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Environmental sustainability and the effective use of renewable resources are critical subjects that need to be integrated into our educational systems through practical, hands-on learning. This paper focuses on the fabrication of aluminium-air batteries using waste materials, providing an innovative and cost-effective DIY approach to energy storage education. Utilizing aluminium from food packaging and graphite from pencils, this study demonstrates the construction and functionality of an aluminium-air battery to run an LED, highlighting its potential applications in educational settings and low-cost energy solutions. The paper aims to inspire the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and enhance students' understanding of electrochemical energy conversion through accessible and engaging DIY projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of patent applications and scientific publications related to batteries is unique as it includes the volume of as well as qualitative indicators for both types of publications. Using carefully elaborated strategies to identify publications relating to batteries, this study provides data to discuss the critical balance to strike between investments in research and the more innovation-related aspects. The results show that China's dominance in publication volumes increases and that research with Chinese involvement is highly cited, whereas patent applications are slightly less valued than the world average. Quality-related indicators for Canada and the United States are very high for both scientific publications and patent applications. National differences in the proportions of patent applications and scientific publications are large, with Japan at one end with three patent applications per scientific paper and Canada at the other with almost seven scientific papers per patent application. On an actor level, data for Sweden indicate how the automotive industry started to file many patent applications in the decade starting in 2010. Finally, it is noted that this new approach to study a technological field appears promising as it gives new perspectives of relevance for policy actors and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of patent applications and scientific publications related to batteries is unique as it includes the volume of as well as qualitative indicators for both types of publications. Using carefully elaborated strategies to identify publications relating to batteries, this study provides data to discuss the critical balance to strike between investments in research and the more innovation-related aspects. The results show that China’s dominance in publication volumes increases and that research with Chinese involvement is highly cited, whereas patent applications are slightly less valued than the world average. Quality-related indicators for Canada and the United States are very high for both scientific publications and patent applications. National differences in the proportions of patent applications and scientific publications are large, with Japan at one end with three patent applications per scientific paper and Canada at the other with almost seven scientific papers per patent application. On an actor level, data for Sweden indicate how the automotive industry started to file many patent applications in the decade starting in 2010. Finally, it is noted that this new approach to study a technological field appears promising as it gives new perspectives of relevance for policy actors and others.

We report a battery-powered, paper-based electrochromic array for visualized electrochemical sensing. The paper-based sensing system consists of six parallel electrochemical cells, which are powered by an aluminum-air battery. Each single electrochemical cell uses a Prussian Blue spot electrodeposited on an indium-doped tin oxide thin film as the electrochromic indicator. Each electrochemical cell is preloaded with increasing amounts of analyte. The sample activates the battery for the sensing. Both the preloaded analyte and the analyte in the sample initiate the color change of Prussian Blue to Prussian White. With a reaction time of 60 s, the number of electrochemical cells with complete color changes is correlated to the concentration of analyte in the sample. As a proof-of-concept analyte, lactic acid was detected semi-quantitatively using the naked eye.

The present paper uses scientometric indicators to examine the Li-ion battery research in India as reflected through Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) data of 32 years (1989-2020). India produced 2864 publications during the period but the publication activity increased manifold during the last decade. The output was scattered among 1346 institutions. However, 28 institutions produced 1% or more of the total output. One third (34.5%) of the output emerged out of international collaboration. About 71.5% of the output were in journals with impact factor >=2. The paper also identifies the aspects/direction of research through keyword analysis besides identifying preferred journals and prolific authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide/Multi Walled Carbon nano tube nanocomposite (SnO 2 /MWCNT) is synthesized using ethylene glycol mediated industrially viable simple process. Binder free, self-supporting and flexible SnO 2 /MWCNT nanocomposite paper has been prepared by employing the vacuum filtration technique. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate the structure of anode and tested for its performance in a Lithium rechargeable cell. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the SnO 2 /MWCNT composite paper anode with 30% of SnO 2 by weight delivers a specific discharge capacity of ∼420 mAh g −1 up to the investigated 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g −1 which is ∼200 % increase in capacity as compared to pristine MWCNT anode tested under similar conditions. The application of the developed anode is demonstrated by fabricating a lithium ion pouch cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become increasingly important in response to expanding electromobility. This paper is focused on evaluating the environmental impacts (EIs) of recycling pre-treatment of three types of LIBs with black mass as its product. A detailed gate-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment study was conducted to obtain EIs of the recycling process. The benefits of LIBs recycling pre-treatment and significant recovery of secondary aluminum for compared battery types are highlighted in the analysis. This paper points out that the varying chemistry of the compared LIBs does not affect the resulting EIs of the recycling pre-treatment procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the accelerated construction of 5G and IoT, more and more 5G base stations are erected. However, with the increase of 5G base stations, the power management of 5G base stations becomes progressively a bottleneck. In this paper, we solve the problem of 5G base station power management by designing a 5G base station lithium battery cloud monitoring system. In this paper, first, the lithium battery acquisition hardware is designed. Second, a new communication protocol is established based on Modbus. Third, the windows desktop upper computer software and the cloud-based monitoring system are designed. Finally, this paper designs the improved ResLSTM algorithm which is fused with ResNet algorithm based on Stacked LSTM. The algorithm designed in this paper is tested in comparison with SVM and LSTM. The performance of the algorithm designed in this paper is better than SVM and LSTM. Furthermore, the communication test, as well as the training and testing of the ResLSTM algorithm are outstanding. The 5G base station lithium-ion battery cloud monitoring system designed in this paper can meet the requirements. It has great significance for engineering promotion. More importantly, the ResLSTM algorithm designed in this paper can better guide the method of lithium-ion battery SOC estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a review of how the end-of-life (EOL) stage is modelled in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Twenty-five peer-reviewed journal and conference papers that consider the whole LIB life cycle and describe their EOL modelling approach sufficiently were analyzed. The studies were categorized based on two archetypal EOL modelling approaches in LCA: The cutoff (no material recovery, possibly secondary material input) and EOL recycling (material recovery, only primary material input) approaches. It was found that 19 of the studies followed the EOL recycling approach and 6 the cutoff approach. In addition, almost a third of the studies deviated from the expected setup of the two methods by including both material recovery and secondary material input. Such hybrid approaches may lead to double counting of recycling benefits by both including secondary input (as in the cutoff approach) and substituting primary materials (as in the EOL recycling approach). If the archetypal EOL modelling approaches are not followed, it is imperative that the modelling choices are well-documented and motivated to avoid double counting that leads to over- or underestimations of the environmental impacts of LIBs. Also, 21 studies model hydrometallurgical treatment, and 17 completely omit waste collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production and consumption of non-renewable energy resources have disrupted the environment's biodiversity cycle. Global climate change, including worldwide warming, has made human life both now and in the future. The construction industry in the world has a significant share in the demand for energy consumption in these challenges. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to implement standards to save and prevent energy loss to control and limit the demand for energy requested from the power network. Constructing a building with self-sufficient energy production that meets its energy needs by producing clean energy becomes more important. It also sells the excess energy to the grid, known as zero energy buildings. In the present paper, the issue is a constrained optimization problem that aims to minimize the total annual cost, including the initial investment cost for PV and batteries and their maintenance costs, as well as the cost of network exchanges. Among the limitations, the proposed model can mention the restrictions governing the battery, such as the limitations of the battery state of charge (SoC). The problem under optimization is a mixed integers nonlinear programming (MINLP) that will be solved by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm considering the total cost minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the use of electrochemical batteries, especially lithium–ion (Li-Ion) batteries, increases due to emerging applications and expanding markets, the accurate and fast estimation of their state of health (SOH) is becoming increasingly important. The accuracy of the SOH estimation is highly dependent on the correlation strength between the used indicator and SOH and the accuracy of the SOH indicator measurement. This paper presents a new differential indicator which has a strong and consistent correlation with the SOH of Li-Ion batteries, based on a new Electrochemical Impedance Spectrum (EIS) Phase–Magnitude relationship. It is shown in this paper that the EIS Phase–Magnitude relationship exhibits a phase-based differential impedance magnitude SOH indicator between a first-phase peak point and a last-phase valley point. Because of the differential nature of this SOH indicator and because the two impedance values are measured at a phase peak point and a valley phase point regardless of the phase absolute values, the effect of impedance measurement shift/offset (error) on SOH estimation is reduced. This supports the future development of more accurate and faster online and offline SOH estimation algorithms and systems that have a higher immunity to impedance measurement shift/offset (error). Furthermore, in this work, the EIS was measured for a lithium–ion battery that was down to a ~15% SOH, which was not only used to support the conclusions of this paper, but also helped in filling a gap in the literature for EIS data under deep/high degradation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Solar photovoltaic (PV) has recently become very important especially in electrical power applications for countries with high luminosity because it is an effectively unlimited available energy resource. Depending on solar radiation and temperature, the PV generator has a non-linear characteristic with a maximum power point (MPP). The novelty is the efficiency improvement of a PV energy module, it is necessary to track the MPP of the PV array regardless of temperature or irradiation circumstances. Purpose. This paper presents the modeling and the digitally simulation under MATLAB/Simulink of a Fuzzy Logic Controller based on Voltage Perturbation Algorithm (FLC-VPA) applied to PV battery charging system, which consists of PV module, DC-DC boost converter, MPP tracking (MPPT) unit and battery storage. Methods. The DSP1104 is then used to experimentally implement this MPPT algorithm for real-time driving. The obtained results show the high precision of the proposed FLC-VPA MPPT around the optimal point compared to the conventional VPA under stable and changing meteorological conditions. Practical value. The experimental results approve the effectiveness and validity of the proposed total control system in the PV system. References 30, tables 3, figures 17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium metal anode is considered the ultimate goal for pushing the energy density of lithium batteries to the theoretical maximum. “Coating” metallic lithium with protective (carbon) layers has been reported as a viable method to mitigate detrimental issues such as the dendritic lithium deposition and the continuous fracturing of the SEI layer. Herein, we propose a rather simple and economically efficient method employing carbonized filter paper positioned over the lithium metal electrode. After an initial spontaneous lithiation of the paper-derived 3D carbon network, lithium plating/stripping experiments reveal highly stable and rather low overpotentials—particularly when replacing the standard organic carbonate based electrolyte by ionic liquids. The final volumetric energy density of this and the many comparable approaches so far reported in literature, however, remains to be carefully considered, as illustrated by a rather quick calculation.

The adaptation of renewable energy has been increasing in a very encouraging way all over the world. Among various renewable energy resources, wind and solar energy are the promising sources of alternative energy. Wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) have been employed in parallel as a hybrid system for better electricity service. This paper presents a case study and modeling of wind-solar hybrid system in Hriharpur Gadi village, Sindhuli District, Nepal. The hybrid system yields 110kWh of energy per day meeting the village's electricity demand of 87 kWh per day. Moreover, the hybrid power system with battery storage system is modeled using MATLAB simulator. Further, improvising in the existing modeling has been presented to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years an extension of devices longevity has been obtained for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), including ICDs for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT-D) through improved battery chemistry and device technology and this implies important clinical benefits (reduced need for device replacements and associated complications, particularly infections), as well as economic benefits, in line with patient preferences and needs. From a clinical point of view, the availability of this improvement in technology allows to better tune the choice of the device to be implanted, taking into account that the reasons supporting the value of an extended device longevity as a clinical priority may differ according to the clinical setting (purely electrical diseases or left ventricular dysfunction/heart failure, respectively). From an economic point of view, extension of device longevity may have an important impact in reducing long-term costs of device therapy, with substantial daily savings in favour of devices with extended longevity, up to 30%, depending on clinical scenarios. In studies based on projections, an extension of device longevity allowed to calculate that the cost per day of ICDs may be substantially reduced, and this allows to overcome the frequent perception of ICD and CRT-D devices as treatments with unaffordable costs and to overturn the misconception that up-front costs are the only metric with which to value device treatments. In view of its clinical and economic value, device longevity should be a determining factor in device choice by physicians and healthcare commissioners and should be appropriately considered and valued in comparative tenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand flexibility plays a crucial role in mitigating the intermittency of renewable power sources. This paper focuses on an active distribution grid that incorporates flexible heat and electric demands, specifically heat pumps (HPs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Additionally, it addresses photovoltaic (PV) power generation facilities and electrical batteries to enhance demand flexibility. To exploit demand flexibility from both heat and electric demand, along with the integration of PVs and batteries, Control and Communication Mechanisms (CCMs) are formulated. These CCMs integrate demand flexibility into the distribution grids to obtain economic benefits for private households and, at the same time, facilitate voltage control. Concerning EVs, the paper discusses voltage-based droop control, scheduled charging, priority charging, and up-/down-power regulation to optimize the charging and discharging operations. For heat demands, the on-off operation of the HPs integrated with phase change material (PCM) storage is optimized to unlock heat-to-power flexibility. The HP controllers aim to ensure as much self-consumption as possible and provide voltage support for the distribution grid while ensuring the thermal comfort of residents. Finally, the developed CCMs are implemented on a small and representative community of an active distribution grid with eight houses using Power Factory software and DIgSILENT simulation language (DSL). This scalable size of the active distribution network facilitates the careful study of symbiotic interaction among the flexible load, generation, and different houses thoroughly. The simulation results confirm that the integration of flexible demands into the grid using the designed CCMs results in the grid benefiting from stabilized voltage control, especially during peak demand hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population growing faster than before, and availability of transportation options is increasing. Automobiles require combustion engines, which require fuel obtained from underground storage. This underground fuel storage is limited and depleting day-by-day. Many nations have set deadlines up to 2040 to stop producing automobiles that run on underground fuels. Researchers have concentrated on alternative modes of fuel for transportation. The world's largest Sedan marketplaces will transition to all-electric vehicles by 2035, providing a glimpse of greener future other than a significant financial prospect. Not only Sedan, the entire world is focussing on only green electric vehicles to maintain sustainability. However, electric vehicle charging stations are operated by using many conventional resources. Therefore, this paper aims to show how self-charging electric vehicles can help to reduce emissions caused by the direct use of conventional resources in charging stations along with the up-to-date status quo of the EV market. The key descriptions of electric vehicles on top of the battery's type which is randomly used in EVs, how the batteries are proficient in preserving and supplying power continuity itself in vehicles are talked about. Finally, the paper is consulting about charging-discharging system of electric vehicles to make the environment cleaner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lithium-ion battery–ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been recognized as a viable solution to address the limitations of single battery energy sources in electric vehicles (EVs), especially in urban driving conditions, owing to its complementary energy features. However, an energy management strategy (EMS) is required for the optimal performance of the HESS. In this paper, an EMS based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is proposed. It aims to minimize battery current and power peak fluctuations, thereby enhancing its capacity and lifespan, by optimizing the weights of formulated FLC rules using the PSO algorithm. This paper utilizes the battery temperature as the cost function in the optimization problem of the PSO due to the sensitivity of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to operating temperature variations compared to ultracapacitors (UCs). An evaluation of optimized FLC using PSO and a developed EV model is conducted under the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and compared with the unoptimized FLC. The result shows that 5.4% of the battery's capacity was conserved at 25.5 °C, which is the highest operating temperature attained under the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batteries play a crucial role as energy storage devices across various industries. However, achieving high performance often comes at the cost of safety. Continuous monitoring is essential to ensure the safety and reliability of batteries. This paper investigates the advancements in battery monitoring technology, focusing on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). By examining the factors contributing to battery degradation and the principles of FBGs, this study discusses key aspects of FBG sensing, including mounting locations, monitoring targets, and their correlation with optical signals. While current FBG battery sensing can achieve high measurement accuracies for temperature (0.1 °C), strain (0.1 μ ε ), pressure (0.14 bar), and refractive index (6 × 10−5 RIU), with corresponding sensitivities of 40 pm/°C, 2.2 pm/ μ ε , −0.3 pm/bar, and −18 nm/RIU, respectively, accurately assessing battery health in real time remains a challenge. Traditional methods struggle to provide real-time and precise evaluations by analyzing the microstructure of battery materials or physical phenomena during chemical reactions. Therefore, by summarizing the current state of FBG battery sensing research, it is evident that monitoring battery material properties (e.g., refractive index and gas properties) through FBGs offers a promising solution for real-time and accurate battery health assessment. This paper also delves into the obstacles of battery monitoring, such as standardizing the FBG encapsulation process, decoupling multiple parameters, and controlling costs. Ultimately, the paper highlights the potential of FBG monitoring technology in driving advancements in battery development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batteries as a power source are the basis for all major hand tool manufacturers as vide variety of portable products became battery powered for more convenient usage. Manufacturers disable unapproved battery applications in their products by designing batteries specific for these products. In practice, the life of power tool batteries depends on two parameters: natural aging and the type of use. In a case study of a Battery Powered Grass Trimmer which battery broke after four years, the repair procedure for the package is shown. However, shortly after the repair, the Battery Powered Grass Trimmer suffered a bearing deformation that rendered it unusable. Due to its age and the unavailability of replacing electric engine, the Trimmer was scrapped and a detailed Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) applying SimaPro methodology is provided. Since the product under study is no longer on the market, a properly functioning, refurbished battery with significantly increased capacity is used in a new battery-powered grass trimmer from another manufacturer. The paper's final consideration underscores the need for an international standard that regulates battery compatibility and reduces waste, especially electronic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an SOC estimation method for lithium battery, which combines the online parameter identification and an improved particle filter algorithm. Targeted at the particle degradation issue in particle filtering, grey wolf optimization is introduced to optimize particle distribution. Its strong global optimization ability ensures particle diversity, effectively suppresses particle degradation, and improves the filtering accuracy. The recursive least square method with forgetting factor is also introduced to update the model parameters in a real-time manner, which further improves the estimation accuracy of SOC alternately with the improved particle filter algorithm. Experimental results validate the proposed method, with an average estimation error less than ±0.15%. Compared with conventional extended Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter algorithms, the proposed algorithm has higher estimation accuracy and stability for battery SOC estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to validate state of charge (SOC) estimations in batteries for their use in remotely manned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The SOC estimation must provide the mission control with a measure of the available range of the aircraft, which is critical for extended missions such as search and rescue operations. However, the uncertainty about the initial state and depth of discharge during the mission makes the estimation challenging. In order to assess the estimation provided to mission control, an a posteriori re-estimation is performed. This allows for the assessment of estimation methods. A reverse-time Kalman estimator is proposed for this task. Accurate SOC estimations are crucial for optimizing the utilization of multiple UAVs in a collaborative manner, ensuring the efficient use of energy resources and maximizing mission success rates. Experimental results for LiFePO4 batteries are provided, showing the capabilities of the proposal for the assessment of online SOC estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern alkaline batteries, the zinc anode is the performance-limiting and lifetime-limiting electrode, making the choice of zinc powder critical. Due to the various material fabrication processes that are used to manufacture industrial zinc powder, there exists a wide array of possible zinc particle shapes, sizes, and crystallinities. These industrial zinc powders are typically conceived, produced, and tested through trial-and-error processes using historical "rules of thumb." However, a data-driven approach could more effectively elucidate the optimum combination of zinc particle properties. In this paper, the effect of Zn particle size, shape, and crystallinity on the achievable capacity and corrosion current is investigated. The Zn types are tested in both powder and slurry form. Following the data collection, a factorial-based statistical analysis is performed to determine the most statistically significant variables affecting capacity and corrosion. This information is then used to down-select to a subset of particles that are tested in cylindrical cells with an AA-equivalent geometry. The reported technique can be used to develop actionable principles for battery manufacturers to create cells that are more stable, longer lasting, and have higher energy densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery pack provides the backup power supply for DC system of power substations. In the event of an AC power outage or other accidents, it is an important guarantee for the reliable operation of power substation. To prevent possible failures, batteries usually require careful maintenance. Common methods are online monitoring, condition assessments, and health management. Among these, model-based techniques are widely used for battery monitoring and prognostics optimization. Data-driven methods are a good alternative solution when no mathematical models are available. As substations develop towards intelligent and unmanned modes, this paper proposes an online battery monitoring and management system based on the "cloud-network-edge-end" Internet of Things (IoT) architecture. Firstly, advanced battery monitoring system based on IoT architecture is reviewed in depth. It provides basis for later designing. Secondly, the battery online monitoring and management system is designed considering functional requirements and data link. Designing functions include ledger management, basic battery information display, real-time display of battery monitoring data, and the visualization of battery alarm information. It can implement online monitoring and intelligent maintenance management for battery operating status. Finally, the designed and developed system is applied in a 110 kV offshore substation, mainly providing battery maintenance suggestions and fault alarm prompts. Typical results of ledger information management, key parameter monitoring and alarm prompt are presented. This verifies the effectiveness and convenience of IoT-based system for the monitoring and management of batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of maritime transportation have raised concerns about environmental issues. A potential way to reduce carbon emissions from vessels is the use of chemical-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. However, this technology faces challenges such as high energy consumption, large space occupation, and high processing costs. Therefore, the development of a technology with low energy consumption and compact CO2 storage is crucial to promote the advancement of CCS technology. This paper introduces a magnesium CO2 battery system that converts CO2 into new energy, in the form of hydrogen, while storing CO2. By preparing highly efficient catalytic electrodes and testing the electrolyte and CO2 flow rate on the battery performance, the optimal process parameters were determined to be Pd/CeO2-oct for the electrodes, a 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution for the electrolyte, and a CO2 flow rate of 1 L/h. The battery system demonstrated high cycling stability and conversion efficiency at a current density of 8 mA·cm−2, with a stable cycling time of 600 min (20 cycles), a cathode hydrogen production of 10.135 mL, and a Faraday efficiency of 97.03%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming very popular nowadays to reduce the consumption of oil and environmental pollution. The use of battery and super-capacitor is increasing as the power-source of EVs. The bi-directional DC-DC converter is essential to integrate the battery and super-capacitor with the motor of the vehicle. However, a conventional second-order bi-directional DC-DC converter cannot give very high/low output voltage due to its efficiency reduction at extreme duty cycles, which is prerequisite for EVs. The problems of achieving high efficiency in wide-input-wide-output (WIWO) voltage range bidirectional operation using a conventional bidirectional converter are summarized in this paper. Additionally, the available converters from the literature for WIWO voltage range operation are discussed in detail. The various wide voltage range DC-DC converters are classified into different categories based on their operating principle. Additionally, the advantage and disadvantages of these various wide voltage range converter topologies are explained for the EV application. Finally, a general conceptual solution to achieve a WIWO converter with high efficiency is proposed. It is essential to change the voltage level of the motor input as per the speed requirement. Hence, this paper presents a clear idea for the WIWO bi-directional converters for EV application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global warming problem has pushed the community to implement emission reduction measures in almost every segment of human life. Since the major source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) is fossil fuel combustion, in the shipping sector, these measures are oriented toward a reduction in tailpipe emissions, where the replacement of traditional internal combustion marine engines with zero-carbon technologies offers the ultimate emission reduction results. According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) GHG strategy, vessels involved in international shipping must achieve a minimum 50% reduction in their GHG emissions by 2050. However, this requirement does not extend to fishing vessels, which are significant consumers of fossil fuels. This paper deals with the full electrification of two types of fishing vessels (purse seiners and trawlers), wherein different Lithium-ion Batteries (LiBs) are considered. To investigate their environmental footprint and profitability, Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessments (LCCAs) are performed. The comparison of all-electric fishing vessels with existing diesel-powered ships highlighted the Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery as the most suitable alternative powering option regarding environmental and economic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are coming across cases, where the education system is being distorted and perverted. As the present security of our education system has several loopholes that can be exploited to obtain access to the locations were question papers are being kept, posing a significant threat to society, to address this problem we engineered an intrusion detection recording system with a biometric lock. Our project is a result of combination of two already existing methodologies - Wireless Biometric Lock and Noise detector with automatic recording system. This combination provides us with a more secure system than the existing individual implementation. Thus, our project is a noise sensor-based device with an automatic recording system that can also lock the locker or door using a fingerprint-based biometric interface which not only detects intrusion but also traps the person who tries to intrude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery needed to store electricity is an essential element of a photovoltaic energy production system. The place where this system element is located, during its operation, will thermally influence the way the battery works. The specialized literature presents studies on the influence of temperature on the electrical working capacity of the battery, but through this scientific paper we want to study a concrete case of a LiFePO4 battery and quantify the influence of temperature differences in the working space on the differences in the energy capacities generated by the same battery. The experimental setup allowed recording the temperature of the space where the battery is placed for a long time, so we ensured that the temperature of the battery is approximately equal to that of the working space, just like in a real case of a photovoltaic system. The monitoring of the electric power of the battery in operation was carried out only during its discharge, by imposing a constant discharge current simultaneously with the recording of the voltage at the battery terminals throughout this cycle. At the end of the experiments, we associated the average temperatures during the discharge cycles with the average powers discharged by the battery in each thermal frame. The quantification was achieved by relating the power differences generated to the temperature differences of the different thermal situations experienced. The importance of this study resides into the highlighting of importance to maintain an optimal temperature for the space where the batteries are stored, having as technical effect the maintaining the power's functioning optimal rate of these. The design of a photovoltaic system must be oriented to a long term calculus regarding power's rate depending by battery's working space temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery health assessments are essential for roadside energy storage systems that facilitate electric transportation. This paper uses the samples from the charging and discharging data of the base station and the power station under different working conditions at different working hours and at different temperatures to demonstrate the decay of the battery health of a roadside energy storage system under different cycles. In this paper, for the first time, the predicted state-of-health values are obtained by extracting the characteristic quantities affecting the battery health based on three indicators: the internal resistance, the rate of change of voltage, and the change of temperature. Data on state of health are clustered by K-Means, GMM, K-Means++ and divided into high, medium, and low levels. Using a comparison of the three methods, GMM clustering appears to be the best at reflecting the charging and discharging capacity of the battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes and evaluates the behavior of a new health indicator to estimate the capacity fade of lithium-ion batteries and their state of health (SOH). This health indicator is advantageous because it does not require the acquisition of data from full charge–discharge cycles, since it is calculated within a narrow SOC interval where the voltage vs. SOC relationship is very linear and that is within the usual transit range for most practical charge and discharge cycles. As a result, only a small fraction of the data points of a full charge–discharge cycle are required, reducing storage and computational resources while providing accurate results. Finally, by using the battery model defined by the Nernst equation, the behavior of future charge–discharge cycles can be accurately predicted, as shown by the results presented in this paper. The proposed approach requires the application of appropriate signal processing techniques, from discrete wavelet filtering to prediction methods based on linear fitting and autoregressive integrated moving average algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the PV power, load power, and battery status, the system may operate in different modes. The control loop may have to switch between operating modes. In practice, it is difficult to implement control loop switching because the transition and dynamic process are difficult to control. As a result, this paper presents a generalized mode control method that avoids loop switching across modes. First, system structure and topology are introduced. The operating conditions for both grid-connected and off-grid modes are then divided into six sub-cases. Furthermore, the control architecture, control loop, and reference transition for various scenarios are described. Finally, an experimental platform is built, and the results are presented to verify the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a normalized, varying step size-based least mean square-based control for a standalone microgrid and Ant Lion optimization-based maximum power point tracking. This modified version of the incremental conductance algorithm addresses issues like slow dynamic response, fixed step size issues, and steady state oscillations. Comparative analysis with well-known techniques shows that Ant Lion optimizes the tracking of maximum power points more accurately, with fewer oscillations and increased efficiency. Power management and power quality are maintained through proposed adaptive voltage source converter control. The proposed voltage control shows better performance under various dynamic and steady conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing battery management systems perform many functions, such as simply monitoring the battery's voltage, current, and temperature for the most basic and compensating energy imbalances between battery cells for the most advanced systems. In this last example, the function balancing helps protect the battery from obtaining a better lifespan. However, these systems with such functions remain complex because they involve techniques specific to power electronics and energy conversion. The number of components, implementation complexity, and cost increased. The work presented in this paper fits directly into this context. The main objective is to provide a solution to the problem of battery management and careful pack cell balancing. The proposed system aims to balance the battery pack cells based on the intermediate state of charge by charging or discharging the imbalanced cell. The implementation of the proposed control strategy was for a battery pack composed of five cells under MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy presents a viable alternative to fossil fuels. However, their intermittent nature does not allow for an immediate response to energy demand. Thus, it is necessary and beneficial to harness various renewable sources and integrate a storage system as an auxiliary source to mitigate this intermittency. The hybridization of energy sources requires efficient management of power flows to ensure the proper functioning of the overall system, regardless of changing weather conditions. In this paper, we propose an intelligent power management control for hybrid wind-solar-battery systems connected to micro-grids based on fuzzy logic. The proposed control approach addresses several specific challenges compared to conventional methods in the intelligent energy management of renewable hybrid systems. It effectively manages the uncertainties and nonlinearities inherent in weather variations, optimizes performance by dynamically adjusting the operations of energy sources and storage systems, and ensures efficient realtime utilization of available energy resources, thus providing greater flexibility and adaptability. Additionally, it enhances the stability and reliability of micro-grids by integrating more flexible and adaptive decision-making mechanisms. The simulation results using MatLab/Simulink demonstrate the significant advantage of this intelligent management lies in its ability to precisely control the state of charge of the battery across five distinct levels, which is not achievable using traditional management practices that rely solely on the maximum and minimum levels of the state of charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we consider a problem from the field of power-aware scheduling in which a fleet of electric vehicles have to be charged in a minimum time. Each vehicle is equipped with a lithium-ion battery of a given capacity. The initial power used for charging each battery is known, whereas it is assumed that the power drops to zero at the moment when the battery gets fully loaded. The power usage function is linear and decreasing. The charging jobs are nonpreemptable and independent, whereas the total available amount of power is limited. The objective is to minimize the schedule length. In this paper, we analyze the case of a problem with identical jobs that already cover a wide variety of practical situations. By employing inverses of natural numbers, similar to harmonic series, we prove two properties of this case, and we also discuss the phenomenon of the stabilization of the difference between the start times of two successive jobs in a schedule. We also take under examination a few special cases of the problem. Some conclusions and directions for future research are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]