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BackgroundRegular physical activity is proven to help prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and breast and colon cancer. The exercise data generated by health and fitness devices (eg, treadmill, exercise bike) are very important for health management service providers to develop personalized training programs. However, at present, there is little research on a unified interoperability framework in the health and fitness domain, and there are not many solutions; besides, the privatized treadmill data transmission scheme is not conducive to data integration and analysis. ObjectiveThis article will expand the IEEE 11073-PHD standard protocol family, develop standards for health and fitness device (using treadmill as an example) based on the latest version of the 11073-20601 optimized exchange protocol, and design protocol standards compliance testing process and inspection software, which can automatically detect whether the instantiated object of the treadmill meets the standard. MethodsThe study includes the following steps: (1) Map the data transmitted by the treadmill to the 11073-PHD objects; (2) Construct a programming language structure corresponding to the 11073-PHD application protocol data unit (APDU) to complete the coding and decoding part of the test software; and (3) Transmit the instantiated simulated treadmill data to the gateway test software through transmission control protocol for standard compliance testing. ResultsAccording to the characteristics of the treadmill, a data exchange framework conforming to 11073-PHD is constructed, and a corresponding testing framework is developed; a treadmill agent simulation is implemented, and the interoperability test is performed. Through the designed testing process, the corresponding testing software was developed to complete the standard compliance testing of the treadmill. ConclusionsThe extended research of IEEE 11073-PHD in the field of health and fitness provides a potential new idea for the data transmission framework of sports equipment such as treadmills, which may also provide some help for the development of sports health equipment interoperability standards.

A series of filter rods (FRs) with sodium alginate (SA) modification were prepared by a simple one-pot pre-treatment surface modification method for the retention of typical smoke components. The influences of SA on the physico-chemical properties and adsorption behaviors (or retention characteristics) toward FRs were investigated in detail. Based on the results of XRD, BET, and SEM, it can be inferred that SA modification has no influences on compositions and textural properties of FRs. However, surface modification of FR by SA can greatly improve the hydrophilicity of FR, which is crucial for water retention. In situ diffuse Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrate that FR modified by 2 g·L−1 SA presents superior adsorption character for acetone. The differences in the adsorption or retention of water and acetone are ascribed to surface enriched functional groups tuned by surface engineering modification. By contrast, the modification of SA had no obvious effect on the adsorption of CO at room temperature. By contrast, at high temperature, low modification concentration is conducive to the CO2 and CO adsorption. It presents a good perspective for the rational design of new filter materials to reduce the release of harmful components in cigarette smoke.

This study developed an in-mold induction heating system for the injection compression molding process to overcome the problem of incomplete filling of microstructures caused by the formation of skin layers and residual stress caused by flow. Moldex3D software was used with the Taguchi method to optimize the molding parameters for both injection molding and injection compression molding, with the aim of reducing warpage and improving optical quality. The in-mold induction heating system has extremely high heating efficiency. Experiments revealed that a time of only 8 s was required to inducted-heat up the core to the glass transition temperature which keeps the melt under a good state of flow and allows a replication rate of 97%. In addition, the ICM process can effectively reduce the flow-induced residual stress and improve the optical properties of the obtained samples. Finally, the illuminance of the product fabricated through ICM with induction heating for 10 s was 2.3 times higher than that of the product obtained through ICM without induction heating. Accordingly, the proposed induction heating system is feasible for use in ICM the rapid manufacturing of high-quality optical products with microstructures. KEYWORDS induction heating, injection compression molding, microstructure, optical property, residual stress, Taguchi method, 1 | INTRODUCTION Injection molding (IM) has been extensively used to fabricate various high-precision products. Conventional IM techniques have been used for the mass production and the fabrication of products [...]

Soil microorganism studies are crucial in ecological and biological research. However, the lack of standardized analytical methods for sampling makes it challenging to compare studies and obtain consistent results. Therefore, it is essential to establish standardized sampling methods in the field. Our study used a stratification method to collect 120 soil samples from various altitudinal ranges on Cangshan Mountain in China, with an altitude of 4122 m, and incredible microorganism biodiversity. This site provides an ideal landscape for studying elevation patterns in microorganisms. We conducted analyses on the variations of depth and stratification used in the sampling process, as these factors have been found to impact microbial diversity, elevation patterns, and community assembly mechanisms. We found that increasing the sampling depth provided more valuable research results by revealing elevation patterns of soil microorganisms. We therefore recommend sampling to a depth of 35 cm with stratification to determine the overall soil microbial diversity. A depth of 25 cm is suitable for studying elevation patterns with stratification. For investigating community assembly mechanisms without stratification, a depth of 15 cm is recommended. When exploring a specific taxon, the sampling depth can be adjusted accordingly. For studying the elevation pattern of archaea, a depth of 20 cm is appropriate. In the case of fungi, a depth of 40 cm is recommended, while a depth of 20 cm is suitable for studying elevation patterns. This study emphasizes the importance of standardization in sampling methods, particularly along the soil profiles, when studying soil microbiomes in montane areas. These recommendations should be adopted in future research to achieve more consistent and reliable results in the field.

Objective To investigate the optimal clinical therapy effects and prognostic factors of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (CAVM) in children following different treatment methods. Methods The clinical data of 47 children (< 18 years old) with CAVM who were admitted to Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from October 2011 to September 2022 were collected, and the multimodality treatment and prognostic factors of different grades were analyzed. Spetzler - Martin grading system and vascular nest dispersion classification were used to evaluate the risk and angiogenesis of CAVM, different treatment modalities such as microsurgery, gamma knife radiosurgery, and multi-mode therapy were used to evaluate the total resection rate, prognosis, and imaging follow-up results. Results 1) Treatment plan: among the total 47 children in this group, 35 (74.47%) received simple microsurgery, of which 10 (28.57%) suffered surgery within one week of hemorrhage, and 25 (71.43%) suffered surgery over one week; 6 (12.77%) received conservative treatment; 3 (6.38%) received gamma knife radiosurgery; 3 (6.38%) received multimodal therapy (microsurgery + interventional embolism/gamma knife radiosurgery). 2) Spetzler - Martin grading and prognosis: among the 38 patients (80.85%) of Spetzler - Martin grade Ⅰ - Ⅲ , 29 (76.32%) underwent microsurgery, one (2.63%) received multimodal therapy, and 2 (5.26%) received gamma knife radiosurgery. The total surgical resection rate was 9/9 in grade Ⅰ, 13/14 in grade Ⅱ and 6/9 in grade Ⅲ. Eight patients (21.05%) had a poor prognosis during 5 years followed-up period. There was one (2.63%) recurrence on imaging follow-up. Among 9 patients whose Spetzler-Martin grade were between Ⅳ and Ⅴ , 6 patients underwent microsurgery, 2 patients received multimodal therapy, and one received gamma knife radiosurgery. Total surgical resection rate was 4/8 in grade Ⅳ and 1/1 in grade Ⅴ, and prognosis was poor in 5 cases. 3) Diffusion classification and prognosis of malformed vascular mass: the total resection rate of dense type was 17/17, and that of diffuse type was 66.67% (16/24). The incidence of poor prognosis was 3/ 18 for dense type and 34.48% (10/29) for diffuse type. Conclusions Microsurgery resection is a relatively safe and effective method for the treatment of CAVM in children. The operation was recommended to be performed at least one week after acute hemorrhage if possible. A preoperative evaluation of surgical risks and the density of abnormal vascular clusters can assist in selecting the best treatment plan, thus could increase the total resection rate of lesions and improve the prognosis.