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This article deals with formulating a suitable title and an appropriate abstract for an original research paper. The “title” and the “abstract” are the “initial impressions” of a research article, and hence they need to be drafted correctly, accurately, carefully, and meticulously. Often both of these are drafted after the full manuscript is ready. Most readers read only the title and the abstract of a research paper and very few will go on to read the full paper. The title and the abstract are the most important parts of a research paper and should be pleasant to read. The “title” should be descriptive, direct, accurate, appropriate, interesting, concise, precise, unique, and should not be misleading. The “abstract” needs to be simple, specific, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, stand-alone, complete, scholarly, (preferably) structured, and should not be misrepresentative. The abstract should be consistent with the main text of the paper, especially after a revision is made to the paper and should include the key message prominently. It is very important to include the most important words and terms (the “keywords”) in the title and the abstract for appropriate indexing purpose and for retrieval from the search engines and scientific databases. Such keywords should be listed after the abstract. One must adhere to the instructions laid down by the target journal with regard to the style and number of words permitted for the title and the abstract.

For researchers, writing a paper is an essential task, and it is crucial for them to have an environment to facilitate the paper writing process. In addition, writing in English is more difficult for many non-native English speakers. The Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS) provides researchers in the life sciences with several text-mining related services, such as Allie and inMeXes, which were developed to facilitate paper writing. Allie is an abbreviation database that shows researchers expanded forms and several relevant data, such as the papers that contain the abbreviations and their corresponding expanded forms. Since a large amount of abbreviations are coined, remembering their meanings is difficult, even in one's research field. Therefore, Allie helps one lookup abbreviations. inMeXes is an incremental search service for English phrases appearing in PubMed. Researchers can learn English phrases used in life science papers, such as the use of prepositions or widely used phrases that contain a specific word. Allie and inMeXes are updated monthly and yearly, respectively, to provide the latest information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with formulating a suitable title and an appropriate abstract for an original research paper. The "title" and the "abstract" are the "initial impressions" of a research article, and hence they need to be drafted correctly, accurately, carefully, and meticulously. Often both of these are drafted after the full manuscript is ready. Most readers read only the title and the abstract of a research paper and very few will go on to read the full paper. The title and the abstract are the most important parts of a research paper and should be pleasant to read. The "title" should be descriptive, direct, accurate, appropriate, interesting, concise, precise, unique, and should not be misleading. The "abstract" needs to be simple, specific, clear, unbiased, honest, concise, precise, stand-alone, complete, scholarly, (preferably) structured, and should not be misrepresentative. The abstract should be consistent with the main text of the paper, especially after a revision is made to the paper and should include the key message prominently. It is very important to include the most important words and terms (the "keywords") in the title and the abstract for appropriate indexing purpose and for retrieval from the search engines and scientific databases. Such keywords should be listed after the abstract. One must adhere to the instructions laid down by the target journal with regard to the style and number of words permitted for the title and the abstract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abstract should contain a maximum of 150 words. The abstracts should avoid any abbreviations and mathematical formulas. The abstract is a summarization of the full report, written in one paragraph, and should include next elements: 1. Purpose 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusions 5. Recommendations 6. Additional data /Times New Roman, 10/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the core vocabulary of English computer lexis, examining the criteria for identifying central terms and describing their structure and characteristics. The core units represent the most relevant concepts in computer terminology, characterized by high frequency, ambiguity, stylistic neutrality and significant word-formation potential. The study distinguishes “first-level core units” like “user”, “computer” and “internet” that denote the most important notions; “second-level core units” like “smart” and “digital” that originated as synonyms but became independent; and “core elements” like cyber, tele and e- that started as abbreviations. Core units generate numerous morphological and syntactic innovations, often expanding or narrowing in meaning. The core lexeme “electronic” is especially productive, forming phrases representing computer trends and systems. Core elements undergo lexicalization into independent prefixes and word-forming components. While artificial intelligence is currently popular, related linguistic innovation remains limited. The core vocabulary has a complex structure with central concepts spawning many new terms through derivation and compounding. The paper examines the phenomena of synonymous attraction, functional homonymy in core elements, and the dualistic nature of computer lexis development. It provides a systematic analysis of the core English computer terminology and its word-formation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Accounting & Management is the property of Croatian Accountant and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The B-operators (abbreviation for Brownian-type operators) are upper triangular 2\times 2 block matrix operators that satisfy certain algebraic constraints. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the weak, the strong and the uniform stability of B-operators, respectively. This is achieved by giving equivalent conditions for the convergence of powers of a B-operator in each of the corresponding topologies. A more subtle characterization is obtained for B-operators with subnormal (2,2) entry. The issue of the strong stability of the adjoint of a B-operator is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language in general is a complex apparatus of the human beings through which we express our inner feelings, thoughts and ideas. This study was initiated due to the importance of language in general. However, to know a language does not only mean to know its vocabulary, but how to link the words, the word order in a clause as well as the order of clauses in a sentence, their role and their relations to each other. The relationship of the clauses in a sentence is especially important concerning complex sentences, in which the clauses are not of the same level but show a dependency. So, precisely the adverbial clauses of time are the ones that are highly complicated and create confusion. For this reason, most of the people try to avoid them, and use simple clauses instead, nevertheless, this somehow loses the meaning and originality of the idea. This means that although complex, adverbial clauses of time are crucial in explaining our ideas and thoughts. Based on the great number of the adverbial clauses of time, on the meanings that they convey as well as on the manner how the meaning is expressed, this study will concentrate on a contrastive analysis of the adverbial clauses of time in English and Albanian. It will focus on the time relations that time subordinators of time express in both languages. The methodology that is used in this paper is mainly descriptive and comparative. The paper is based on the analysis of Jack London’s novel White Fang which was translated into Albanian under the title Dhëmbi i Bardhë by Bujar Doko. A comparison of the adverbial clauses of time in both languages is done in order to find their differences and commonalities. Afterwards, a detailed description of the data extracted from the comparison is carried out, which will play a major role in proving the hypothesis and coming to a conclusion. The general hypothesis of this study is that most of the adverbial clauses of time as well as their subordinators will be equivalent in both English and Albanian. The results of the analysis show that adverbial clauses of time do have a similar structure as well as correspondence in English and Albanian: the overall structure of both English and Albanian adverbial clauses of time is the same; the subordinators in both languages correspond to their counterparts in expressing time relations, being a fixed time, duration, simultaneity, anteriority or posteriority; both types of clauses are movable, which means that they can take the initial, medial and final position in a sentence; and the use of commas is the same as well. There is also a similarity in the word order of the time clauses. Another similar feature of the adverbial clauses of time in both English and Albanian is that they are expressed by finite and non-finite clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the history of quantitative linguistics. The focus of this paper is the journal SMIL - Statistical Methods in Linguistics, which was published by Hans Karlgren in Stockholm from 1962 to 1976 (with a short interruption between 1966 and 1969). SMIL is a representative example of the process of differentiation in quantitative linguistics during the seventies and can be seen as one early major "Scandinavian" contribution to statistical and quantitative linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the problems of extraction and decryption of abbreviations from domain-specific texts in Russian. The main focus are unstructured electronic medical records which pose specific preprocessing problems. The major challenge is that there is no uniform way to write medical histories. The aim of the paper is to generalize the way of decrypting abbreviations from any variant of text. A dataset of nearly three million medical records was collected. A classifier model was trained in order to extract and decrypt abbreviations. After testing the proposed method with 224,307 records, the model showed an F1 score of 93.7% on a valid dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the compilation of specialised dictionaries, focusing mainly on the characteristics of dictionary entries of abbreviations in terminological dictionaries for Slovene. Special attention is given to the compilation and characteristics of the dictionary entries of abbreviations in the Slovene terminological dictionaries published by the Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian language. The paper presents an overview of the characteristics of the terminological dictionaries for Slovene and provides examples of good practice that were used in the compilation of the English – Slovene Dictionary of Criminal Justice and Security Abbreviations. The paper presents the microstructure of the dictionary, and selected examples of Slovene and English–Slovene dictionary entries, as well as the overall compilation process, the selection of terms and the inclusion of related subfields. The English–Slovene Dictionary of Criminal Justice and Security Abbreviations is a growing dictionary compiled in the freely available dictionary mask Termania, and freely accessible on the portal Slovarji.si. The dictionary is the first Slovene terminological dictionary of abbreviations for the field of criminal justice and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unrepentant Tory Unrepentant Tory: Political Selections from the Diaries of the Fourth Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, 1827-1838, ed. Unhappy Reactionary Unhappy Reactionary: The Diaries of the Fourth Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 1822-1850, ed. Gladstone Diaries The Gladstone Diaries, ed. [Extracted from the article]

It is desirable that Summary contains up to 150 words, as well as to contain all essential paper elements, such as goal(s), used method(s), important results and general authors’ conclusion(s). During the summary writing, it should be used font Times New Roman (TNR), font size 11, Italic, alignment text Justify, line spacing single, with interspace of 6 pt between paragraphs, without indentation of the first line. Please, avoid the use of the indexes and special symbols within the Summary, and define all abbreviations whenever they are used for first time. Do not cite references in Summary. Author(s) from Serbia are submitting article title, summary, key words and information about themselves on Serbian language at the end of the article, after the list of used literature. Text of the Serbian and English version of Summary must match in every sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Note-taking skill is a necessary component in interpreter training programs, and previous research has yielded findings such as note-taking training methods or features of interpreter trainees' notes. However, little research has been done to investigate the changes in note features and correlations between note features and interpreting quality concerning Chinese students' C-E (Chinese-English) and E-C (English-Chinese) interpreting. Using the framework of Daniel Gile's Effort Model and Interpretive Theory of Translation, this paper examined how 45 English Majors' notes develop within one semester (seventeen weeks) and the relationship between note features (quantity, form, and language choice of notes) and consecutive interpreting quality. The participants of this study were all beginner interpreting trainees, and the note-taking training was introduced in Week 6. The study employed note manuscripts, interpreting tests, and semi-structured interviews to track the features and changes in students' notes. Correlation analyses and T-tests showed that (a) after the note-taking training, the number of notes increased from Week 8 to Week 17, and it was positively correlated with interpreting quality (fidelity and delivery) for both C-E and E-C interpreting; (b) as for forms of notes, participants primarily employ single Chinese words and the percentages of abbreviations and symbols rose prominently from Week 8 to Week 17 for C-E interpreting. Besides, correlation analyses show that interpreting quality improves with fewer single Chinese words and more abbreviations and symbols. For E-C interpreting, notes were mainly in English, especially single English words and abbreviations. The percentages of single Chinese words and abbreviations ascended whereas those of single English words and symbols decreased. Furthermore, results show that the more abbreviations and symbols, the better target-text fidelity, and fewer abbreviations, the better the targettext delivery; (c) concerning language choice, notes were mainly in source language for both C-E and E-C interpreting and the percentage of target language notes went up significantly for C-E interpreting. Consequently, the percentage of target language notes was positively correlated with interpreting quality. Interviews indicate that most participants do not pay much attention to language selection in the first stage, and if the source text a familiar topic with little difficult vocabulary, he or she records the target language. Otherwise, it was safer to use the source language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I summarize here the history of the use of abbreviations, mostly in subject areas related to dyes, stains and fluorescent probes used in biology and medicine. The dozen most popular abbreviations in these fields are identified and their salient characteristics noted. The pros and cons of each abbreviation are discussed with relevant citations. Certain abbreviations that are not in the list, e.g., AZAN and LN, are mentioned because they have an unusual origin; while others, i.e., INEPT and INADEQUATE are presented because they are bizarre. A related topic is abbreviations used for citations, which require further efforts to decipher. In the past, brevity helped conserve materials, such as ink and paper, and promoted more rapid publishing. I suggest that the use of many abbreviations in the current era of electronic publishing may not be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel segmentation and handwritten text recognition dataset for Medieval Latin from the 11th to the 16th century. It connects with Medieval French datasets, as well as earlier Latin datasets, by enforcing common guidelines, bringing 263,000 new characters and now totaling over a million characters for medieval manuscripts in both languages. We provide our own addition to Ariane Pinche's Old French guidelines to deal with specific Latin cases. We also offer an overview of how we addressed this dataset compilation through the use of pre-existing resources. With a higher abbreviation ratio and a better representation of abbreviating marks, we offer new models that outperform the Old French base model on Latin datasets, improving accuracy by 5% on unknown Latin manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical abbreviation disambiguation is a crucial task in the biomedical domain, as the accurate identification of the intended meanings or expansions of abbreviations in clinical texts is vital for medical information retrieval and analysis. Existing approaches have shown promising results, but challenges such as limited instances and ambiguous interpretations persist. In this paper, we propose an approach to address these challenges and enhance the performance of clinical abbreviation disambiguation. Our objective is to leverage the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) and employ a Generative Model (GM) to augment the dataset with contextually relevant instances, enabling more accurate disambiguation across diverse clinical contexts. We integrate the contextual understanding of LLMs, represented by BlueBERT and Transformers, with data augmentation using a Generative Model, called Biomedical Generative Pre-trained Transformer (BIOGPT), that is pretrained on an extensive corpus of biomedical literature to capture the intricacies of medical terminology and context. By providing the BIOGPT with relevant medical terms and sense information, we generate diverse instances of clinical text that accurately represent the intended meanings of abbreviations. We evaluate our approach on the widely recognized CASI dataset, carefully partitioned into training, validation, and test sets. The incorporation of data augmentation with the GM improves the model's performance, particularly for senses with limited instances, effectively addressing dataset imbalance and challenges posed by similar concepts. The results demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method, showcasing the significance of LLMs and generative techniques in clinical abbreviation disambiguation. Our model achieves a good accuracy on the test set, outperforming previous methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature in the field of employability and the third sector has focused upon the impact of marketisation on third sector providers, elaborating how commissioning processes have led to a contraction of (smaller) third sector organisations (TSOs) and an expansion of larger private sector bodies. Extant research does not however explore the role of third sector organisations in the employability of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. Therefore, our paper explores this gap by adopting a qualitative approach via a total of 36 interviews involving migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and managers of third sector organisations, alongside a categorisation of TSOs. Our findings reveal that TSOs are the primary (and for asylum seekers perhaps the only) providers of integration support services and training or education services. We found that only a limited number of organisations provide formal employability services or skills development services which seem to be only residual in terms of the range of activities that TSOs can organise. Thus, perhaps the main function that TSOs perform that enables integration into the UK labour market is providing a safe and trusted environment that people can use to increase their confidence, improve their well-being, broaden their social circle, learn the language or increase their work experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1987 and 1990, the EuroQol Group developed a 5-dimension health-related quality of life instrument, originally known as 'the EuroQol instrument', which since 1995 has been called the 'EQ-5D'. For several years, 'the EuroQol instrument' and 'EQ-5D' were both deployed in published materials. In order to standardise nomenclature, the EuroQol Group agreed in 2001 on a terminology glossary containing 12 items; this was recently revised and augmented to include 22 items and can be found on the Group's website (www.euroqol.org). Since 2009, EQ-5D has been available in three versions: EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L, and EQ-5D-Y, where 3L stands for three levels, 5L for five levels, and Y for youth. Yet, almost 20 years after the original glossary was published, the instrument and its components continue to be inaccurately named in published materials. Two surveys – of arthritis applications, and 82 recent publications – found a variety of terms used to describe the instrument. Despite the instrument being named 'EQ-5D' for 25 years, and the terms 'EQ-5D-3L' and 'EQ-5D-5L' being established for a decade, variations of 'the EuroQol instrument' continue to be used as descriptors. The EuroQol Group's website contains advice on how to use EQ-5D, including nomenclature, and potential users are urged to consult the site. Since standardising nomenclature is crucial in the compilation of systematic reviews, the EuroQol Group would like to emphasise that 'EQ-5D' is not an abbreviation and is the correct term to use when referring to the instrument in general. In the interests of accuracy and good practice, users of the EuroQol family of instruments should employ the standard EQ-5D nomenclature when reporting and discussing their findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the notion of hybrid Jaggi-Meir-Keeler type contraction is introduced. The existence of a fixed point for such operators is investigated. The derived results combine and extend a number of existing results in the corresponding literature. Examples are established to express the validity of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper identifies the challenges of translating variants of medical documents that include acronyms and abbreviations, which are standard in medicine, pharmacology, and healthcare contexts and documents, thus intending to examine the inconsistency of abbreviation and acronym use in a medical context. The study adopts the descriptive approach to investigate the inconsistency of medical abbreviations in English that include multiple medical meanings/versions of acronyms and abbreviations to be translated into Arabic. The samples considered in this study are documents frequently utilised in the medical context in hospitals, including graphic signs, medical reports, admission forms, and prescriptions. The documents included 18 medical abbreviations and acronyms to be translated from English into Arabic. The results revealed that the abbreviations and acronyms used in medical documents showed a discrepancy in the translation, and many versions of translations are possible. Therefore, the findings underpinned the main challenges of translating acronyms and abbreviations from English as a source language into Arabic as a target language and the consequentiality of training for the medical translators to overcome these challenges. The study concludes that medical abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms are more frequent and multi-version and lack consistency in several documents, including medical reports, resulting in many challenges. This may also lead to erroneous versions in translation. Thus, it is recommended translators' vigilance be raised to overcome the obstacles that impede translation accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact formula for the average hitting time (HT, as an abbreviation) of simple random walks from one vertex to any other vertex on the square C N 2 of an N -vertex cycle graph C N was given by Chair (2014). In that paper, the author gives the expression for the even N case and the expression for the odd N case separately. In this paper, by using an elementary method different from Chair (2014), we give a much simpler single formula for the HT's of simple random walks on C N 2. Our proof is considerably short and fully combinatorial, in particular, has no-need of any spectral graph theoretical arguments. Not only the formula itself but also intermediate results through the process of our proof describe clear relations between the HT's of simple random walks on C N 2 and the Fibonacci numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fansubbing has generally been characterised by particular features that deviate from professional subtitling conventions; however, recent research begins to show the complexity of the phenomenon and hints at how the line between the professional and the amateur practices is blurring [Dore and Petrucci 2021; Massidda 2015]. The case of Diary of Tootsies, a Thai comedy series and its translations is another representative example of the interconnection of professional and amateur AVT and the need to question the dichotomy between the two practices. This paper revisits professional subtitling conventions and the unconventional features typically associ)ated with fansubs, and then maps them onto the subtitles in the indirect translation chain: the official English subtitles, used as a pivot, and the fansubs created by Spanish-speaking fans. The findings reveal several textual features that are usually attributed to fansubs can also be detected in official subtitles, for instance, unconventional uses of orthotypography, informal abbreviations, and additional explanations. Textual evidence in)dicates further blurring as these distinctive traits are not always adopted in the corresponding Spanish fansubs. In some cases, fansubbers opt for translation decisions more typical of what might be expected in profes)sional subtitling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In other works, I've proposed a solution to the semantic paradoxes which, at the technical level, basically relies on failure of contraction. I've also suggested that, at the philosophical level, contraction fails because of the instability of certain states of affairs. In this paper, I try to make good on that suggestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the prevalence of novel acronyms in the titles of anaesthetic and related studies and the response of anaesthetists to them. We separately analysed trainee-led research projects in the UK supported by the Research and Audit Federation of Trainees (RAFT), and a 10-year cohort of papers identified using the PubMed literature search tool. We also conducted a survey of 20 anaesthetists within our institution regarding the utility and impact of titles containing acronyms, and their recall of the associated topics. Finally, we developed a scoring system for acronym accuracy and complexity, the ORigin of AcroNym letterinG Used Term AppropriateNess (ORANGUTAN) score, and measured the progression of acronym usage over the 10-year period studied. Our results show that while acronyms themselves are sometimes considered memorable, they do not aid recall of topics and are, in general, not considered helpful. There has been an increase in the prevalence of acronymic titles over 10 years, and in the complexity of acronyms used, suggesting that there is currently a selective pressure favouring the use of acronyms even if they are of limited benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author talks about the problem that abbreviations and acronyms in scientific publishing can bring. Topics covered include the confusion that can occur from cultural meaning, context, or the forum in which the construct is used, the problem with using abbreviation without a definition in an abstract, and the need for clarity and standards in the use of any abbreviations and acronyms to avoid confusion.

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a new ontology for knowledge management (KM) technologies, determining the relationships between these technologies and classification of them.Design/methodology/approach The study applies NOY methodology – named after Natalya F. Noy who initiated this methodology. Protégé software and ontology web language are used for building the ontology. The presented ontology is evaluated with abbreviation and consistency criteria and knowledge retrieval of KM technologies by experts.Findings All the main concepts in the scope of KM technologies are extracted from existing literature. There are 241 words, 49 out of them are domain concepts, eight terms are about taxonomic and non-taxonomic relations, one term relates to data property and 183 terms are instances. These terms are used to develop KM technologies’ ontology based on three factors: facilitating KM processes, supporting KM strategies and the position of technology in the KM technology stage model. The presented ontology is created a common understanding in the field of KM technologies.Research limitations/implications Lack of specific documentary about logic behind decision making and prioritizing criteria in choosing KM technologies.Practical implications Uploading the presented ontology in the web environment provides a platform for knowledge sharing between experts from around the world. In addition, it helps to decide on the choice of KM technologies based on KM processes and KM strategy.Originality/value Among the many categories of KM technologies in literature, there is no classifying according to several criteria simultaneously. This paper contributes to filling this gap and considers KM processes, KM strategy and stages of growth for KM technologies simultaneously to choice the KM technologies and also there exists no formal ontology regarding KM technologies. This study has tried to propose a formal KM technologies’ ontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of scribal abbreviations in medieval manuscripts was mainly dictated by the need to save space and time as the creation of a medieval book was both extremely costly and time-consuming. One of the types of scribal abbreviations used in medieval manuscripts is abbreviation by superscript letter. In this type of abbreviations one superscript letter indicates the ending of a given word, or, in some cases, a medial position. Both vowels and consonants were used as abbreviations by superscript. They usually denoted, apart from the actual letter written in superscript, the preceding vowel or the letter . According to Cappelli (1929/1982), superscript letters in Latin were used mainly in word-final positions; however, it was not uncommon for a superscript vowel to appear wordmedially. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the use of superscript letters in an early fifteenth-century manuscript of the Wycliffite Bible (Mscr.Dresd.Od.83) on the basis of the Gospel of Matthew. Within the manuscript there are both superscript consonants and vowels. However, in some cases these abbreviations seem to appear in very specific contexts, whereas in other cases the contexts allowing the abbreviations to appear are much broader. The possible reasons behind this situation will be discussed within this paper along with the correspondence between the superscript letter and the spelling conventions used within the manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Propósitos y Representaciones is the property of Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We all use abbreviations when we write papers for scientific journals. Abbreviations help us to limit the word count of a research paper, especially when, as is common nowadays, journals stipulate a maximum word count. Furthermore, in daily clinical practice, some procedures or devices are often referred to by their abbreviation, not only in discussions between colleagues but also when we are talking to our patients. Examples include EMR and ESD for endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, respectively, both of which are well recognized and easily understood. However, there are also abbreviations that are less common and that are used in some articles but are written out in full in others. Examples include ER for endoscopic resection and SC for screening colonoscopy. Moreover, some abbreviations can have more than one meaning; for example, IM can stand for intramuscular, intramucosal, or intestinal metaplasia. Other abbreviations could stand for words or phrases not directly related to our field, such as MI for myocardial infarction or mitral valve insufficiency.For the sake of clarity, Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy have joined forces to compile a list of generally accepted abbreviations to be used in our journals. As you will see, we also include some terms that we feel should always be written in full. Our expectation is that this compilation will not only assist our authors when they are writing their papers, but will also help our readers avoid getting mired in unfamiliar abbreviations.Of course, the abbreviations in this list are based on words and phrases that have been used in both journals in the past few years. We realize that procedures are evolving and new innovative products will be introduced in our endoscopy suites. We therefore plan to update the abbreviations regularly. For your reference, this list and future updated versions can be downloaded from the websites of both journals.We hope this list is helpful to those writing research papers for Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses Aldred's glosses to the expanded forms of a series of abbreviations (or notae) of (Roman) legal terms included on fols 85r–86r of Durham, Cathedral Library, MS A.iv.19. By taking a novel approach to Aldred's work and focusing on what his glossing practices can tell us about his scholarly interests rather than his taste for morphological and semantic structures, this paper shows that, unlike other glossators working south of the Humber, Aldred did not have an interest in the study of (Roman) legal matters and therefore his work should not be aligned with that of Southumbrian scholars, as has been the case in the past. Nonetheless, his work is still very important for our understanding of legal studies in pre-Conquest England: while the Southumbrian materials are dominated by Isidore's Etymologies, Aldred's list provides an insight into other sources available to pursue this field of study in early medieval England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how Shona linguists can shorten the terms created using the compounding strategy so as to make them user-friendly. Although the use of the compounding term-creation strategy is to try to usher in terminological developments that would strengthen the indigenisation of the indigenous languages, it seems that the attitude of target users towards compounds is very negative. This paper suggests that compounded terms might be shortened using strategies such as blending, clipping and the devising of acronyms. This effort can help in the scientific and technical growth of the indigenous languages, and hence give credence to the richness of a people's linguistic heritage. • This paper highlights that good compounding term creation strategy can significantly contribute to the promotion and development of Shona language in Zimbabwe. • This paper advances the argument that while the compounding term creation strategy can be adequate and appropriate, however, at times; it results in created terms that are rather cumbersome, vague, artificial, and difficult to master and remember. • Overally, the paper yields a substantial amount of information in the compounding term creation strategy as well as the identification of factors that can be used to improve it in order to develop Shona language for use in all spheres of life. • Compounded Shona terms are capable of expressing scientific and technical concepts and they need to be created with the needs of the target user in mind. • It can be noted that English loaned terms are more precise than some compounded Shona terms which are sometimes descriptive, lengthy and cumbersome. This gives the loan term acceptance by target users and the compounded Shona terms are disadvantaged in terms of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the philological theory proposed by English philologist John Horne Tooke in his Diversions of Purley (1786, 1805). In his work, Tooke upheld a peculiar view on the search for etymologies, maintaining that particles are abbreviated forms of verbs and nouns that still retain their ancient, original meaning. While not scientifically trustworthy, Tooke's theory gained huge success in his time and for several decades to come. In order to attempt an explanation of this phenomenon, attention will be paid to the theoretical background of the work, with special regard to its Empiricist inspiration, its epistemological allure, and its underlying political intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers a period of Byzantine numismatic history where production at its main mint, in Constantinople, appears to cease altogether for at least 24 years, and arguably 26 or more years. It almost needs no stating that this is extraordinarily unusual in the numismatic record, and yet the topic has never been covered in more than a paragraph before. In this article, based upon my paper of the same title given to the International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Nicosia in January 2020, I will explore the problem, setting it in its historical context and contrasting this cessation with others that scholars are aware of. I will argue that the pause in production was not accidental and can neither be explained in the context of the monetary contraction of the late seventh to early ninth centuries, nor by archaeological quirk. Rather, I will contend that this apparent cessation was a deliberate policy of the Empress Theodora and the regency council for Michael III, and that its subsequent continuation under the Caesar Bardas was perhaps more incidental, until the coronation of Basil brought the drive to restart production in Michael and Basil's names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the recent developments in technology, and especially due to the rise of digital communication, people have access to a new form of rapid and easy communication. Almost everybody owns a mobile phone, however, this device is no longer used nowadays just for transmitting oral messages under the form of voice calls, but it turned into a mini-computer, through which people communicate by text messages, be they under the form of SMS or messages sent through e-mails and applications such as WhatsApp or posted on social media networks (Facebook or Twitter, for example). Out of the necessity to be informative and comprehensible, text messaging offers the possibility of a quicker interaction through the use of modified forms of words, shortened or abbreviated phrases and sentences and even symbols. This new emerging register has come to be known as textese or textism. Based on the already existing lists of the most frequent textese (with the exclusion of symbols), the present paper aims to depict the patterns according to which this new register is formed. It also aims to underline the impact texting has had on the English language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary translation is one of the most challenging fields of translation. This is due to the fact that it is a special use of language that is deviant from ordinary, everyday, non-literary language. Besides rendering the semantic qualities of the text, it is the translator's mission re-create the Source Text as a work of art, and he/she attempts to keep the unity of content and form and the text's national, individual and linguistic qualities. Unlike other types of writing, literature is rich with connotations and indirect messages which are the real challenge for the translator. This paper is an exercise on literary translation and the difficulties the translator faces when dealing with the four following elements: the translation of (1) abbreviations, (2) phonetically significant words, (3) specialized vocabulary and idioms, as well as play on words, (4) and finally colors. The Source English Text is Jumpha Lahiri's novel The Namesake (2003) and the Target Text is the Arabic translation of the novel by Sura Khrais (2015). The paper concludes that literary translation is complete cognitive process which involves a perception not only of the content and its connotations, but also of all the other linguistic, phonetic and figurative features which have created the Source Text and given it its literariness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on the Nigerian novel has shown the exquisite interplay between linguistic choices and social reality. Although extant studies on the use of language in the Nigerian novel, critics have paid negligible attention to how abbreviations are employed by Nigerian novelists to explore social reality in their writings. In attempt to fill this gap, we explain the mutually reinforcing medley between language and social reality with the aim of accounting for how Nigerian novelists employ abbreviations to construct and reconstruct social identities. Employing the analytical methods of critical discourse analysis (CDA), this paper studies the use of abbreviations in four purposively selected novels, namely, Waiting for an Angel, Love My Planet, Under the Brown Rusted Roofs and Arrow of Rain in order to show how abbreviations are deployed as linguistic techniques in the expression of social identity. Through critical textual analysis, this study contributes to extant scholarship on the interface between language and literature and between language use and meaning-figuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Photogrammetric Record is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we investigate the existence of a unique fixed point of self-mappings satisfying the dualistic Dass-Gupta contractions defined on a complete dualistic partial metric space under the influence of convergence comparison property. As an application, we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of the solution of functional equations in dynamic programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short Message Service (SMS) is a transmission of short text messages to and from mobile phones, handheld devices, fax machines, landline telephones or IP addresses. SMS has become an integral part of everyday communication in many countries today. Within the emerging field of new media sociolinguistics, SMS language is viewed as a resource for endless creativity, reflexive practice, social intervention, resistance, and play. SMS language is characterized by abbreviations and acronyms and reflects a collective identity function because these adaptations require a special shared knowledge to understand the language and use it later. Text-messaging in bi/multilingual settings exhibit an additional feature of code mixing. In the context of India, a vast majority of college students use texting on their mobile phones. Since most of them have restricted competence in using English, it would be interesting to see how they communicate using SMS language. This paper reports outcome of analysis of 360 text messages in English and Telugu languages exchanged by ten college students who are native speakers of Telugu. Details of the type of phonological level adaptations (e.g. vowel deletions, consonants deletions, geminate dropping, and punctuation errors etc., in English only messages and in code-mixed items) will be discussed in this paper along with implication of the results for language use practices in informal communication in a multilingual set-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]