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In this study, 17 deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat samples were assessed for safety and quality index such as unit weight, water absorption of gluten, crude protein content, unsound kernel content, sprouted kernel content, gibberella damaged kernel content and insect infested kernel content as well as the pollution status of DON and heavy metals. Furthermore, the relationship between the content of DON in wheat grains and other parameters was analyzed. The impact of the processing of gluten and starch in the break and reduction systems on the level of DON contamination was examined. The results showed that the pollution level of DON in wheat samples had a good linear correlation with unit weight, water absorption of gluten, crude protein content, unsound kernel content, sprouted kernel content, gibberella damaged kernel content and insect infested kernel content. The correlation between gluten water absorption and the content of DON was not significant, indicating that DON content could not affect the storage quality of wheat. Additionally, it was found that the heavy metals As and Cd as well as the elements Ca and P were not significantly correlated with DON content, but only Ca in whole wheat flour was correlated with the content of DON. The levels of DON in gluten and starch from the break and reduction systems, respectively were both lower than 200 µg/kg, indicating that wheat with DON over-standard can be used commercially for the preparation of gluten or starch.

The Tsiolkovsky crater is located on the farside of the Moon. It formed in the late Imbrian epoch and was filled with a large area of mare basalts. Multisource remote sensing data are used to interpret the geological features of the Tsiolkovsky area. Compared with previous studies, new remote sensing data and a chronological model based on crater size–frequency distribution are used to further refine the stratigraphic units and determine the absolute ages of the mare basalt units. The evolution of volcanic activity in this crater is discussed. The results are as follows: Abundances of major elements, Th, and silicate minerals suggest that the mare basalt in the crater floor is not a uniform unit but rather nine units with different compositions. The nine basalt units are divided into two episodes of volcanic activity: The first occurred at 3.5–3.7 Ga, when highly evolved lava erupted at the crater floor at a large scale; the second occurred at ~3.4 Ga, when a small area of more primitive lava extended to the northern portion of the crater floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative business models are emerging to promote the popularization of electric vehicles. This study investigates a firm's service innovation strategy and the choice between sales and rental business models in the presence of consumer behavioral preferences and service innovation subsidies within a given supply chain. The optimal price and service quality decisions are unique and determined by a profit-maximization model. We find that when customers have an obvious preference for high quality service or a relatively low preference for traditional sales model, the firm will profitably invest in service innovation. The firm will choose the rental model and offer a higher level of service rather than the sales model when the customer preference for traditional sales is relatively low or customers are more constrained by the initial purchase price. We also examine the efficiency of service innovation subsidy policy and find that service innovation subsidy will promote the adoption of electric vehicles and improve service quality. Our analysis also suggests that policy makers should set the appropriate service innovation subsidy rather than the higher the better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. In this study, a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) CYP gene, LpCYP72A15, was identified as a candidate gene regulating plant osmotic stress tolerance based on a cDNA library screening in the background of yeast ∆hog1 mutant. LpCYP72A15 is localized in the plastids, and its expression was regulated by osmotic stress and ABA treatment. Overexpressing LpCYP72A15 significantly enhanced plant drought tolerance in both Arabidopsis and perennial ryegrass. Under drought stress, the transgenic ryegrass showed significant lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, higher ROS‐scavenging enzymatic activities, and higher soluble sugar contents than the wildtype plants. Transient over‐expressing the gene also enhanced survival rates of ryegrass mesophyll protoplasts under H2O2‐induced oxidative or mannitol‐enforced osmotic stresses. Taken together, LpCYP72A15 confers oxidative‐ and osmotic‐stress tolerances that positively regulates plant drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]