of the behavioural practices of both ROs and TCS using MERCOSUR and the OAS as case studies. A nalysis of the opening up of these organisations, and the concurrent engagement of civil society reveals how inclusion is still both incomplete and unequal. Political liberalisation of ROs thus remains an unfulfilled mandate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a special issue of Housing, Theory and Society entitled "Behavioural biases in the housing market". First, we provide a brief overview of theoretical considerations and empirical research applying the behavioural economics approach to housing market studies. Second, we summarize the topics of the papers included in the special issue and, finally, point out directions for future analyses involving behavioural economics and the housing market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate how the Benders decomposition, Lagrangean relaxation, and Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation techniques can be accelerated when intertwined with the corridor method. We test the approaches on the capacitated lot sizing problem with setups. Due to the computational complexity of this lot sizing problem, one would expect to find a number of approaches based on decomposition techniques in the literature. While this is true for Lagrangean relaxation and Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation, we could not find any paper proposing the use of Benders decomposition for the problem at hand. Consequently, with this study, we pursue a two-fold goal: First, and foremost, we want to determine how effective the corridor method is as acceleration scheme for these decomposition techniques; second, we aim at gaining some insight into why Benders has not been proposed for this class of problems. Our results shed light on both issues. On the one hand, we show that all the decomposition methods benefit from the hybridisation with the corridor method. On the other hand, a thorough analysis on the behaviour and limitations of Benders algorithm is provided. We conclude the study with a statistical analysis to determine whether significant differences in performance among the different implementations arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a memoir of/for Daryl. A memoir is an historical account or biography written from personal knowledge. It provides my personal account of Daryl, the man, the physical educator, the intellectual, the teacher, and the scholar. In this account I trace Daryl's work from when I first met him in 1981 and the major conceptual ideas that drove his research and scholarship. I discuss his commitment to behaviour analysis, his integrity and his politics. I try to convey the ways in which he thought about research and the world more generally. I also give an insight into Daryl the advisor and, in particular, what he meant for his international PhD students and how, through them, his influence spread across many countries of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to make contributions to balancing the passenger flow among high-speed railway trains of common lines as well as raise revenue via a behavioral-based optimal dynamic pricing. Based on an HSR trip choice survey, a set of Nested-logit (NL) models is built to analyze passengers' preferences for different factors under various scenarios. The upper level belongs to the departure time period while the lower level belongs to specific trains with different levels of service. Given the conditions of fixed transportation capability, an optimization model is built to optimize the pricing among trains of common lines. The NL model results show that the time values of round trips are greater than that of one-way trips, and the time values of business trips are greater than that of leisure trips. Besides, the optimization model is verified to be capable of raising revenue, improving passenger flow equilibrium, and inducing extra passenger demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how input devices of human-computer interaction (HCI) affect consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions. Across four studies (one study with two secondary data and three experiments), we demonstrate that consumers using direct HCI (touch with fingers) will generate more favorable attitudes and greater purchase intentions than those using indirect HCI (click with a mouse). This effect is mediated by the sense of immersion and moderated by the product haptic importance. Specifically, the sense of immersion significantly mediates the effect of input devices on consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions for high haptic products. In contrast, the mediating effect of the sense of immersion becomes weaker for low haptic products. These findings make important theoretical contributions to the HCI and touch literature. We also provide some practical implications for firms to improve product evaluations and purchase behavior through human-computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the existence and uniqueness, the pth moment and almost sure stability with a general decay rate and the practical stability with general decay rate of a class of hybrid neutral stochastic functional differential equations driven by Lévy noise. Our crucial techniques include Lyapunov functions and the nonnegative semi-martingale convergence theorem. The conditions on the diffusion operator and neutral term are weaker than those in the related existing works. Examples are given to show the effectiveness of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical behavior of the outriggers of wrecker is analyzed based on finite element method in this paper. According to actual working condition, detailed loading and boundary constraint are established by using analytical method. In order to validate the presented finite element model (FEM), stress test experiment is carried out and comparison analysis is also conducted. The maximum error value is smaller than 7.2%. This indicated that the proposed FEM has a good prediction accuracy which meets the engineering requirements. Mechanical behavior analysis shows that the outriggers have enough strength to bear the working load for the special wrecker analyzed in this paper. Moreover, effects of the material and location of sliders on the mechanical behavior of outriggers are also studied in this paper. Numerical analysis results show that the sliders play an important role in determining the bearing capacities of the outriggers and it should be considered detailedly in structure design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently proposed continuous-time latent curve model with structured residuals (CT-LCM-SR) addresses several challenges associated with longitudinal data analysis in the behavioral sciences. First, it provides information about process trends and dynamics. Second, using the continuous-time framework, the CT-LCM-SR can handle unequally spaced measurement occasions and describes processes independently of the length of the time intervals used in a given study. Third, it is a hierarchical model. Thus, multiple subjects can be analyzed simultaneously. However, subjects might also differ in dynamics and trends. Therefore, in the present paper, we extend the CT-LCM-SR to capture these differences as well. This newly proposed random coefficients continuous-time latent curve model with structured residuals (RC-CT-LCM-SR) is introduced theoretically and technically. Additionally, we provide an illustrative example with data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and we show how the RC-CT-LCM-SR can be used to study multiple sources of between-subject differences over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid suburbanization in China is dramatically reshaping the daily life of urban residents. In China, long-distance commuting, traffic congestion, spatial mismatch and the low quality of life resulting from residential suburbanization are causing widespread concern. This paper compares the changes in time allocation from a time-use perspective, based on two activity-travel survey datasets collected in suburban Beijing in respectively 2007 and 2017. Travelling time to work has increased substantially between 2007 and 2017 and particularly impacted non-working activities. Working and commuting showed to have the greatest impact on time allocated to non-work activities, both in home and out of home, both maintenance and discretionary activities. Furthermore, residents' allocation of time to non-work activities shows to be influenced too by their socioeconomic attributes, such as gender, marital status and household configuration (e.g. extended family). We found that the space–time constraints imposed by household responsibilities leads to greater gender differences in time allocation. This paper provides insight into how urban residents reallocate their time as a result of increasing suburbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of research have been done on video data using Artificial Intelligence (AI) deep learning techniques. Most of them are behavior analysis, scene understanding, scene labeling, human activity recognition (HAR), object localization, and event recognition. Among all these, HAR is one of the challenging tasks and thrust areas of video data processing research. HAR is applicable in different areas, such as video surveillance systems, human-computer interaction, human behavior characterization, and robotics. This paper aims to present a comparative review of vision-based human activity recognition with the main focus on deep learning techniques on various benchmark video datasets comprehensively. We propose a new taxonomy for categorizing the literature as CNN and RNN-based approaches. We further divide these approaches into four sub-categories and present various methodologies with their experimental datasets and efficiency. A short comparison is also made with the handcrafted feature-based approach and its fusion with deep learning to show the evolution of HAR methods. Finally, we discuss future research directions and some open challenges on human activity recognition. The objective of this survey is to give the current progress of vision-based deep learning HAR methods with the up-to-date study of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity recognition (HAR) has grown more important in the domains of pervasive computing, human behavior analysis, assistive health care, and Human–Computer Interaction (HCI). While Deep Learning (DL)-based methods have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in the identification of activities, the management of time series data remains a challenge. Nevertheless, a large number of models currently in use direct the effective extraction of temporal and geographical information from data on human behavior. In this paper, a fusion of a 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1-DCNN) and Stacked long short-term memory (SLSTM) is proposed for HAR. This model automatically extracts geographical information from the raw body sensor data. 1-D CNN model can extract local features and the SLSTM model can extract long-term relationships in sequence data. In addition, a batch normalization layer was added after the convolution layer to reduce internal covariate shift, accelerate training, and reduce the need for dropout. Moreover, a Max Pooling Layer was applied next to the pooling layer to reduce model parameters. The final step involves applying the learned features to the Softmax layer to fully recognize human activities. The model performance is evaluated on two standard datasets MHEALTH and WISDM and achieves classification accuracies of 99.67% and 99.55% correspondingly. The results demonstrate that the recommended model outperformed the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective well-being changes over time. While the causes of these changes have been investigated extensively, few attempts have been made to capture these changes through computational modelling. One notable exception is the study by Rutledge et al. [Rutledge, R. B., Skandali, N., Dayan, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2014). A computational and neural model of momentary subjective well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(33), 12252–12257. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407535111], in which a model that captures momentary changes in subjective well-being was proposed. The model incorporates how an individual processes rewards and punishments in a decision context. Using this model, the authors were able to successfully explain fluctuations in subjective well-being observed in a gambling paradigm. Although Rutledge et al. reported an in-paper replication, a successful independent replication would further increase the credibility of their results. In this paper, we report a preregistered close replication of the behavioural experiment and analyses by Rutledge et al. The results of Rutledge et al. were mostly confirmed, providing further evidence for the role of rewards and punishments in subjective well-being fluctuations. Additionally, the association between personality traits and the way people process rewards and punishments was examined. No evidence for such associations was found, leaving this an open question for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper outlines the work done on beneficiation of low-rank-oxidized coal fines by flotation using a biodegradable oil (iluppai or Mahua) to reduce the ash content. Prior to flotation, characterization of the coal and the reagents were done by FTIR and SEM-EDS analysis to identify the functional groups. Batch tests were performed with biodegradable and conventional oil (Diesel) as collectors to compare the flotation performances with an Index known as 'Separation Index'. The results of the tests conducted revealed that biodegradable Iluppai oil to be the better collector than conventional diesel oil. In the study, the effect of variables like reagent dosages and feed solid concentration was investigated for both the type of collectors. Further, the paper concludes that it is possible to reduce ash% of the low-rank-oxidized coal from a feed ash of 29.9% down up-to 16.60% using Iluppai oil with simultaneous enrichment in Gross Calorific value of coal from 5547.0 to 6861 kCal/kg. From the results obtained, an assessment of the kinetic behavior of the process is made based on the enrichment achieved in the Gross calorific value. The first-order rate equation parameters (Rx) and (k) evaluated for the GCV recovery established that the biodegradable oil as the promising collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Behavioural economics', or the application of methods and evidence from other social sciences to economics, has increased greatly in significance and use in the last two decades. In this paper, we discuss the basic elements of behavioural economics. We then assess the applications of behavioural economics to the analysis of tax compliance. Our central conclusion is that many, perhaps most, of the recent insights on what motivates tax compliance have flowed directly from behavioural economics. We conclude with suggestions on – and predictions of – directions in which future applications should prove useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to further our understanding of the process of therapy in psychoanalytic parent-infant psychotherapy (PPIP). Using a single-case study methodology, it examines the emergence of atypical maternal behaviours in the sessions and considers direct therapeutic work with the baby. The research material for this study consists of video tapes and verbatim transcripts of two sessions from different time points in one good outcome PPIP treatment. The Atypical Maternal Behaviour Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) coding system is used as a basis for identifying atypical maternal behaviours, as they manifest in the sessions. In addition, the therapist's intervention in moments of interactive disruption are analysed discursively, with a focus on the utterances that directly address the infant. Findings suggest that the mother exhibited a high frequency of disruptive behaviours, as coded in the AMBIANCE, in the beginning of therapy. These decreased considerably by the end of treatment. In addition, the therapist was seen to respond consistently and flexibly to maternal disruptive behaviours, employing different interventions. Furthermore, the therapist talked directly to the baby for a significant amount of the session time, especially early on in treatment, addressing several different issues. Disrupted maternal behaviours can be discerned and systematically observed in PPIP sessions; these may be addressed in psychoanalytic parent-infant psychotherapy through the therapist's verbal and nonverbal interactions with the mother and baby. Using different coding systems to examine patterns of interaction in detail, it is possible to gain insight into the therapeutic process, furthering our understanding of change mechanisms in psychoanalytic work with infants and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism industry played an increasingly prominent role in the socio-economic development in China. Therefore, it is of great significance to forecast the tourism demand, to analyze the development tendency of tourism, to explore the mode of economic linkage, and eventually to reveal the development regulation of tourism industry. In this paper, the empirical mode decomposition, the support vector regression, and the error factor adjustment were combined to forecast the tourism demand of Sanya City. The results demonstrate that the proposed model is more accurate than other models. Meanwhile, this paper also provides the insight analyses of the economic behavior through the tourism demand's rectangular-ambulatory matrix. The analyses reveal the regulation of tourism industry and the future benefits of Sanya's tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beth Sulzer-Azaroff was a pioneer in behavior analysis, contributing to many areas including organizational behavior management. Her work spanned many decades and influenced many in our field. She passed on February 26, 2022. Family, friends, students, colleagues, and clients mourn and remember her enormous influence. I was among her doctoral students (1983–1987) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst where she mentored my graduate studies. During an era when behavior analysis saw contributions from a number of pioneers, Beth stood out. Her scholarship, hard work, positive leadership, versatility, values, and commitment to behavior analysis earned respect and appreciation across domains of our discipline. This short paper celebrates her leadership, scholarship and mentorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected vehicle technology relying on Human Machine Interface (HMI) achieve a dominant position in the overall safety improvement. However, the impact of HMI on the driver's visual attention cannot be ignored, especially on the accident-prone foggy freeway. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the level of distraction caused by HMI in data analysis of drivers' visual characteristics and to establish a generic evaluation methodology. A connected vehicle test platform has been established based on the driving simulator, in which visibility was set to the level of heavy fog and the technical condition was set in two conditions (with or without HMI). Measurement of driving behavior parameters include frequency of fixations and saccades and the proportion of fixation. The researchers compared and analyzed the driver's visual characteristics and the degree of distraction in a combination of indices based on the AttenD algorithm, setting two technical conditions in a heavy fog. Drivers suffering more visual distraction and interference with HMI may have an impact on the driver's driving safety. The results provide a generic approach to evaluate the HMI of a connected vehicle system and a safety assessment methodology for the connected vehicle system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion represents one of the most important problems affecting the global behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings; in presence of aggressive environmental conditions reinforcing steel bars, as well as concrete, suffer from relevant modifications of the mechanical performance. Steel rebars show a high decrease of the deformation capacity, with reduction of the elongation to maximum load up to the 50% in case of TempCore® grades. This can cause unexpected brittle failures related to the premature achievement of ultimate rotation or, even worst, shear capacity of structural elements. To mitigate these problems, actual European standards for constructions foresee the adoption of specific precautions such as the increase of concrete strength class, of the concrete cover, of higher diameter; these tools allow to reduce the effects of corrosion without deleting the origin of the matter. During the last years, otherwise, another typology of reinforcing steel – characterized by a typical Dual-Phase (DP) microstructure – was developed with the aim of directly preventing corrosion initiation. Due to their microstructure, in which martensite is embedded in the ferrite matrix, Dual-Phase steels are less exposed to corrosion; on the other hand, being characterized by a not-defined yielding stress-strain plateau, specific rules need to be elaborated for their employment in civil applications. In the present paper, the experimental test campaign performed on reinforced concrete internal and external joints with Dual-Phase steel rebars is deeply described together with results' critical discussion. The paper is preparatory for the elaboration of technical models to be used in the design of RC-DP structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONRobotic technology-aided instruction and interventions have been designed to support both Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) interventions for children with ASD. However, to the best of our knowledge, this field has not been systematically reviewed. Thus, we aimed to systematically review the literature to determine whether ABA or PRT methods in a robotic therapeutic context yield better outcomes for individuals with ASD, specifically in terms of approaching and accepting robots. A comprehensive search of electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar was conducted. Randomized control trials (RCT) and pre-post-test design investigations that assessed the impact of ABA vs. PRT approach via robot-mediated technology vs. human trainers on intervention outcomes of children with ASD were selected and included in this systematic review. Finally, 13 papers met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Two independent reviewers extracted the associated data from each selected study according to the standardized data extraction form. Two reviewers also assessed the quality of each study independently using the Cochrane Back Review Scale and JBI tool for quasi-experimental studies. We categorized two general classifications of findings including ABA vs. PRT as well as robotic technology vs. human. In conclusion, the existing investigations on the effect of robotic assistive technology using ABA or PRT approach are promising particularly in therapeutic contexts with a more natural context and social flavor.Assistive robotic technology could teach social skills with both Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) approach to children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) with an acceptable efficiency and efficacy as human delivered therapies.The use of robotic technology as a means of delivering ABA or PRT interventions could offer a valuable alternative approach to human trainers in the treatment of children with ASD, potentially enhancing their acceptance and engagement with therapy.Assistive robotic technology could teach social skills with both Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) approach to children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) with an acceptable efficiency and efficacy as human delivered therapies.The use of robotic technology as a means of delivering ABA or PRT interventions could offer a valuable alternative approach to human trainers in the treatment of children with ASD, potentially enhancing their acceptance and engagement with therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on human trafficking suggests the vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and child sexual abuse (CSA) changes by the prevalence of certain risk factors (e.g., runaway), trafficker-used lures (e.g., isolation), and the environmental conditions present at the time of victimization (e.g., foster care). Often, youth in foster care are at high risk for CSEC and CSA victimization associated with runaway instances. This scoping review aims to identify prevention and intervention strategies for CSEC/CSA of youth who run away from foster care. PRISMA scoping review guidelines were followed to review the literature across two search parameters (CSEC; CSA). An electronic review was conducted between August 2022 and January 2023 across four databases: PubMed, SAGE Journals Online, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The CSEC and CSA search parameters comprised three domains (sexual exploitation, foster care, and runaway; sexual abuse, foster care, and runaway, respectively). Literature published between 2012 and 2022 was included regardless of the methodological approach. Literature not concerning youth who run from foster care was excluded. Database searches yielded 206 publications for CSEC and 351 for CSA, reduced to 185 and 212, respectively, after removing duplicates. Seventy-one articles were identified, of which, 64 articles (28 CSEC, 36 CSA) were categorized as prevention strategies and seven (five CSEC, two CSA) as interventions. The intersection and dual victimization of CSEC and CSA of youth who run away from foster care are discussed. This paper also discusses applied behavior analysis principles for developing function-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationality is considered a highly relevant determinant of tourism expenditure. In this paper, we use survey data to estimate the main determinants of daily tourism expenditure in 2019 for five nationalities of a major coastal destination, the Canary Islands. A total of 38 regressors, based on literature, are used with the help of quantile regression analysis to understand the behaviour patterns of different expenditure segments. To obtain segmented information on the determinants of expenditure, independent quantile regression models for each nationality are estimated and compared. Results show that there are similarities but also some remarkable differences between nationalities regarding income, age, travel group, educational level, or content of the package that can be used in destination management and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persuasive gamified systems are effective tools for motivating behaviour change using various persuasive strategies. In line with the reinforcement theory, some persuasive gamified systems employ reward and punishment in their design to achieve the intended behavioural outcome. Research has argued both in favour and against using these strategies in behaviour change applications due to mixed results with respect to their effectiveness. However, there is a lack knowledge about how interventions using these strategies could motivate or demotivate behaviours. Therefore, this paper explores the mechanism through which Reward and Punishment motivate or demotivate behaviours with respect to their strengths and weaknesses. The results of large-scale exploratory studies (N = 1768) uncover important strengths and weaknesses that could facilitate or hinder the effectiveness of Reward and Punishment at motivating behaviour change. These include their ability to engage users and make behaviour fun, reinforce commitments to goals, and reveal some consequences of bad behaviour. We also compared the perceived effectiveness of reward and punishment quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral safety is one of the most mature and efficacious applications of organizational behavior management in industrial workplaces. Built on the foundation of behavior analysis, behavioral safety attempts to prevent harm and reduce human suffering by targeting risk and intervening upon environmental factors related to safe behaviors. The current paper will (a) review the core components of a behavioral safety process, (b) highlight the extension of modern OBM methodologies (e.g., behavioral systems analysis) in behavioral safety, and (c) review best practices from world-class behavioral safety programs accredited by the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies (CCBS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates breakdown characteristics in the bearings of variable speed electric drive trains. The analyses reveal that breakdown phenomena previously known from high-voltage technology appear to also occur in the bearing contact, though at significantly lower voltages. By loading the bearing with AC voltage of different frequencies at various mechanical load points, five states, which range from partial discharge through arc discharge to a completely conductive channel, emerge. Consistent with the concept that the magnitude of the breakdown voltage depends on the lubricant film height, the contact force, and the frequency of the AC voltage, a thicker lubricant film results in a higher breakdown voltage, analogously to a capacitor with a larger plate spacing, which requires a higher potential difference to be punctured. Furthermore, the sinusoidal frequency of the AC load correlates with the breakdown voltage. The breakdown tends to occur earlier at low frequencies, which is illustrated by the fact that at low frequencies, capacitive behaviour can only be observed at higher speeds, i.e., at a larger lubrication gap, while no voltage can be built up over the bearing at lower speeds. An increase of the contact force for the same lubricant film height lowers the breakdown voltages. The reduction of the breakdown voltage by the contact force may result from an increase of the relative permittivity of the lubricant with higher pressure and likewise of the contact area; the increased area may also increase the number of surface-roughness peaks where an increase in the electric field occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An insight regarding few of the experiences during video games playing activity is still fuzzy. This paper presents an extensive empirical study that analyzes the experiences of 100 participants (i.e. 25 children, younger adults, older adults, and elders each) during brain games play. This concludes a number of significant correlations among the diverse kinds of players' experiences (i.e. engagement, enjoyment, anxiety, usability, adaptability, and noninvasiveness). It is further identified by the study that the similarities and differences exist among the experiences of children, younger adults, older adults, and elders. Consequently, observations of the presented study provide an insight to successfully predict behavioral trends of the players during brain games play (i.e. in 5-point assessment sphere), which leads to narrow down the complexity of user feedback process for the respective game genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, 10.1 percent of jihadist terrorists were radicalised in prison. The objective of this paper is to elaborate on the analysis of the phenomenon of jihadist radicalisation in Spain's prisons by analysing the inmates linked to jihadist radicalisation who are included in groups A, B and C. The results show that the profile of the inmates linked to jihadist radicalisation has not undergone major changes, although a drop in age and an increase in the number of cases of Spanish nationality can be observed. When the inmates included in the three groups were compared at the time of the investigation (August 2019), it was found that they are of a similar age, that Spanish citizens are more common in group A, mental disorders are more common in group C and that both group B as well as C exhibit a more extensive criminal record and more admissions to prison. Important differences were found with regard to the behaviour in prison, namely that the inmates in group A are not individuals who repeatedly employ violence, while the inmates in group C exhibit a very pronounced antisocial profile, with frequent use of both verbal and physical violence in their day-to-day life in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software rejuvenation is a policy to counter the phenomenon of software ageing. However, how to implement software rejuvenation is still an important issue. In this paper, periodic impulse control is proposed as an effective tool to perform software rejuvenation and improve the availability of software system. First, we formulate the software rejuvenation system with periodic impulse by a group of coupled differential equations with impulsive action. Then the well-posedness of the system is demonstrated by using operator semigroup theory. At the end of the paper, numerical examples are shown to illustrate the dynamic behaviour of the system and the relationship between the system instantaneous availability and the impulsive indexes, including impulse interval and impulse strength, which yields that the system availability can be improved by adjusting the impulsive indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the presence and consideration of economics in sociology, specifically its classical version. It identifies certain original and independent economic theories, concepts and approaches in classical sociological theory as central and its derivations, implications and extensions of economics as peripheral. The paper argues and demonstrates that classical sociology is far from being the science of noneconomic or irrational phenomena, as often sociologists conceive it and economists perceive it in counter-distinction from economics defined as the science of rational behavior, and indeed encompasses virtually all economic activities and processes, and thus prefigures New Economic Sociology adopting the same approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daryl Siedentop has been viewed as one of the most influential scholars in the fields of physical education and physical education teacher education. In this article, we examine his epistemological lens, behavior analysis that he used to underpin his research and practice. After an introduction to behavior analysis, we discuss his approach to conducting research, and then we discuss some of his more significant contributions to the fields, providing attention to backstories of his work, what the work was, and how it impacted the fields of physical education and teacher education. Throughout, we use examples to highlight his contributions to the two fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies event-triggered based adaptive neural network (NN) tracking control of a robotic manipulator with output constraints and disturbance. First, a novel asymmetric tan -type barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) is developed to satisfy the requirement of time-varying output constraints. Then, a fixed threshold event triggering is proposed to reduce the energy consumption, which avoids the happening of Zeno behaviour after analysis. Further, a disturbance observer (DO) and an adaptive neural network are devised to estimate the bounded disturbance and the unknown dynamics of the robotic manipulator. The proposed controller can achieve uniform boundness of the solution and adjustment of transient performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented methods is verified by related simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major communication paradigms for corporations and organizations consists of understanding which is the best format in which to communicate, and the effect that each type of content has on the different generations that coexist in the digital ecosystem. Tourism is one of the industry's most sensitive to this ecosystem, as, nowadays, all stages of the travel decision process are mainly processed digitally. Products are researched, disseminated, and often acquired on digital platforms. This paper uses social media to analyze the online behavior of potential tourists from different generations when searching for commercial and detailed information concerning tourism products. A survey was prepared based on the experience economy theory and disseminated online through social networks. A Social Networks User Experience model, SNUX 2.0, was proposed to analyze the experiences of users from different generations, associated with the use of social networks as a medium through which to find information about tourism products and services. Structural equation modeling using SmartPLS 3.0 was used to analyze the proposed model. The study concluded that social networks can contribute to influencing the purchasing intent of the different generations, mainly when commercial information has an educational nature for all generations, accompanied by different dimensions depending on the consumer's generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main concern of this paper is to develop a new class of A-stable fourth-order numerical scheme for solving initial value problems. The idea is an evolutionary and heuristic approach; using the Grasshopper optimization, along with the Hermite interpolation for stages, we obtain a class of A-stable methods. Four types of weighting rules are introduced for the current formulation. The fundamental weighting rule (FWR) is the most important rule, which emphasizes on the symmetric and central structure of the method. A systematic strategy is proposed to obtain the FWR based on swarm intelligence and regression. The new techniques are called α I -(e + i)P, where e and i are the number of terminal and internal points, respectively. The numerical experiments demonstrate the reasonable behaviour of the algorithms on several test problems from different applications. Finally, we find that the new formulas are well suited for long time behaviour of the time-history analysis in earthquake engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disrobing is a behaviour with serious implications for sexual safety. It is a challenge to manage in the inpatient environment and a barrier to discharge to the community. This paper presents an overview of the literature on disrobing – distinct from exhibitionistic disorder – and primarily described in the developmental disabilities' literature, and with respect to affective psychoses and epileptic post-ictal states. A case of disrobing in a forensic inpatient is outlined, which does not easily fit within the previously described explanatory or diagnostic paradigms for this behaviour. Behavioural and psychological analyses are reported, leading to a formulation of disrobing in this case as a complexly derived behaviour in a patient with chronic psychotic illness and a history of childhood sexual abuse. The importance of transdiagnostic thinking in patients with such complex histories is reviewed with attention to the intersection of deficits in distress tolerance from chronic psychotic illness and childhood sexual trauma. This case highlights the need for more research into trauma-informed interventions suitable for the serious mental illness (SMI) population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deletions and duplications of the distal region of the long arm of chromosome 1 are associated with brain abnormalities and developmental delay. Because duplications are less frequent than deletions, no detailed account of the cognitive profile of the affected people is available, particularly, regarding their language (dis)abilities. In this paper we report on the cognitive and language capacities of a girl with one of the smallest interstitial duplications ever described in this region, affecting to 1q42.3q43 (arr[hg19] 1q42.3q43(235,963,632–236,972,276)x3), and advance potential candidate genes for the observed deficits. The proband's speech is severely impaired, exhibiting dysarthric-like features, with speech problems also resulting from a phonological deficit boiling down to a verbal auditory memory deficit. Lexical and grammatical knowledge are also impaired, impacting negatively on both expressive and receptive abilities, seemingly as a consequence of the phonological deficit. Still, her pragmatic abilities seem to be significantly spared, granting her a good command on the principles governing conversational exchanges. Genetic analyses point to several genes of interest. These include one gene within the duplicated region (LYST), one predicted functional partner (CMIP), and three genes outside the 1q42.3q43 region, which are all highly expressed in the cerebellum: DDIT4 and SLC29A1, found strongly downregulated in the proband compared to her healthy parents, and CNTNAP3, found strongly upregulated. The genes highlighted in the paper emerge as potential candidates for the phonological and speech deficits exhibited by the proband and ultimately, for her problems with language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) is a sub-discipline of applied behavior analysis that focuses on organizational improvement and the performance of employees and leaders. OBM practitioners work to apply behavior analysis to help get results through teamwork, collaboration, high practice standards, and professionalism. There are a number of ways to get business results, but OBM aims to get results by supporting the most important asset in any system: the people. The purpose of this paper is to show the value of ethical standards to those practicing within the field of OBM, the current state of OBM regulation, and offer a call to action for OBM practitioners to maintain ethical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart and proactive surveillance of crowds has turned up into greater importance in recent years due to the increase in urban population and immutable crowd disasters. Although the behaviours that emerged in a crowd are often unpredictable, researches in computer vision try to figure out this emergent behaviour based on the psychological and cognitive aspects of the crowd. This review is intended to analyse the insights shared from these aspects for analysing crowd behaviour. We also try to uncover the crowd psychological theories present in the literature that largely helps in determining the non-adaptive crowd behaviours. Further, this paper discusses an outlook of state-of-the-art psychological, cognitive computing and cognitive psychological approaches of crowd behaviour analysis. This paper also provides a discussion on the benchmark datasets available for vision-based crowd analysis. The comprehensive discussion and insights based on crowd psychology and cognition will provide a deep understanding of the fundamental prospects of smart crowd behaviour analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an experimental investigation to study the effect of the date palm waste fiber (DPW) type and compaction pressure on the flexural behavior of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The digital image correlation technique (DIC) was used to determine full-field strains of compressed earth blocks. In this context, quicklime as a stabilizer and three different kinds of DPW were added to the CEB composites: Date Palm Waste Aggregate (DPWA), Date Palm Mesh (DPM), and Date Palm Spikelet (DPS). By applying different compacting stresses with static loading, three contents were incorporated into the pressurized mixtures by weight of the waste (0, 0.2, and 0.5%). The results indicate that the flexural strength values were higher for the mixtures with DPWA than those with DPM or DPS. Adding 0.5%DPS increases the ductility of the bricks, resulting in some residual strength and increasing the deflection at failure. As a result of the increase in the compaction pressure, from 2 to 10 MPa, the flexural strength improved by about 262.73 and 371.68% for the control block (samples without DPW) and the block containing 0.5% DPW, respectively. When the compaction pressure increases from 2 to 10 MPa, the apparent modulus of elasticity increases from 393.31 to 809.37 MPa for a block without DPWA and from 214.22 to 321.52 MPa for a block containing 0.5% DPWA. After analyzing the images obtained during the flexural test using the DIC technique, the results of εxx revealed extremely high localized strains in the center of the block at the bottom of the samples under tension. The strain concentration increases as the fiber content increases. In addition, when the compaction pressures of CEBs are increased, the values of εxx are increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the effect of stress corrosion on the electrochemical behavior and corrosion mechanism of epoxy zinc-rich coating/steel substrate. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to characterize the corrosion behavior of the system under different stress conditions (σ1 = 0MPa; σ2 = 120MPa; σ3 = 180MPa and σ4 = 240 MPa), and appropriate equivalent circuits were established. Additionally, the von Mises stress distribution and potential distribution around the pitting pit at the coating-substrate interface were quantified by means of finite element analysis. The approach used different tensile strains and the depths of the pitting pit to relate the corrosion current density and corrosion rate to the corrosion process. The EIS results demonstrate that, given the same time, the failure time of the epoxy zinc-rich coating/steel substrate system with 240 MPa is shortened by 27.8% compared to the system without stress. Meanwhile, the finite element model confirms that the uneven potential distribution around the pitting pit is responsible for coating failure. In-depth profile of the corrosion rate shows an increasing trend over the distance from the opening. Then this local corrosion acceleration will cause further stress concentration, which in turn accelerates the corrosion process of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in mobile mapping systems have facilitated the collection of high-precision trajectory data in centimeter positioning accuracy. It provides the potential to infer lane-level road networks, which are essential for autonomous driving navigation. This task is challenging due to the complicated lane merging and diverging structures as well as the lane-changing patterns in trajectory data. This paper presents a lane-level road network generation method from high-precision trajectory data with lane-changing behavior analysis. Trajectories are firstly partitioned by detecting road intersections and changes in lane structure. Subsequently, in regions with consistent lane structure, a principal curve fitting algorithm is developed to extract lane centerlines. Erroneous lanes generated by lane-changing behavior are pruned based on a constructed lane intersection graph. In regions with merging and diverging lanes, a lane-group fitting algorithm is designed. This algorithm estimates lane locations by incorporating a Gaussian mixture model with lane width prior knowledge and then infers lane-level topological structures using trajectory flow information. The proposed method is evaluated on a real-world high-precision trajectory dataset. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods in four metrics. Under complex scenarios, the method is capable of generating lane-level road networks with higher completeness and fewer fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some applications, accurate knowledge of the dilution factor of a diluter can be crucial. Although the sample gas composition is one of the factors that influences the dilution factor of an ejector diluter, the available calibration data are usually obtained using air as sample gas. That can be a problem when the diluter is used in exhaust gas conditions, where the gas composition can differ significantly from air. Available ejector diluter models have been found unsuitable. The goal of this study was to set a method to determine the shift of dilution factor caused by sample gas composition, so the nominal or calibration value can be adjusted. Using CO2, the method was experimentally verified with good results. In addition, the present paper also investigated the possible influence of the diluter on the particle size distribution curve of the diluted sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]