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The periods of warming and cooling of the weather on Earth followed one another with great irregularity and caused significant variations in air temperature but allowed the existence of life and especially of the human species. In this paper we have analysed the variation of air temperature in Oltenia in the period 1961-2021. A number of our other works have analysed the variability of the climate in this part of Romania. After the warm period of 1945-1955, a gradual cooling of the weather followed in summers and during the period 1966-1984 (for 20 years). In summers, no thermal maximum of ≥40°C was registered. The period 2000-2021 (22 years) was the warmest of all the meteorological observations in Oltenia and many annual, monthly and daily climate records were surpassed. At the same time, during the analysed interval, the melting rate of the ice in the polar areas intensified a lot and exceptional thermal maxima were registered. The heat waves during the summers were more and more intense, more frequent and longer in duration. The paper is useful to all those interested in climate variability in Oltenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danube River has a large hydrographical basin, being the second largest river in Europe. The main channel flows through seven European countries with many species of fish inhabiting it. In this review we focused on the invasive species silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), which plays an important ecological and economic role in its original habitat, but since introduced in Europe's rivers, the species has posed a serious ecological risk under global warming. In this review paper, we gathered data regarding silver carp, such as when and how it entered the Danube Delta and the water temperature suitable for its growth and reproduction, mainly in the context of global warming, as well as the nature of nutrition and the ecological risk the species poses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to analyze the variability of spring phenophases in the apple species, the 'GoldRush' cultivar to analyze the risk of spring frost for apple production in Stăneti area of Arge County (45°13'44N, 24°50'9E, altitude 540m), Romania, and the role of phenological acclimatization. The timing of phenological stages is made according to the definitions of the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and CHemical industry (BBCH). Based on Julian day number, on average for 4 years, the phenophases occurred from the 85.54 day of year, marked by "beginning of leaf bud swelling/inflorescence bud swelling" (BBCH 01/51), until 1the 23.36 day of year for phenophase "end of flowering" (BBCH 69). Analyzing the data obtained, they allowed us to assess the temporal trends of development of budding and flowering phenophases and the trends of risks in the light of global warming. The research will be continued in order to analyze a longer period of time and to analyze different cultivars, in order to achieve sustainable and competitive fruit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The summer of 2022, in southwest Romania, as in Romania and on the European continent, was particularly hot, marked by a progressive weather warming starting from the very last month of spring - May. According to the Hellmann criterion, June was warm (CL) with a monthly mean of 22.06°C and a deviation from normal of 2.65°C. July was warm (C) with a monthly average, for the entire Oltenia region, of 23.96°C and a deviation from normal of 2.45°C. August was warm (C) with a monthly mean of 23.59°C and a deviation from normal of 2.5°C. Summer was hot (C) with a seasonal mean of 23.2°C and a deviation from normal of 2.5°C. The heat waves had the temporal extension of 51.1% of the summer days, and after the 7.VIII a rainy period followed. The entire continent of Europe was affected by the drought and then by the rainy season. The paper analyses the climatic evolution of this summer, which was the third warmest in the history of the climate in Oltenia, and is useful to all those interested in the climate of south-western Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature is one of the most important parameters related to global warming. It depends mainly on soil type, discontinuous vegetation cover, or lack of precipitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between high LST, synoptic conditions and air masses trajectories, vegetation cover, and soil type in one of the driest region in Romania. In order to calculate the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index, five satellite images of LANDSAT missions 5 and 7, covering a period of 26 years (1986-2011), were selected, all of them collected in the month of June. The areas with low vegetation density were derived from normalized difference vegetation index, while soil types have been extracted from Corine Land Cover database. HYSPLIT application was employed to identify the air masses origin based on their backward trajectories for each of the five study cases. Pearson, logarithmic, and quadratic correlations were used to detect the relationships between land surface temperature and observed ground temperatures, as well as between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. The most important findings are: strong correlation between land surface temperature derived from satellite images and maximum ground temperature recorded in a weather station located in the area, as well as between areas with land surface temperature equal to or higher than 40.0 °C and those with lack of vegetation; the sandy soils are the most prone to high land surface temperature and lack of vegetation, followed by the chernozems and brown soils; extremely severe drought events may occur in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preliminary determination of the article is to investigate the effects of pollution and climate change. In this regard, the authors want to highlight that this real and critical issue must take seriously because each of us contributes to pollution and climate change, which is very real, and which will be aggravated by not taking action. Global warming currently involves two major problems for humanity: on the one hand, the need to dramatically diminish greenhouse gas emissions to stabilize the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere to prevent anthropogenic influence on the climate system and enable ecosystems, contrastingly the need to accommodate to the consequence of climate change, given that these effects are already visible and inevitable due to the activity of the climate system, regardless of the outcome of emission reduction actions. The main problem with pollution is air quality, which has fallen considerably, especially in urban areas. The" World Health Organization" approximates, more than seven million people die each year from air pollution. The authors also conducted a case study on the local effects of climate change - Timișoara and its peri-urban area. Therefore, we concluded that if Timișoara is successful in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, this will create a test market for Romania's ecological technologies and help the environmental industries to locate in Timișoara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On December 12, 2015, 196 countries signed the Paris Agreement, including Germany and also Romania which has the purpose to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1,5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. To achieve this goal, countries aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century. One of the goals is to encourage states with a low level of development, to grow economicaly from green power or green hydrogen, like will show in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of the global warming, knowing the impact on different economic sectors can be achieved by analyzing the climate variability in both short and long term. The agricultural production is closely linked to shortterm climate variability at the year level. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the temperature and precipitation regime of the year 2019, for the Southern-Western Development Region of Oltenia, in relation to the bio-climatic requirements of the maize. The year 2019, in Romania, is the warmest year from 1900 to present, according to the National Meteorological Administration (NMA). The analysis of the thermic and precipitation resources will be performed based on the meteorological-climatic data from 15 meteorological stations belonging to the National Meteorological Administration. There will be used statistical methods and GIS techniques, complemented by using the Hellmann classification for establishing the types of the thermic and precipitation weather type of the year 2019. According to this classification, the year 2019 in the study area, was a warm and normally rainy year on average. Based on these variations of the temperature and precipitation regime, at the level of the study area, there was an average production per hectare of grain maize of 5,707 kg/ha, with 1,647 kg/ha less than in 2018, which was considered a record production year from 2000 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather changes significantly affect people's lives. Climatic data recorded so far indicates a progressive warming of the weather. Agriculture is one of the most affected branches due to its dependence on the evolution of the weather throughout the entire plants growing season. Agroecology can be one of the correct and concrete answers to the challenge of climate change, as this type of agriculture respects the natural balance of Earth, reducing human impact as much as possible. The current research presents the situation of agroecology in our country, as well as the evolution of organically grown crops areas. Although over the last 10 years, in Romania, the trend has fluctuated slightly with both decreases and increases, starting with 2017 the evolution of organic cultivated areas follow a positive trend. Organic farming follows the same positive trend in European Union and also worldwide. As concerns the types of organic crops grown in Romania in 2019 the largest area is occupied by cereals (32.09%), followed by permanent crops of meadows and hayfields (29.2%), then by industrial crops (19.82%). The smallest ratios of organically cultivated areas are represented by tuberous and root plants, as well as vegetables. Wheat is the most widespread crop, followed by maize, sunflower and barley. Other organic crops in our country, but cultivated on smaller areas, are rye, triticale, oats, rice, soybeans, potatoes and sugar beets. The increase of the surfaces on which the agroecology extends corresponds to the necessity of the humanity to return to the natural state, just how agriculture was from its beginnings, in order to slow down the climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the spatio-temporal patterns of rockfalls, such as the zonation of hazards and the assessment of associated risks, can be challenging due to poor historical archives. Dendrogeomorphological methods cover this lack of data and provide reliable reconstructions of rockfall activities over several centuries. These methods are based on the signals recorded in the tree rings that are affected by the mechanical impact of falling rock fragments. In this study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of rockfalls in a 0.19 ha forest area in the Southern Carpathians. We collected 170 samples (100 increment cores and 70 stem discs) from all 40 Picea abies (L.) Karst trees identified in the study area (1 tree/47 m2). This allowed us to date 945 events between 1817 and 2021, which we then compared with available weather records. Our results show the main trajectory of falling rock fragments from the source area, as well as significant temporal variations in process activity. These variations correlate only slightly with fluctuations in meteorological parameters. Despite the expected intensification of natural hazards due to climate warming, our study area shows a general trend towards a slight decrease in rockfall activity at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents 22 indicators used to highlight the actual global warming trends. The indicators are the outputs of a detailed research activities performed by scientists from all over the world. These 22 indicators were divided into eight separate categories: atmosphere and climate; glaciers, snow and ice; marine systems; terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity; water; agriculture; economy; human health. Some specific mountain area aspects are relieved with Mountain Low in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desertification is a complex phenomenon, due to natural and anthropogenic causes, on vulnerable ecosystems in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-areas. The paper presents aspects of desertification, as a phenomenon of scale, at a global level, at the level of Romania, at the level of Oltenia and at the level of Gorj county. At the level of our country, the 11 counties in which global warming and drought will be ravaged in the following years are Timis, Mehedinti, Dolj, Olt, Teleorman, Giurgiu, Calarasi, Ialomita, Giurgiu, Galati and Vaslui, temperature increase and decrease the amount of rainfall being the main factors causing the desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is an unanimously accepted phenomenon by the international scientific community, being already highlighted by the analysis of observational data over long periods of time, with an increase in temperature of over 1 °C. Climate change in Romania is part of the global context, taking into account the regional conditions, with an increasing trend of arid summer. While the link between high temperatures, climate change and rainfall has been modeled in detail, the situation is not the same for plant water accessibility. The period of time between 1898 and the present, corresponding to the annual records of precipitation and evapotranspiration, overlapped with important political and administrative changes in the studied area, and with extensive hydro-amelioration works. The aim of the paper is to statistically follow the evolution over time of precipitation, namely of evapotranspiration measured in Western Romania, which would allow the expression of conclusions regarding the improvement directions of the water regime. In order to follow the evolution in time of these data, the interval of 1898–2019 was divided into three periods: 1898–1950, 1951–1989 and 1990–2019, respectively. The increase in temperature, especially during the vegetation period and the large number of years in which evapotranspiration quantitatively exceeds the precipitation, indicating the need for effective measures to regulate the water balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines the evolution of Romanian seaside tourism between 2008–2018 to find the connection between climate change and the number of total tourist arrivals. The vicious cycle of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change has become one of the most critical topics discussed due to its negative effect on the wellbeing of the planet and its impact on sustainable economic development in the long run. Various economic activities, including tourism, could be subject to dramatic changes due to global warming. Depending on the geographical location of tourist destinations, and the degree of fluctuation in climate indicators, there have been dramatic shifts in visitor flow. This situation has been aggravated as countries that were once famous for their summer season and seaside holidays are now affected by high temperatures. Such temperatures can hardly be tolerated by tourists, particularly those from the Nordic countries. By comparison, there are countries that have been known to have only two or three full summer months suitable for tourism at the seaside and which in the last years have had a more extended summer season. This situation could turn into a significant competitive regional economic advantage for countries such as Romania, at least in the short- and medium-term. In this context, we aim to investigate whether there are climatic conditions, such as the extension of the tourist season on the coast (in the case of destinations that have four seasons and are known for having a shorter number of summer days), that can be turned into advantages. In this regard, we have conducted exploratory research to analyse if there is a statistically significant correlation between the indicators regarding climate change and tourism arrivals on the Romanian seaside, namely Constanta county. For our study, we used secondary data, provided by the Romanian National Meteorological Administration and the National Institute of Statistics, and accumulated a detailed profile of Romanian seaside summer tourism in the context of actual climate changes and challenges. Climate change may have significant consequences on the tourism industry and economic growth as well. Information on the direct effects higher temperatures could have on tourism is lacking. Improving policy analysis is necessary to reduce uncertainties, further understanding, assess implications and enable the tourism industry to adapt to changing circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the research was focused on analyzing long-term trends and variability of annual and seasonal air mean temperatures and some parameters related to cold and hot extreme temperatures, based on relevant continuous temperature data (1961-2018 period) provided by three regional weather stations (Cluj-Napoca, Deva and Miercurea-Ciuc). The Mann-Kendall test was used in order to find statistically-significant trends, while the magnitude of trends was estimated using Sen's slope estimator method. The main results showed a significant increase of mean air temperature, especially in the summer season and for indicators related to hot extreme temperatures. Generally, our findings are consistent with the current global warming and previous study results on temperature variability in Romania. Anyway by comparing our results with those from the other similar studies performed in Romania, it could be observed that the climate became warmer in the study area, so the trend in annual mean and seasonal air temperature has intensified and statistical significance of the results has significantly increased. Also, the intensification of the 8888888888888888urban heat island'' effect could be highlighted in the larger cities, like Cluj-Napoca. This increasing trend entails significant impacts on society, economy and natural ecosystems, which is expected to intensify in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]