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This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc. Firstly, the experimental research was conducted under two heating cable modes by establishing mathematical models and a test rig, and it was found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency on sunny, cloudy, and overcast days was 18%, 14.5%, and 12%, respectively. A simulation model was established by TRNSYS to run an ultra-low-energy building throughout the year. It was found that the highest and lowest monthly power generation occurred in February and July, respectively. The annual power generation of the system was 6614 kWh, and the heating season power generation was 3293.42 kWh. In the current research, the DC electricity consumption was slightly higher than the AC electricity consumption. Under conditions of similar radiation intensity and power generation, the indoor temperature of the AC/DC synthesis cable heating mode were 1.38% higher than the AC/DC switching heating able mode, and the electricity consumption were 10.9% and 4.76% higher, respectively, than those of the AC switching heating cable mode. This is of great significance for clean-energy heating, energy savings, and emissions reduction in northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Location-Routing Problem (LRP) becomes a more intricate subject when the limits of capacities of vehicles and warehouses are considered, which is an NP-hard problem. Moreover, as the number of vehicles increases, the solution to LRP is exacerbated because of the complexity of transportation and the combination of routes. To solve the problem, this paper proposed a Discrete Assembly Combination-Delivery (DACA) strategy based on, the Binary Equilibrium Optimizer (BiEO) algorithm, in addition, this paper also proposes a mixed-integer linear programming model for the problem of this paper. Our primary objective is to address both the route optimization problem and the assembly group sum problem concurrently. Our BiEO algorithm was designed as discrete in decision space to meet the requirements of the LRP represented by the DACA strategy catering to the multi-vehicle LRP scenario. The efficacy of the BiEO algorithm with the DACA strategy is demonstrated. through empirical analysis utilizing authentic data from Changchun City, China, Remarkably, the experiments reveal that the BiEO algorithm outperforms conventional methods, specifically GA, PSO, and DE algorithms, resulting in reduced costs. Notably, the results show the DACA strategy enables the simultaneous optimization of the LRP and the vehicle routing problem (VRP), ultimately leading to cost reduction. This innovative algorithm proficiently tackles both the assembly group sum and route optimization problems intrinsic to multi-level LRP instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single and multi-vehicle (SMV) crashes remain a significant issue, causing serious safety and economic concerns, and therefore deserve more attention. Using crash data in the Beijing-Shanghai and Changchun-Shenzhen freeways over the five years (2015–2019), this paper explored the transferability and heterogeneity for crash type (single-vehicle versus multi-vehicle crashes) and spatiotemporal stability of determinants affecting the injury severity. The random parameters logit approach with heterogeneity in means and variances was used to model three possible crash injury severity outcomes (measured by the most severely injured individual in the crash) of no injury, minor injury, and severe injury and identify the determinants in terms of driver, vehicle, roadway, environment, temporal, spatial, traffic, and crash characteristics. Remarkable differences were observed in the SMV crashes, and the contributing factors also reported considerable temporal and (or) spatial instabilities. The insights of this study should be valuable to help freeway designers and decision-makers understand the contributing mechanism of the factors and develop the proper management strategies and enforcement countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide urban freight vehicles with navigation routes that better align with their travel preferences, it is necessary to analyze the patterns and characteristics of their route choices. This paper focuses on freight vehicles traveling within the city and examines their route selection behavior. Through an analysis of the GPS data collected from freight truck journeys in Changchun, China, this study outlines the characteristics of freight vehicle travel within the city. Variables that may influence their route selection behavior are defined as feature factors. The study employs the DBSCAN algorithm to identify the hotspots in origin–destination pairs for freight truck travel in Changchun. It also utilizes Breadth First Search Link Elimination to generate a set of route choices and constructs route selection behavior models based on Multinomial Logit and Path Size Logit. Based on the research findings, during navigation within the city road network, these vehicles exhibit a preference for side roads, a tendency to favor right turns at intersections, and a propensity to choose routes with lower duplication compared to alternative options. The study's conclusions offer theoretical support for guiding urban freight vehicle routes and planning and managing freight traffic within the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization is intensifying land use transitions in China by shrinking cropland and increasing land development, exacerbating land abuse, and causing environmental degradation. There are clear needs to improve land use and address these problems; however, most previous studies focused on either structural or layout optimization. In contrast, this paper proposed a method for comprehensive optimization of land use areas, layout, and structure. This involved coupling multiobjective dynamic planning (MODP), Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S), and minimal cumulative resistance (MCR) models. In this approach, the MODP model predicted future changes that were based on areas of current land use, and the CLUE-S model simulated various future types that were based on the analysis of geographic land use and economic data. In addition, the MODP and CLUE-S models optimized the amounts and spatial distributions of land use types, respectively. The MCR model could then partition the simulation results for ecological optimization. In this paper, an illustrative application was presented that partitioned Changchun City, Jilin Province, China into construction-prohibited, restricted construction, suitable for construction, and key construction areas (which accounted for 17.41%, 30.24%, 25.32%, and 27.04%, respectively of the total area). The optimization result met expectations and provided potentially valuable reference data for spatial land use planning and ecological protection in the focal region. The proposed method to optimize the ecological layout of land use that was based on multimodel coupling considered operability and objectivity; therefore, facilitating practical applications of the results in Changchun and the presented methodology elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the economy and continuous improvement in people's living standards, the predictions of the air quality index have attracted wide attention. In this paper, a new feature selection method (Pearson-MI) and a combined model construction method (modified inverse variance method) were proposed to study the air quality index (AQI) and its influencing factors in Changchun. The Pearson-MI method selects the factors that affect the AQI of Changchun City from many influencing factors. This method reduces the RMSE of the LSTM model and XGBoost model by 27% and 5% and the MAE by 41% and 5%, respectively. A model that combines XGBoost, SVR, RF, and LSTM was constructed using the inverse variance method to predict the air quality index of Changchun City. The modified combined model resulted in a 2% reduction in RMSE and a 0.6% reduction in MAE compared with the unmodified combined model. The numerical results of our study show that the prediction accuracy of the modified combined model is obviously higher than that of the basic model, and the prediction accuracy is further improved under the Pearson-MI feature selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dew condensation frequency is high, and the dew amount is heavy in urban ecosystems. During the condensation process, particulate matter acts as a condensation core, playing an important role in purifying the air. At night, dew mainly condenses on plant leaf surfaces, the plant leaves settle the particles in the dew, and some of the particles are resuspended into the atmosphere in the process of dew evaporation after sunrise. This paper monitored the condensation and evaporation processes of dew on four common plants in Changchun city from June to September 2020. By analyzing the mass and size of particles on different leaves after dew condensation and evaporation, the ability of different plants to retain particles in dew was analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the TSP capture ability during dew condensation between Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng subsp. sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng, Syringa oblata Lindl., Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch., and Pinus tabuliformis Carrière, with a TSP content of 0.21 ± 0.06 μg/cm2. Coarse particulate matter is the main type of deposit in the dew condensation stage. Particulate deposition varied according to species, leaf shape, and microstructure. The proportion of TSP remaining on leaves after dew evaporation from Pinus tabuliformis Carrière, Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch., Buxus sinica (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng subsp. sinica var. parvifolia M. Cheng, and Syringa oblata Lindl. tree was 89.7 ± 3.9%, 80.6 ± 3.6%, 75.9 ± 4.5%, and 71.4 ± 3.7%, respectively. The ability of the leaves to trap fine particles was significantly higher than that for coarse particles (P < 0.05) after dew evaporation. The highest amount of particle captured by Syringa oblata Lindl. individual was 15.17 g/y during dew condensation, and the amount of remaining particles after dew evaporation was 10.83 g/y. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the selection of tree species for urban greening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the construction industry is one of China's high carbon emission industries, to achieve China's carbon neutrality target by 2060, CO2 emissions in cold regions must be reduced. At the same time, forests have excellent carbon sequestration abilities, so this paper takes residential buildings in severely cold regions as the object of carbon emission reduction research. A model of a two-story building in Changchun was constructed, and the life-cycle carbon emissions of reinforced concrete and wood structures were measured using the life-cycle evaluation method as the basis for calculation and simulation with DesignBuilderVer.7 software. The results show that the life-cycle carbon emission of a wood structure house is 61.46 t less than that of a reinforced concrete house, and the life-cycle carbon emission reduction rate of a wood structure house is 43.39%. Based on the data, it has been proven that wooden structures effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions during the building life cycle while enhancing building performance, given the same structural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic complications threaten human health seriously. Healthy lifestyles can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and long‐term complications. However, the relationship between alcohol consumption and CVD mortality is still controversial, and there is a lack of evidence from large‐scale longitudinal studies in the Chinese population. Based on the REACTION study (Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: A Longitudinal Study), this paper explores the association between alcohol consumption and all‐cause mortality, stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism during a 10‐year follow‐up period to provide evidence for lifestyle counselling for these patients. Methods: First, baseline data were collected from the REACTION study cohort in Changchun, Jilin Province, China, in 2011–2012. A questionnaire survey was performed among patients with abnormal glucose metabolism aged over 40 years. The frequency of their alcohol intake, the type of alcohol, and the amount of alcohol consumed daily were surveyed. Physical and biochemical examinations were also performed. Then, through the Primary Public Health Service System of Jilin Province, we collected outcomes during the 10‐year follow‐up up to October 1, 2021, including all‐cause mortality, stroke, and CHD. Next, we conducted logistic regression to analyze the relationship between baseline alcohol consumption and 10‐year outcomes, and risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI were calculated by adjusting for different clinical indicators. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 4855 patients with T2DM and prediabetes (35.2% men and 64.8% women) were included in the baseline analysis. Outcomes of 3521 patients during the 10‐year follow‐up were obtained, including 227 deaths, 296 new‐onset strokes and 445 new‐onset CHD. Occasional drinking (less than once a week) was associated with a reduced 10‐year all‐cause mortality, with an RR of 0.511 (95% CI [0.266, 0.982]) after adjustment for age, gender, medical history, and lifestyles and an RR of 0.50 (95% CI [0.252, 0.993]) in a fully adjusted model including additional biochemical indicators. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption (≥30 g/day for men and ≥15 g/day for women) was significantly associated with an increased incidence of stroke, with an RR of 2.503 (95% CI [1.138, 5.506]) after the adjustment for age, gender, medical history, lifestyles, and biochemical indicators. No significant association was found between alcohol consumption and new‐onset CHD. Conclusions: For patients with abnormal glucose metabolism, occasional drinking (less than once a week) reduces the risk of all‐cause mortality, while heavy alcohol consumption (≥30 g/day for men and ≥15 g/day for women) significantly increases the risk of new‐onset stroke. They should avoid heavy alcohol intake, but light alcohol consumption or occasional drinking is acceptable. Additionally, it is crucial to control blood glucose and blood pressure and keep performing physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With extreme rainfall events and rapid urbanization, urban flood disaster events are increasing dramatically. As a key flood control city in China, Changchun City suffers casualties and economic losses every year due to floods. The improvement of flood resilience has become an important means for cities to resist flood risks. Therefore, this paper constructs an assessment model of urban flood resilience from four aspects: infrastructure, environment, society and economy. Then, it quantifies infrastructure and environmental vulnerability based on GIS, and uses TOPSIS to quantify social and economic recoverability. Finally, based on k-means clustering of infrastructure and environmental vulnerability and social and economic recoverability, the flood resilience of Changchun City was evaluated. The results show that different factors have different effects on flood resilience, and cities with low infrastructure and environmental vulnerability and high socioeconomic recoverability are more resilient in the face of floods. In addition, cities in the same cluster have the same flood resilience characteristics. The proposed framework can be extended to other regions of China or different countries by simply modifying the indicator system according to different regions, providing experience for regional flood mitigation and improving flood resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal parameter drilling has been an effective means to improve drilling efficiency for years now. It is an important theoretical basis to build the rate of penetration (ROP) model and wear model of PDC bits for optimal parameter drilling. However, several authors have focused on the ROP models for PDC bits, only a few researchers have attempted to study PDC bit wear models. Thus, the aim of this research is to establish a quantitative relationship between the PDC cutter wear rate and different influencing factors, and then to determine the overall PDC bit wear model. First, the influence of different factors on the PDC wear rate and the general relationship equation were investigated through a single-variable VTL test. Secondly, a new mathematical model is constructed by fitting multifactor orthogonal experimental data to predict the PDC cutter wear rate by considering the factors of WOB, RPM, rock abrasiveness index and dimensionless cutter wear height. Finally, the PDC bit life model was derived based on the IADC bit dull grade evaluation standard and PDC cutter wear rate equation. And the accuracy of the model was verified by field tests in Changchun, Jilin granite formation, which were drilled with three different PDC bit sizes. The results showed that the PDC bit life obtained by the prediction model was well in agreement with the actual field data obtained in bit records, and the margin of error was within 10%. And the PDC bit life model in this paper has a significant theoretical reference value for PDC bit design and improving drilling efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one crucial component for the latest generation of adaptive optics, tremendous efforts have been put into the development of high performance 20 W class sodium laser guide star laser system. Two such systems, the continuous wave laser by Toptica, and the quasi-continuous pulse laser by TIPC were extensively studied with simulation and field tests. A new type of 20 W class sodium laser, macro–micro pulse laser, is currently being developed by CIOMP. In this paper, we will study its on-sky performance with simulation based on Monte Carlo rate equation method. The predicted coupling efficiency for this laser in the zenith direction in Changchun is 179.73 photons s−1 W−1/(atoms m−2). The variation of coupling efficiency of this type of laser with pointing direction and the effect of D2b repumping are also studied and reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban waterlogging will harm economic development and people's life safety; however, the waterlogging risk zoning map provides the necessary decision support for the management of urban waterlogging, urban development and urban planning. This paper proposes an urban waterlogging risk assessment method that combines multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with a geographic information system (GIS). The framework of urban waterlogging risk assessment includes four main elements: hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and emergency response and recovery capability. Therefore, we selected the urban area of Changchun City, Jilin Province as the study area. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a generally accepted MCDA method, it is used to calculate the weight and generate a result map of hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and emergency responses and recovery capability. Based to the principle of natural disaster risk formation, a total of 18 parameters, including spatial data and attribute data, were collected in this study. The model results are compared with the recorded waterlogging points, and the results show that the model is more reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Off-site construction (OSC) has received increasing attention worldwide, given its advantages over conventional counterparts. However, the performance of OSC's practice has yet to be improved, despite the significant policy effort spent. This paper explores OSC project development strategy optimization from the synergetic perspective of the government and developers. A dynamic Stackelberg game is constructed and, after rigorous theoretical deductions, an example analysis is conducted to determine a proper algorithm for the model's solution. Using Changchun City, China, as an example, the data are collected from policy documents and public web information, and through use of the Delphi method. The optimal development strategies of the local government and developers and the influences of key parameters are then obtained. The synergetic optimization model proposed by this study is conducive to achieving a "win-win" goal of maximizing both developers' economic benefits and the total social benefits. This is a breakthrough in the previous research, contributing to effectively promoting OSC within and beyond the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering the evolution of urban land cover is important for urban management and planning. In this paper, a method for analyzing land cover evolution within urban built-up areas based on nighttime light data and Landsat data is proposed. The method solves the problem of inaccurate descriptions of urban built-up area boundaries from the use of single-source diurnal or nocturnal remote sensing data and was able to achieve an effective analysis of land cover evolution within built-up areas. Four main procedures are involved: (1) The neighborhood extremum method and maximum likelihood method are used to extract nighttime light data and the urban built-up area boundaries from the Landsat data, respectively; (2) multisource urban boundaries are obtained using boundary pixel fusion of the nighttime light data and Landsat urban built-up area boundaries; (3) the maximum likelihood method is used to classify Landsat data within multisource urban boundaries into land cover classes, such as impervious surface, vegetation and water, and to calculate landscape indexes, such as overall landscape trends, degree of fragmentation and degree of aggregation; (4) the changes in the multisource urban boundaries and landscape indexes were obtained using the abovementioned methods, which were supported by multitemporal nighttime light data and Landsat data, to model the urban land cover evolution. Using the cities of Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin in northeastern China as experimental areas, the multitemporal landscape index showed that the integration and aggregation of land cover in the urban areas had an increasing trend, the natural environment of Shenyang and Harbin was improving, while Changchun laid more emphasis on the construction of artificial facilities. At the same time, the method proposed in this paper to extract built-up areas from multi-source city data showed that the user accuracy, production accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are at least 3%, 1%, 1% and 0.04 higher than the single-source data method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work zone on the urban road network will affect the surrounding road traffic. To represent the influence area of the work zone, the concept of a subnetwork is proposed in this paper. Delineating a suitable subnetwork quantitatively is a challenging problem. To address this issue, the node synthesized indexes (NSI) are deployed as a variability measure that captures both the change of link flow and origin-destination (OD) demand. The inertia-based stochastic user equilibrium with the elastic demand (ISUEED) model is proposed to accurately provide the data of link flow and OD demand for the network with the work zone. Correspondingly, the data of the network without a work zone can be obtained by the stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) model. According to the value of NSI, the initial range of the subnetwork is determined. Finally, the connectivity and compactness can be guaranteed by the modified L-shell algorithm. To demonstrate the performance of the method, two case studies and sensitivity analyses are conducted based on the Braess network and the local road network in Changchun, China. The proposed method is beneficial to reduce the complexity of the traffic model by substituting the entire network with a subnetwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Achieve citywide road-network traffic monitoring by using large scale mobile signaling data. • Present an improved HMM map matching algorithm which can accurately infer the real trajectories of users in the road network. • Present an extensive validation study based on large-scale real dataset in Changchun. Road-network traffic monitoring on city-scale is critical for a wide range of applications, such as traffic forecasting, congestion identification, traffic safety, and urban planning, etc. Despite the fruitful research outcomes, however, most traffic monitoring models suffered from limited coverage, data sparsity, and data deviation, which leads to a biased and inaccurate result. With the widespread usage of mobile phones, mobile signaling data is of great value for various fields, especially for monitoring urban traffic. Thousands cell towers are distributed in the urban area, which can serve as ubiquitous sensors. Specifically, a mobile phone will passively generate a mobile signaling record that contains users' spatiotemporal information. When mobile phone users move with their phones, their phones will interact with cell towers and these towers can obtain their mobile signaling records. And these signaling records contain sufficient information for traffic monitoring. However, there also exists excessive noise in signaling records, which makes most monitoring models abandon these data. In this paper, we present the Urban-STM scheme, which utilizes large-scale anonymous and coarse-grained mobile signaling data to infer road-network traffic conditions. We apply our scheme to a real-world signaling dataset in Changchun city and present an extensive validation study based on 2000 taxicabs' GPS trajectories. Experiment results show that our scheme improves traffic monitoring performance in terms of coverage and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation pit engineering has been developing rapidly with the challenges associated with modern urbanization. As a result, deep excavations can now be performed at the heart of coastal metropolises with dense existing structures and adverse soil and hydraulic conditions. On the other hand, foundation engineering is challenged with sustainability and economic viability such that cost-effectiveness is a key factor provided that the robustness and safety requirements are fully satisfied. This paper presents the design of the retaining system for a deep foundation excavation that is located in a second-tier inland city with less crowed existing structures and good soil and hydraulic conditions. This is representative of the current trend of the suburban development of major cities and the development of below first-tier cities, as a response to the saturating of the major cities. Different designs are reviewed for this case in order to strike the balance between structural capability and cost-effectiveness. The analysis indicates that a hybrid solution is particularly suitable for such type of construction. Specifically, results show that the maximum displacement, bending moment, and shear force in the pit can be reduced by over 50%, 40%, and 30%, respectively, by the combination of soil nailing wall and pile anchor compared with a single support solution. And for the combination of non-prestressed anchor bolts and prestressed anchor cables can effectively save the cost while improving the safety factor of foundation pit during excavation. The findings are instructive to similar projects with cost-effectiveness as a major factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network-wide maintenance lacks strong theoretical support and practical cases. However, research on this topic has entered an extensive exploratory stage; for example, new network design methods are being sought, and successful practices from traditional maintenance by line and by profession are being incorporated. This paper proposes a novel set-covering model with the variable coverage radius for the maintenance network of urban rail transit systems in the context of network-wide maintenance. The concepts of network-wide maintenance follow principles that are similar to those of bio-geography-based optimization (BBO), i.e., patterns of migration, variation, and extinction of different populations in different habitats. Therefore, a BBO algorithm is implemented with combinatorial optimization programming. Experiments from Changchun city in China show that the proposed model and algorithm are effective in fulfilling network-wide requirements through a direct tradeoff between the coverage radius and maintenance response time. In addition, the maintenance capacity and variable coverage radius of each maintenance point influence both the maintenance timeliness and resource utilization of maintenance units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shitoukoumen Reservoir is one of main drinking water source areas in Changchun City, and there is a contradiction between the protection and the economic development of water source areas. In this paper, the primary and secondary reserves in drinking water source area of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir are taken as research objects. Based on the theory of ecological compensation, the ecological compensation standard is accounted and determined from different perspectives, and the suggestion of the phased ecological compensation in water source areas is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, urban transit system has become one of the major forces underlying urban pace transformation via changing accessibility of related land parcels, which leads to the changes of land value and land use structure. This paper studied the interaction between land use changes and related transport routes, particular about how different transport routes and road nodes influence the conversion of industrial lands to residential and commercial uses respectively. Taking Changchun, an old industrial city in the rust belt of China as a case of study, we explored and compared the influences of different transport routes and road nodes on industrial land conversion. We found that surrounding the studied transport routes, more industrial lands were replaced by residential lands than by commercial lands. Also, apparent differences exist in the corridor effects of different transport routes (i.e., light rail, expressway and trunk road) and road nodes (i.e., expressway nodes and trunk road nodes) while the industrial lands convert to residential and commercial uses. Our research findings help us to illuminate the interactive relationships between transportation and industrial land conversion in old industrial cities which are undergoing social, economic and the related urban transition in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional full-scan method is commonly used for identifying critical links in road networks. This method simulates each link to be closed iteratively and measures its impact on the efficiency of the whole network. It can accurately identify critical links. However, in this method, traffic assignments are conducted under all scenarios of link disruption, making this process prohibitively time-consuming for large-scale road networks. This paper proposes an approach considering the traffic flow betweenness index (TFBI) to identify critical links, which can significantly reduce the computational burden compared with the traditional full-scan method. The TFBI consists of two parts: traffic flow betweenness and endpoint origin–destination (OD) demand (rerouted travel demand). There is a weight coefficient between these two parts. Traffic flow betweenness is established by considering the shortest travel-time path betweenness, link traffic flow and total OD demand. The proposed approach consists of the following main steps. First, a sample road network is selected to calibrate the weight coefficient between traffic flow betweenness and endpoint OD demand in the TFBI using the network robustness index. This index calculates changes in the whole-system travel time due to each link's closure under the traditional full-scan method. Then, candidate critical links are pre-selected according to the TFBI value of each link. Finally, a given number of real critical links are identified from the candidate critical links using the traditional full-scan method. The applicability and computational efficiency of the TFBI-based approach are demonstrated for the road network in Changchun, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impacts of road network density on motor vehicle travel through traffic flow and network analysis of cities in China from three perspectives: multi-city comparison with traffic flow data, multi-city and multi-period comparisons with structural characteristics. When we examine the correlation between road network density and traffic flow characteristics including the travel time and speed of 35 major cities in China, no correlation exists between them which may result from different network structures, dynamic traffic demands, traffic control plans, driving behaviors, and so on. It inspires us to explore the correlation between road network density and static travel indicators. Then structural characteristic of road networks can be treated as a fixed relatively attribute and becomes the next research emphasis of this work. Comparative analysis results of three current cities (Xiamen, Washington D.C., San Jose) indicate that the average travel distance in different cities with the similar land area will not increase significantly as road network density increases. Results of an analysis of road network evolution of Changchun, China show that the increase of road network density shortens the average road segment length as well as travel distance in general. This impact on average travel distance is also related to evolution periods or modes of urban road networks. These findings provide important empirical support for planners and policymakers to understand the impacts of road network density on transport performance and design more effective urban road networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a bus line with high passenger demand, the stop-skipping operation can benefit both users and operators as well as improve the service level of bus line, but it usually cannot be effectively adopted by operators because of the unordered operation of buses and the discomfort of waiting passenger at stops. Therefore, the stop-skipping operation requires higher reliability for stop serving. This paper proposes a reliable stop-skipping service design with holding strategy by taking into account bus capacity constraints. Under a stop-skipping service, the holding strategy is used to balance the interval of stop serving rather than the headway of buses. Meanwhile, to reflect the actual boarding process of waiting passengers, the number of left-over passengers and the waiting time are calculated during serving time and holding time, respectively. The objective function is to minimize the total costs of bus operation system. Besides, a Genetic Algorithm combined with Monte Carlo Simulation method is defined and implemented to solve the reliability optimization model. Finally, a numerical example based on a bus route in Changchun city is carried out to test the reliability optimization model. Results showed that the reliability optimization strategy can improve the stability of stop service and then save cost of passengers' travel time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the backward trajectory model has been widely used in the research of meteorological and atmospheric environmental quality. This paper presents a comprehensive study on a stepwise clustering analysis algorithm in the clustering process of backward trajectory model and an application of the clustering analysis of single-particle backward trajectory in 2016 in Changchun City. This study starts with an analysis of the original stepwise clustering algorithm and its application to a clustering process of 8784 backward trajectories during 48 h in Changchun City as a benchmark test case. Then, two improvements are made in the algorithm: First, in the process of finding the optimal classification, the algorithm complexity is improved from original O(n3) to O(log(n)*n2) through algorithm improvement. The algorithm performance is enhanced by log(n) times. Second, in the process of re-establishing the classification, the algorithm complexity is improved from the original O(m*n2) to O(m*log(n)*n), that is another algorithm performance improvement by a factor of log(n). Therefore, the accumulative execution efficiency improvement through the algorithm optimization is 2*log(n) times, which has been further verified in the practical application in Changchun City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale rural land appropriation and displacement, driven by the unprecedented urban growth currently experienced in China, has created millions of land-lost peasants who live in the city but remain culturally, socially and institutionally rural. The situation has attracted growing attention in the literature because of its negative social impact, but relatively few studies have addressed how land-lost farmers adapt to urban ways of life and what factors influence their life satisfaction. In this paper, we investigate the predictors of livelihood adaptation and life satisfaction of land-lost farmers from a land appropriation case in the city of Changchun, Northeast China. The results show that, five years after the appropriation, livelihood adaptation remained very difficult and life satisfaction was poor among the resettlers. Furthermore, marginalised groups, such as those who were older, less educated and from smaller families, and those with lower pre-displacement income were less likely to have a higher income level after resettlement, resulting in a lower level of life satisfaction. Women also had lower life satisfaction than men. The study highlights an urgent need to improve China's unjust land appropriation policy with a particular focus on attending to the needs of marginalised groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MT·G-Joint (grouted mortise-tenon joint), invented as the connection between the large prefabricated elements, is the most important component in the prefabricated underground structures. Its shear performance is critical to the overall mechanical performance of the prefabricated structure. This paper carries out four-point pure shear experiment to investigate the shear performance of the MT·G-Joint. The shear key method is then proved to be suitable for MT·G-Joint when the axial load is 0 kN based on the experimental results. In addition, combining the shear key method and experimental results, the calculation method of the shear capacity, improved shear key method (ISKM), is proposed on account of the mechanical model of the failure plane. ISKM is appropriate for different load conditions. Finally, every kind of joints used in the prefabricated metro station structures on Changchun Metro Line 2 is calculated by using ISKM. The results indicate that the shear capacity of the MT·G-Joint is good, and the used joints still have large safety margin even under the worst working condition. The findings of this study are of value to help researchers and engineers more effectively design prefabricated underground structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Whole-process monitoring of prefabricated station was conducted for the first time. • Mechanical behavior and deformation of the joint were discussed. • Performance of the grouted mortise-tenon joints was analysed in different stages. • The monitoring and numerical calculation results have been compared. • Offer available reference for prefabricated station design in actual application. Changchun Metro Line 2 implemented the whole-process monitoring and measurement of prefabricated metro station for the first time. This paper analyzes the mechanical behavior and deformation of the joints of vault and arch springing, which bear high bending moments, in order to study the mechanical properties of these joints, which play a key role in the bearing capacity of prefabricated structure. In addition, it also discusses the trend of the joint stress, relative deformation and relative rotation angle as it changes with the construction process and after opening for traffic. Furthermore, it analyzes the performance of the joints in different construction stages, and compares it with the numerical calculation results based on the long-term in-situ monitoring and survey data carried out at the prefabricated station of Changchun Metro during the whole construction period. As indicated by the result, at the beginning of the assembly and arching into a ring of the components at the top, the structure undergoes a self-adaptation period, where the joints are subject to heavy stress and deformation. After backfilling and water level recovery, the joints are subject to increased axial force and reduced stress and deformation, resulting in a positive effect on the bearing capacity of the joints. The overall change range in joint stress is rather small. During the construction period, the two tenons of double-tenon joint of vault bear external force by mutual engagement, which are subject to two types of stresses, namely, tensile stress and compressive stress. The concave-convex tenon of single-tenon joint at the arch springing is markedly engaged with each other, with the tenon subject to a bending effect. The test results are relatively stable, and the overall deformation at the joint of vault and arch springing is relatively small, with sufficient safety margin from the end of construction disturbance through the operation stage till today. The research results demonstrate great practical guiding significance for the joint and structure design of prefabricated metro station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the earth pressure and the deformation behavior of the double-row piles in foundation excavation, a large-scale physical model test was introduced to simulate deformation of double-row piles in foundation excavation based on the principle of similarity theory in this paper. Represented by the deep foundation pit engineering of Changchun, the strain and the displacement of the double-row piles and the earth pressure are calculated by the above-mentioned physical model test. Then a numerical simulation has been carried out to validate practicability of the physical model test. The results show that the strain and the displacement of the front-row piles are larger than the back-row piles. The earth pressure of the front-row piles appears to be “right convex,” correcting the specification of the earth pressure and putting forward the coefficient of β. The results in this paper may provide constructive reference for practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobile phone data have become crucial in behavioral analysis to detect habits of human mobility and reveal rules of behaviors. Previously, questionnaires were often used to identify urban functional areas, with vast labor and poor timeliness. To address the issue, this paper applies data-driven behavioral analysis to identify functional areas for governments to construct urban design, offer site selection and manage transportation. Moreover, data-driven behavioral analysis can also be applied in student behaviors to help schools adjust facility arrangements, develop learning efficiency and provide high-quality services. Therefore, based on mobile phone data in Changchun, this paper utilizes a two-stage clustering method combining human mobility to identify urban functional areas, including business, working, residential and low passenger-flow areas. The interesting finding is that local prosperity in Changchun is prominent and the proportion of low passenger-flow areas can reflect the development level. Furthermore, this paper compares student behaviors in three schools, which shows each school varies in distribution features of students. Experiments provide enlightening insights to reveal the spatial structure of cities and comprehend the living state of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to Western countries, China's provision of affordable housing mainly focuses on supply-side subsidies. In China, the provision of affordable housing highly depends on local governments' impetus. While this, on one hand, ensures the stable provision of such housing, on the other hand, the model is disadvantageous since local governments have great discretionary power in the construction of affordable housing. Driven by economic interests, local governments often construct high-capacity affordable housing communities in remote locations, thus potentially distorting the ambitious aims and principles of China's affordable housing scheme. The empirical findings of this paper confirm that this particular spatial distribution of affordable housing has negatively affected the social interactions and life chances of its users. The key reasons behind these negative effects were found to be primarily economic motivations of local governments to construct such housing, including reducing their losses in land finance, maintaining high housing prices in central areas, pushing the price of urban land, and promoting urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the interactive relationship between the agglomeration of urban elements and the evolution of eco-environmental pressure. We build an index system for evaluating the agglomeration of urban elements and eco-environmental pressure. Using the entropy method and response intensity model, we analyze how urban elements agglomeration influenced eco-environmental pressure in Changchun from 1990 to 2012, eliciting the changing features and influential factors. Ultimately, we conclude there is a significant interactive relationship between the agglomeration of urban elements and the evolution of eco-environmental pressure in Changchun. This is inferred from the degree of this agglomeration in Changchun having increased since 1990, with the degree of eco-environmental pressure first decreasing and then increasing. Alongside this, the impact of urban elements agglomeration on eco-environmental pressure has changed from negative to positive. The main reasons behind this shift are arguably the rapid growth of urban investment and ongoing urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the energy shortage and environmental pollution, the development and utilization of biomass energy has aroused increasing attention all over the world. The crop straw cogeneration (CSC) of heat and power is an efficient renewable energy utilization technology in rural area, which is a practical solution to energy saving and pollution control. Circular economy, characterized by resource conservation, recycling and environment harmony, greatly enriches the connotation of energy projects, which is of guidance implications for the development of CSC. In this paper, the CSC project site selection is conducted under the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework from the perspective of circular economy. A complete criteria system considering the sustainability indicators is established to reflect the characteristics of CSC projects for the first time. Furthermore, due to the complexity and the lack of ready-made experience in the CSC site selection, the intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) are improved and applied by creating a novel IFSs distance formula to provide clear expression for the hesitation degrees of the experts. Finally, taking Changchun City, Jilin Province as an example, the improved TOmada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio (TODIM) method is applied to obtain the optimal location. A 2 (Nongan) is the best choice among the four given alternatives, and comparative analysis shows that the improved TODIM method is better than the other methods. This study improves the application of intuitionistic fuzzy sets in site selection of energy projects and brings new insight for the decision-making from the perspective from circular economy. [Display omitted] • A criteria system is established from the circular economy perspective. • A new formula based on membership, non-membership and hesitation is defined. • A site selection framework is proposed based on the improved TODIM method. • Economic factors and social needs are dominant for CSC site selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has clearly put forward the strategic goals of reaching the "Carbon Emission Peak" by 2030, and achieving "Carbon Neutrality" by 2060. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to precisely understand the spatial distribution characteristics of historical carbon emissions in different regions. This paper has selected a representative national-level urban agglomeration in China, the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration, to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in its counties. This paper has constructed global and local Moran's I indexes for the 103 counties in this urban agglomeration by using the carbon emission values reflected by night light data from 1997 to 2017 to perform global and local autocorrelation analysis on a spatial level. The results show that: (1) the main characteristic of carbon emission clustering in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration is similar clustering; (2) the changes in carbon emissions of the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration have a strong correlation with relevant policies. For example, due to the impact of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" policies, in 2013, the global county-level Moran's I index of the carbon emissions in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration decreased by 0.0598; (3) the areas where high carbon emission values cluster together ("High–High Cluster") and low carbon emission values cluster together ("Low–Low Cluster") in the Harbin–Changchun urban agglomeration are highly concentrated, and the clusters are closely related to the development level of different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new prefabrication technology for constructing metro station is proposed. • Six prefabricated metro stations on Changchun Metro in China have been constructed. • Comprehensive introduction to the contributions of this new prefabrication technology. • The mechanical properties of the joints are discussed and analysed. • The technical, economic, and social benefits achieved using this technology are discussed. Serious social and environmental issues associated with large-scale metro construction such as long construction periods, considerable environmental effects, large resources consumption, and labour force shortage were overcome using fully prefabricated technology for the construction of metro station structures; this technology was first researched and developed in Changchun, China. Thus far, six prefabricated metro stations on Changchun Metro in China have been constructed using this new technology, and it is expected to be applied and to gain popularity in other cities. This paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the main research and contributions of this new prefabrication technology. The paper covers mechanical properties of the newly developed "grouted mortise-tenon joint", the first static and dynamic research on the mechanical behaviour of prefabricated structure system, mechanical characteristics of the newly proposed lightweight closed-cavity thin-walled components, and waterproofing technology of prefabricated structures. Further, the paper also discusses the application of these research achievements. In addition, the technical, economic, and social benefits achieved using this technology are examined. The research and development of this technology for constructing metro stations is of great significance in promoting prefabricated technology in the field of underground structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the location pattern of various retail stores in Changchun, China. The centrographic method, the nearest neighbor index and the proximity to CBD are used to provide some baseline analyses of their spatial distributions. Major findings are derived from the street centrality indices measured in terms of a node's closeness, betweenness and straightness on the road network. The kernel density estimation (KDE) converts both store locations and centrality values at nodes to one unit (raster pixel) for correlation analysis. Results indicate that street centrality captures location advantage in a city and plays a crucial role in shaping the intraurban variation of commercial land use intensity. Specifically, specialty stores value various centralities most, followed by department stores, supermarkets, consumer product stores, furniture stores, and construction material stores. Among the stores with correlation coefficients above 0.5, specialty stores favor closeness most, department stores and supermarkets prefer betweenness, and consumer product stores value straightness most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nighttime lights (NTL) create a unique footprint left by human activities, which can reflect the economic index and demographic characteristics of a country or region to some extent. It is of great significance to explore the impact of land features related to social–economic indexes to NTL intensity in urban areas. At present, there are few studies on the impact factors of high-resolution NTL remote sensing data to analyze the influence of NTL intensity variation at a fine scale. In this paper, taking Changchun, China as a case study, we selected the new generation of high spatial resolution (0.92 m) and multispectral bands NTL image JL1-3B data to evaluate the relationship between NTL intensity and related land features such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land use types and point of information (POI) at the parcel level, and combined Luojia 1-01 images for comparative analysis. After screening features by the Gini index, 17 variables were selected to establish the best random forest (RF) regression model for the Luojia 1-01 and JL1-3B data, corresponding to out-of-bag (oob) scores of 0.8304 and 0.9054, respectively. The impact of features on NTL was determined by calculating the features contribution. It was found that JL1-3B data perform better on a finer scale and provide more information. In addition, JL1-3B data are less affected by light overflow effect and saturation, and they could provide more accurate information at smaller parcels. Through the impact analysis of land features on the two kinds of NTL data, it is proven that JL1-3B images can be used to study effectively the relationship between NTL and human activities information. This paper aims to establish a regression model between the radiance of two types of NTL data and land features by RF algorithm, to further excavate the main land features that impact radiance according to the feature contribution, and compare the performance of two types of NTL data in regression. The study is expected to provide a reference to the further application of NTL data such as land feature inversion, artificial surface monitoring and evaluation, geographic information point estimation, information mining, etc., and a more comprehensive cognition of land feature impact to urban social–economic indexes from a unique perspective, which can be used to assist urban planning and related decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new integrated HST-GSHP system for solving soil thermal imbalance was proposed. • Optimal operating periods of the HST-GSHP system in different cities were determined. • The HST-GSHP system can be used in Mohe and Changchun effectively, but not in Lanzhou. • The HST-GSHP system is more energy-saving than Boiler-AC and AHC-GSHP system. Heat source tower (HST) can absorb and transfer the total heat of air into soil through borehole heat exchanger (BHE) in summer, which is a potential and effective method to eliminate soil thermal imbalance of ground source heat pump (GSHP) in cold regions. In this paper, a new integrated system of HST and GSHP (HST-GSHP system) and its operating modes were proposed for soil heat storage in non heating season. Based on modeling and calculation, soil heat storage performance, operating strategy and economy analysis of the HST-GSHP system were studied. The results show that the soil heat storage of the system is concentrated in the middle of non heating season, and only from HST-BHE mode in Mohe and mainly from HST-BHE&GSHP mode in Changchun and Lanzhou. The air energy absorbed by HST accounts for 100%, 59.7% and 33.2% of the total soil heat storage in Mohe, Changchun and Lanzhou respectively. The optimal operating periods of the system are from May 30 to September 4 in Mohe and from May 30 to September 11 in Changchun, and from May 29 to June 5, from June 21 to September 4 in Lanzhou. The HST can be used for soil heat storage in Mohe and Changchun effectively, while indirect heat exchanger is more suitable for soil heat storage in Lanzhou and the optimal operating periods are from April 28 to May 4 and from May 8 to September 10. Compared with the boiler and split air conditioner system and air source heat compensator integrated with GSHP system, the energy-saving rate of the HST-GSHP system is 47.6% and 31.2% respectively and the HST-GSHP system is more economical in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four conventional control strategies are evaluated in different climate zones. • The condensation risk is higher in the HSCW and HSWW zones. • Multi criteria decision-making is used to evaluate the four control strategies. • A natural cold source substantially increases the application potential of the system. The application potential of radiant floor cooling systems is affected by climatic conditions. The meteorological parameters of 22 cities in five climatic zones in China (severe cold (SC), cold, hot summer and cold winter (HSCW), hot summer and warm winter (HSWW), and temperate) are analyzed to evaluate the applicability of four conventional control strategies of radiant floor cooling system in office buildings. The control strategies are modeled in the Transient System Simulation Program (TRNSYS), and the indoor thermal comfort, condensation risk, energy consumption, and carbon emissions are analyzed. Multi criteria decision-making is used to evaluate the radiant floor system. The results show that the control strategy with direct ground cooling produces the highest energy savings in the five climate zones. The energy savings are 25–66 % higher than those of the three control strategies using a heat pump as a cold source. Under the same indoor environment conditions, the three-step control strategy provides the optimum indoor temperature and humidity control. The number of hours when the three-step control strategy exceeds the thermal comfort zone is 5 % in 22 cities, and the number of hours with condensation risk is only 3%. The variable water supply temperature control and precooling control have better performance than the other strategies in the SC, cold, and temperate zones. In addition, the control strategies are ranked based on their application potential in 22 cities. The application potential of the radiant floor cooling system with a direct ground cooling source is the highest in the five climate zones in the two scenarios with equal weights of the four criteria and is preferable due to less carbon emissions. When the condensation risk is considered, the radiant floor cooling system with a direct ground cooling source exhibits better performance in the SC and cold zones. The variable water supply temperature control is the optimum strategy in the HSCW, HSWW, and temperate zones. The precooling control strategy ranks the highest in Changchun and Guiyang, and the three-step control strategy performs the best in Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The prevalence of IA alone, mood symptoms alone and their comorbidity in high school students was 7.0%, 27.0%, 13.6%, respectively. • Adolescents exposed to more correlates would have high risk of IA, mood symptoms and their comorbidity. • IA frequently co-occurred with mood symptoms among adolescents. • To identify and intervene the co-occurrence of IA and mood symptoms is necessary. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of comorbid Internet addiction (IA) and mood symptoms and to identify common and unique risk profiles for individual and comorbid mental health problems among adolescents. A total of 2272 high school students in Changchun, China, were included in a cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to complete paper-based questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, Internet use, parent-child relationships, IA, and mood symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to compare the risk profiles for IA, mood symptoms, and their comorbidity. The Bonferroni correction was used for multiple tests. Students who were girls, were current smokers, had more than 1.5 h sleep deprivation per day on weekdays, used the Internet for more than 30 and 240 min per day on weekdays and weekends, respectively, used social networking sites more than 6 times per day, were Internet gamers, and/or reported poor parent-child relationships reported higher rates of comorbid IA and mood symptoms. Adolescents exposed to more of these correlates would have a higher risk of IA, mood symptoms, and their comorbidity. Public strategies for the prevention of mental illnesses should expand their capacity to identify and limit the co-occurrence of IA and mood symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful launch of the Landsat 8 satellite provides important data for the monitoring of urban heat island effects. Since the Landsat 8 TIRS data has two thermal infrared bands, it is suitable for many algorithms to retrieve the land surface temperature (LST). However, the selection of algorithms for retrieving the LST, the acquisition of algorithm input parameters, and the verification of the results are problems without obvious solutions. Taking Changchun City as an example, this paper used the mono-window algorithm (MWA), the split window algorithm (SWA), and the single-channel (SC) method to extract the LST from the Landsat 8 image and compared the three algorithms in terms of input parameters, accuracy, and sensitivity. The results show that all three algorithms can achieve good results in retrieving the LST. The SWA is the least sensitive to the error of the input parameters. The MWA and the SC method are sensitive to the error of the input parameters, and compared with the error of the LSE, these two algorithms are more sensitive to the error of atmospheric water vapor content. In addition, the MWA is also very sensitive to the error of the effective mean atmospheric temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new prefabricated subway station construction technology. • The first large-scale shaking table test of fully prefabricated subway station structure in China. • Adopting a new type of high precision non-contact laser displacement measuring system in shaking table test. • A new fiber grating surface mount strain measurement system is used in the shaking table test. • The seismic damage mechanism of prefabricated subway station is proposed. This paper is based on the research and development of the first fully prefabricated subway station in Changchun as the engineering background. Through the first large-scale shaking table test of a fully prefabricated subway station structure in China, the macroscopic phenomena of the model system in an actual earthquake occurrence were qualitatively reproduced. Based on the macroscopic phenomena of video surveillance, the seismic responses of the model structure were graded and evaluated. The analysis showed that under the same earthquake action, the seismic responses of the lower layer of the station were stronger than those of the upper layer, the Beijing wave was the strongest, the Taft wave was the second strongest, and the Mingshan wave was the weakest. The acceleration and lateral displacement of the model foundation and the acceleration, structural strain, joint deformation and soil pressure of the model structure were tested and analysed. The results showed that the closer the main frequency of seismic wave was to the main frequency of the model system, the more intense the seismic response was. With an increase in seismic intensity, obvious phenomena of low-frequency amplification and high-frequency filtering occurred. Shear deformation occurred laterally in the model foundation, and the peak displacement appeared obviously asymmetrical in the process of left and right lateral displacement. The existence of the underground structure obviously changed the propagation law of the seismic wave in the model foundation, and the closer the structure was, the more significant the difference was. The strength of the mortise-groove joint was better than that of the prefabricated component, which showed excellent integrity and mechanical properties. The model station structure had excellent cooperative work and deformation resistance properties. When rare earthquake loading occurs, the vault would gradually degenerate into a three-hinged arch mechanism and maintain a relatively stable state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]