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k nearest neighbor (k NN) is a simple and widely used classifier; it can achieve comparable performance with more complex classifiers including decision tree and artificial neural network. Therefore, k NN has been listed as one of the top 10 algorithms in machine learning and data mining. On the other hand, in many classification problems, such as medical diagnosis and intrusion detection, the collected training sets are usually class imbalanced. In class imbalanced data, although positive examples are heavily outnumbered by negative ones, positive examples usually carry more meaningful information and are more important than negative examples. Similar to other classical classifiers, k NN is also proposed under the assumption that the training set has approximately balanced class distribution, leading to its unsatisfactory performance on imbalanced data. In addition, under a class imbalanced scenario, the global resampling strategies that are suitable to decision tree and artificial neural network often do not work well for k NN, which is a local information-oriented classifier. To solve this problem, researchers have conducted many works for k NN over the past decade. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of these works according to their different perspectives and analyzes and compares their characteristics. At last, several future directions are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an approach to machine learning involving the use of a hybrid method in Neural ODE. The authors consider a way of the Neural ODE application with an embedded hybrid method for intelligent manipulator control in a non-deterministic environment. To reduce computational resources, the number of layers of the neural network using ODE is reduced, the solution of which is carried out by a hybrid transformation method. The hybrid method includes normalizing the system, linear transformation, and polynomial transformation. Using the hybrid method in Neural ODE can increase the learning and computation speed. The transformation method has high accuracy with low computational complexity of the algorithm. As a result of applying the hybrid method, the original nonlinear system is transformed to a simpler form. To solve the simplified transformed system, the scheme of the numerical Runge-Kutta method of the third order with an adaptive step is used. The results of the computational experiment show an increase in the speed and accuracy of the calculation. The presented approach to implementing the hybrid method in Neural ODE allows faster training of the neural network of the world model on limited data obtained from the real environment. After training on the data generated by the model of the world, a robotic arm always successfully reaches the object during subsequent interaction with the real environment. This solves the problem of the limited ability of the agent to interact when learning with the real environment in robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial tool in healthcare with the primary aim of improving patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery. By harnessing machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and computer vision, AI enables the analysis of complex medical data. The integration of AI into healthcare systems aims to support clinicians, personalize patient care, and enhance population health, all while addressing the challenges posed by rising costs and limited resources. As a subdivision of computer science, AI focuses on the development of advanced algorithms capable of performing complex tasks that were once reliant on human intelligence. The ultimate goal is to achieve human-level performance with improved efficiency and accuracy in problem-solving and task execution, thereby reducing the need for human intervention. Various industries, including engineering, media/entertainment, finance, and education, have already reaped significant benefits by incorporating AI systems into their operations. Notably, the healthcare sector has witnessed rapid growth in the utilization of AI technology. Nevertheless, there remains untapped potential for AI to truly revolutionize the industry. It is important to note that despite concerns about job displacement, AI in healthcare should not be viewed as a threat to human workers. Instead, AI systems are designed to augment and support healthcare professionals, freeing up their time to focus on more complex and critical tasks. By automating routine and repetitive tasks, AI can alleviate the burden on healthcare professionals, allowing them to dedicate more attention to patient care and meaningful interactions. However, legal and ethical challenges must be addressed when embracing AI technology in medicine, alongside comprehensive public education to ensure widespread acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a proposed algorithm that dynamically changes the neural network structure is presented. The structure is changed based on some features in the cascade correlation algorithm. Cascade correlation is an important algorithm that is used to solve the actual problem by artificial neural networks as a new architecture and supervised learning algorithm. This process optimizes the architectures of the network which intends to accelerate the learning process and produce better performance in generalization. Many researchers have to date proposed several growing algorithms to optimize the feedforward neural network architectures. The proposed algorithm has been tested on various medical data sets. The results prove that the proposed algorithm is a better method to evaluate the accuracy and flexibility resulting from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This work successfully employs a novel approach in processing patient and drug data to predict the drug response for cancer patients. The approach uses a deep quantum computing circuit as part of a machine learning architecture to simultaneously consider the cell line and the chemical and predict its effect. The resultant hybrid quantum architecture predicted the drug response with 15% better effectiveness than its classical counterpart. This result presents a step towards designing personalized drugs using the abilities of quantum computers. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is caused by various genetic mutations, which makes every instance of the disease unique. Since chemotherapy can have extremely severe side effects, each patient requires a personalized treatment plan. Finding the dosages that maximize the beneficial effects of the drugs and minimize their adverse side effects is vital. Deep neural networks automate and improve drug selection. However, they require a lot of data to be trained on. Therefore, there is a need for machine-learning approaches that require less data. Hybrid quantum neural networks were shown to provide a potential advantage in problems where training data availability is limited. We propose a novel hybrid quantum neural network for drug response prediction based on a combination of convolutional, graph convolutional, and deep quantum neural layers of 8 qubits with 363 layers. We test our model on the reduced Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer dataset and show that the hybrid quantum model outperforms its classical analog by 15% in predicting IC 50 drug effectiveness values. The proposed hybrid quantum machine learning model is a step towards deep quantum data-efficient algorithms with thousands of quantum gates for solving problems in personalized medicine, where data collection is a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the last 40 years, actigraphy or wearable accelerometry has provided an objective, low-burden and ecologically valid approach to assess real-world sleep and circadian patterns, contributing valuable data to epidemiological and clinical insights on sleep and sleep disorders. The proper use of wearable technology in sleep research requires validated algorithms that can derive sleep outcomes from the sensor data. Since the publication of the first automated scoring algorithm by Webster in 1982, a variety of sleep algorithms have been developed and contributed to sleep research, including many recent ones that leverage machine learning and / or deep learning approaches. However, it remains unclear how these algorithms compare to each other on the same data set and if these modern data science approaches improve the analytical validity of sleep outcomes based on wrist-worn acceleration data. This work provides a systematic evaluation across 8 state-of-the-art sleep algorithms on a common sleep data set with polysomnography (PSG) as ground truth. Despite the inclusion of recently published complex algorithms, simple regression-based and heuristic algorithms demonstrated slightly superior performance in sleep-wake classification and sleep outcome estimation. The performance of complex machine learning and deep learning models seem to suffer from poor generalization. This independent and systematic analytical validation of sleep algorithms provides key evidence on the use of wearable digital health technologies for sleep research and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, many real applications comprise data-sets where the distribution of the classes is significantly different. These data-sets are commonly known as imbalanced data-sets. Traditional classifiers are not able to deal with these kinds of data-sets because they tend to classify only majority classes, obtaining poor results for minority classes. The approaches that have been proposed to address this problem can be categorized into three types: resampling methods, algorithmic adaptations and cost sensitive techniques. Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs), artificial neural networks composed of local models or RBFs, have demonstrated their efficiency in different machine learning areas. Centers, widths and output weights for the RBFs must be determined when designing RBFNs. Taking into account the locally tuned response of RBFs, the objective of this paper is to study the influence of global and local paradigms on the weights training phase, within the RBFNs design methodology, for imbalanced data-sets. Least Mean Square and the Singular Value Decomposition have been chosen as representatives of local and global weights training paradigms respectively. These learning algorithms are inserted into classical RBFN design methods that are run on imbalanced data-sets and also on these data-sets preprocessed with re-balance techniques. After applying statistical tests to the results obtained, some guidelines about the RBFN design methodology for imbalanced data-sets are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and support vector machine (SVM), two popular learning machines, are increasingly being used as alternatives to classical statistical models for ground-level ozone prediction. However, employing learning machines without sufficient awareness about their limitations can lead to unsatisfactory results in modeling the ozone evolving mechanism, especially during ozone formation episodes. With the spirit of literature review and justification, this paper discusses, with respect to the concerning of ozone prediction, the recently developed algorithms/technologies for treating the most prominent model-performance-degradation limitations. MLP has the “black-box” property, i.e., it hardly provides physical explanation for the trained model, overfitting and local minima problems, and SVM has parameters identification and class imbalance problems. This commentary article aims to stress that the underlying philosophy of using learning machines is by no means as trivial as simply fitting models to the data because it causes difficulties, controversies or unresolved problems. This article also aims to serve as a reference point for further technical readings for experts in relevant fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]