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Nonradiative recombination at perovskite/charge transport layer interfaces is caused by surface defects and instability, and it is known to limit the long-term development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To overcome this issue, the three-dimensional/two-dimensional (3D/2D) perovskite heterojunction has emerged as a possible solution to improve the stabilities and efficiency of PSCs. Herein, we employ a simple one-step method to prepare n-i-p-structured PSCs using a 3D/2D perovskite heterojunction as the absorption layer. For this purpose, the large and non-centrosymmetric 4,4-difluorocyclohexylammonium (DFCHA+) cation, which has been confirmed to be a valid organic spacer in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) phase perovskites, is employed as an organic ligand for post-treatment of the surfaces of MAPbI3 films. The presence of an ultrathin 2D RP phase perovskite was confirmed on the surface, and the 3D/2D perovskite heterojunction was successfully constructed. Benefitting from surface post-treatment, the density of the surface trap states was reduced with effective passivation. In addition, nonradiative recombination was suppressed, and the interface bands were aligned. As a result, the optimal device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 21.93% with a remarkable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.14 V, a current density (JSC) of 23.71 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 0.82. Furthermore, owing to the hydrophobicity of the DFCHA+ cation, the unencapsulated device was able to maintain an initial efficiency of 82.3% after storage for 500 h at a relative humidity of ∼45%. We believe that this post-treatment strategy has wide application potential in the field of photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine incorporation engineering has been widely used in optoelectronic devices based on methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskites. However, the characteristics of I/Cl alloying structures in MAPbI3−xClx mixed-halide perovskites and their influences on the optoelectronic properties have been issues of a long-standing controversy. Here, we present a detailed study of the I/Cl alloying structures in MAPbI3−xClx (x = 0.0 to 0.3) single crystals. We found that a small amount of Cl can substitute for the iodide of the PbI3 inorganic lattice, leading to a phase transition from the tetragonal to cubic phase and anomalous cation dynamics evolution. Analyses based on time-dependent X-ray diffraction, 207Pb NMR, and 2H NMR indicate that the alloying structures of the MAPbI3−xClx crystals are metastable and decompose over time. In addition, the photocurrent response measurement of MAPbI3−xClx proved a close correlation between the alloying structures and photoelectric properties of the material. This work sheds light on the essential understanding of the I/Cl alloying structure and provides a plausible explanation for the controversy regarding the role of chloride ions in optoelectronic devices. Optoelectronic materials: Tracking changes at the atomic level A more complete understanding of alloy formation in an exciting class of optoelectronic materials has been developed by researchers in China, which could help improve solar-cell efficiency. Lead halide perovskites are used in low-cost, lightweight and flexible electronic devices. The properties of the perovskite can be modified to suit a specific application by doping, exchanging some atoms in the crystal for others, but this can make the structure unstable. Xue Lu Wang, Ye-Feng Yao and colleagues from the East China Normal University, Shanghai, tracked atomic structure changes in perovskite methylammonium lead iodide as the iodine atoms were partially replaced by chlorine atoms. The team showed that the state of chloride in MAPbI3−xClx crystals is metastable and the crystal lattice can transform from a cubic to a tetragonal structure over time. The characteristics of I/Cl alloying structures in MAPbI3-xClx mixed-halide perovskites and their influences on the optoelectronic properties have been issues of long-standing controversy. In this work, by using on the time-dependent X-ray diffraction, 207Pb and 2H NMR, the authors investigated the I/Cl alloying structures and its long term stability in MAPbI3-xClx (x = 0.0 to 0.3) single crystals. It was found that Cl can substitute for I of the PbI3 inorganic lattice, leading to the tetragonal to cubic phase transition. Moreover, it revealed that the alloying structures of the MAPbI3-xClx crystals are metastable and may decompose over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel, noble metal-free semiconductor catalysts with high efficiency is of great importance for the degradation of organic compounds. Among them, amorphous materials have been extensively studied for their unique and commercially useful properties. Here, a completely amorphous, noble metal-free photocatalyst C3N4ZnxOy (x, y = 0.32–1.10) was successfully synthesized from urea and ZnO by a simple high-temperature polymerization method. As the Zn content increased, the short-range ordered structures of the amorphous samples were still retained, as revealed by XPS, FTIR, and ssNMR. Meanwhile, the -CN3 structures were observed to be gradually destroyed, which may make the amorphous state more favorable for photocatalytic reactions. Compared with g-C3N4, the amorphous samples showed significantly reduced intensities in the photoluminescence spectra, indicating that the recombination rate of the photo-generated charge carriers was greatly reduced. It was confirmed that the optimized sample (C3N4Zn0.61O0.61) achieved a photocatalytic efficiency of 86.1% in the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride under visible light irradiation within 1 h. This is about 2 times higher than that of both g-C3N4 and ZnO. This study emphasizes the importance of the amorphous structure in photocatalytic reactions, and this synthetic strategy may provide an effective model for designing other novel catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Operando NMR combined with gas-probe method was used to study active sites transfer under the metal-support interaction. • The photocatalytic conversion efficiency of pure TiO 2 decreased, while that of Pt/TiO 2 was unaffected in gas conditions. • After loading metal-Pt, active sites changed from TiO 2 surface to Pt/TiO 2 interface. Recently metal-support interaction (MSI) has attracted considerable attention in photocatalysis. Some studies emphasize the importance of active sites on photocatalysts; however, there are no reports on site changes under MSI in real reactive conditions. Herein, an operando nuclear magnetic resonance technique was proposed to study such site changes on anatase TiO 2 and Pt/TiO 2 , through a gas-probe method, in CH 3 OH reforming. The photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of CH 3 OH by pure TiO 2 decreased immensely under extra-gas conditions, while that by Pt/TiO 2 was unaffected. The surface of pure TiO 2 were occupied by injected gas molecules, making CH 3 OH inaccessible to active sites. However, in Pt/TiO 2 , CH 3 OH adsorption sites changed from TiO 2 surface to metal-Pt/TiO 2 interface as confirmed by H 2 gas-probe experiments. This study provides a deeper understanding of active sites transfer by MSI and leverages the gas-probe method for its detection to guide the development of technology to test active-site positions in heterogeneous catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most current approaches applied for the essential identification of adulteration in edible vegetable oils are of limited practical benefit because they require long analysis times, professional training, and costly instrumentation. The present work addresses this issue by developing a novel simple, accurate, and rapid identification approach based on the magnetic resonance relaxation fingerprints obtained from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of edible vegetable oils. The relaxation fingerprints obtained for six types of edible vegetable oil, including flaxseed oil, olive oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, and sunflower oil, are demonstrated to have sufficiently unique characteristics to enable the identification of the individual types of oil in a sample. By using principal component analysis, three characteristic regions in the fingerprints were screened out to create a novel three-dimensional characteristic coordination system for oil discrimination and adulteration identification. Univariate analysis and partial least squares regression were used to successfully quantify the oil adulteration in adulterated binary oil samples, indicating the great potential of the present approach on both identification and quantification of edible oil adulteration.