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This research intends to identify influential factors in adopting and diffusing solar energy technology (SET) by micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in two tehsils of Multan district in Pakistan's Punjab province. To this end, the influential factors are identified through studying literature surveys and conducting questionnaires. Following that, partial least squares-based path modeling is employed. The results showed that (1) enterprises' size, perceived SET's ease of use, and perceived SET's reliability are the top three driving factors. (2) The perceived SET's price, perceived level of competition's pressure, and MSME's energy cost intensity are the barriers to the adoption and diffusion of SET, while the lack of technical knowledge about SET is a neutral factor. (3) Perceived SET's price, MSMEs' energy cost intensity, and enterprises' size are among the most important factors based on the effect size and path coefficients, while the lack of technical knowledge about SET, preferences of MSMEs' customers, and eco-labels and green stickers have lower importance. Since the adoption of SET is a rational decision that is concretely dependent on economic incentives, it is recommended to lower the price of SET to scale up the adoption and diffusion of SET by Pakistani MSMEs., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The current non-renewable energy-based transportation system is getting us places while simultaneously killing us. The global oil and gas markets are the most sizeable - 4677.45 billion-dollar industries - in the world in terms of revenue due to human dependency on fast transportation. In pre-industrial revolution times, the average rate of global temperature increase was 0.13-degrees Fahrenheit. The introduction of fossil fuel-based vehicles has more than doubled those numbers, thus resulting in accelerated global warming. Electrical vehicles have a few challenges of their own that we have discussed in this paper, finding solutions to them are based on Yoichi Hori's paper to make our model more energy efficient. Our model has been validated by researches done in the past, this paper combines the findings of formerly published papers to produce a working model of our current design with proof of concept. To reduce the carbon footprint of coal and fossil fuel-based electricity production, solar energy has been considered to charge the vehicle. It is not only an efficient choice, but it is also economical. It saves the consumer around $1778 annually in fuel cost and 38.5g/km in carbon emissions. Using a wireless charging station solves a major UX design problem, making charging an effortless experience. This method is 88.05% efficient at 31.5A. Supercapacitors have high power densities, therefore, being a good power source for the EV in theory, however, research shows that current supercapacitor technology is unable to perform as a standalone power source. Hence our model combines supercapacitors with conventional batteries to power the EV, additionally a break recovery system stores energy in the supercapacitor. This powers the car's acceleration. Our model priorities the use of materials that can be repurposed hence carbon-based electrodes are used - Graphene is a potential choice as it consists of high energy cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies in the marketing literature developed a new method for eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) with an open-ended elicitation format: the Range-WTP method. In contrast to the traditional approach of eliciting WTP as a single value (Point-WTP), Range-WTP explicitly allows for preference uncertainty in responses. The aim of this paper is to apply Range-WTP to the domain of contingent valuation and to test for its theoretical validity and robustness in comparison to the Point-WTP. Using data from two novel large-scale surveys on the perception of solar radiation management (SRM), a little-known technique for counteracting climate change, we compare the performance of both methods in the field. In addition to the theoretical validity (i.e. the degree to which WTP values are consistent with theoretical expectations), we analyse the test-retest reliability and stability of our results over time. Our evidence suggests that the Range-WTP method clearly outperforms the Point-WTP method.

This paper explores the role of electricity in the transition to renewable energy to mitigate climate change. A systematic literature review with the Scopus database identified 92 papers relevant to the renewable electricity transition. A PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) review of the papers provided a multidisciplinary analysis. The Paris Agreement created a global movement for carbon neutrality to address the threats of climate change, calling for a transition to renewable electricity to lead the way and expand into new sectors and regions. Although smaller renewable technologies are ramping up, complexities thwarting the transition include locked-in assets, high upfront costs, variability of solar and wind energy, infrastructure, difficulty in decarbonizing transportation and industry, material resource constraints, and fossil fuel support. This research found that renewables are not replacing fossil fuels to date but adding further energy demands, so that greenhouse gas emissions rose in 2021 despite an increased renewable electricity share. Without a major shift in the trillions of dollars of subsidies and investment away from fossil fuels to renewables, catastrophic climate change is predicted. This paper found that the Paris Agreement's commitment to net-zero carbon and the transition to renewable electricity are undermined by record-high levels of subsidies and financing for fossil fuel industry expansion. Transitioning to a climate-neutral economy requires an investment away from fossil fuels into renewable energy ecosystems. Renewable electricity provides possibilities to realize sustainable development goals, climate stabilization, job creation, a green economy, and energy security with careful planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews and assesses India's energy policy in the context of its commitment to achieve the target of net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. It emphasizes the central role of green electrification, particularly through the expansion of solar power capacity. It discusses policies outside the energy sector that need to be part of a strategy of achieving this target, including the use of information technology, infrastructure development, and transportation. Furthermore, it examines possible policy options for accelerating the target date to 2050, especially with the use of carbon capture to manage the transition from the current heavy use of coal. The paper also discusses the possible financial and growth implications of various strategy options, arguing that feasible external financing commitments can allow India to achieve net-zero goals without sacrificing economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable attention in the last decade due to a paradigm shift in the transport sector driven by a higher awareness of environmental issues. While the importance of EVs cannot be overstated in the context of the global climate crisis, it does raise the question of whether certain countries or states are ready for their implementation. It is, therefore, necessary to analyze the impact of EVs in the power grids of these countries and states, considering factors such as line congestion and the eventual degradation of voltage profiles, to determine their hosting capacity and assess eventual expansion options. This paper proposes a representative prototype of Curaçao's electrical system, which is used for assessing the impacts of EVs, allowing us to determine its hosting capacity. Curaçao is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea that uses fuel generators, wind energy, and solar energy to generate electricity. The idea behind this paper is to analyze the effects caused by an increase in EVs on Curaçao's power grid and propose preventive measures to deal with such problems. Eight EV charging stations were considered, one DC super fast-charging station, three normal DC fast-charging stations, and four AC fast-charging stations. In 2022, there were an estimated 82,360 vehicles on the island. Using this information, this paper analyzes how many vehicles can be simultaneously connected to the grid before it no longer operates under acceptable values. The results showed that 3.5% of the total vehicles can be hosted by the grid. Nonetheless, this can be increased up to 4.5% with the reinforcement of a transmission line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar thermal power plants today are the most viable alternative to replace conventional thermal power plants to successfully combat climate change and global warming. In this paper, the reasons behind this imminent and inevitable transition and the advantages of solar thermal energy over other renewable sources including solar PV have been discussed. The current literature on different types of solar thermal power plants and their performance optimisation techniques is quite scattered. Efforts have been made in this paper to bring the scattered information together in one thorough review so that it helps researchers across the spectrum undertaking studies on concentrated solar power technologies. This paper has established a brief background of these technologies. Furthermore, it has put forth a comprehensive review of different concentrated solar power technologies implemented throughout the world. The review in its latter part has highlighted the current trends of various hybrid, performance enhancing techniques being employed with these technologies. A brief review of the importance of economic analysis of these technologies has also been done. The future scope and course of action adopted to keep this technology growing are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Given the energy crisis and climate change due to pollution, and given that the largest emissions of greenhouse gases are produced by the energy industry, we must turn our attention to the efficient use of solar energy, which is the cleanest and most abundant of all renewable energies. In this paper, based on an analysis of the specialized literature, we studied the effect of dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic modules on some performance characteristics and on the efficiency of these panels and modules compared to the efficiency of clean modules. We analyzed the cause of dust accumulation and the influence of the tilt angles of the photovoltaic panels on the dust deposition rate. We highlighted the influence of atmospheric temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity depending on the density of the dust deposited on the surface of the photovoltaic panel, and we found a decrease in the efficiency of the panel based on the increase in dust density for slightly high values of solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity. We highlighted the reduction in CO2 emissions by replacing electricity from fossil fuels with solar energy. The efficient use of solar energy is a solution for the decarbonization of the energy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planet Earth is simultaneously approaching a number of ecological and resource limits. The resulting uncertainties will heavily impact future energy choices, both the level of primary energy used globally and the shares of fossil, renewable and nuclear fuels in the energy mix. This paper reviews the possible futures for the various types of renewable energy. To be viable, all potential energy sources must be assessed on their energy return on energy invested (energy return). Given that renewable energy RE growth is considered important for sustainability reasons, renewable energy must be assessed on its ecologically sustainable or 'green' energy return, which includes the energy costs of ecosystem maintenance as input energy costs. The green energy return is accordingly much lower than the conventional value, so that ecologically sustainable renewable energy is unlikely to deliver anything near existing global energy use. The paper further argues that such constraints on renewable energy growth rates mean it cannot be a timely response to global climate change. The paper concludes that energy reductions will be essential, mainly in high energy use countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil aviation authorities, working with their airport, airline and aviation business partners, are developing plans to achieve carbon-neutral aviation growth from 2020. This paper discusses how, in order to meet this goal, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States have agreed to a basket of measures for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation. One effective measure identified is replacing aircraft auxiliary power unit emissions with gate electrification systems and solar power as described in the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism small-scale methodology: solar power for domestic aircraft at-gate operations. ICAO, with funding support from international partners, has recently completed three airport pilot projects — in Cameroon, Jamaica and Kenya — that demonstrate how States can implement the solar at-gate measure. Beyond the direct application to auxiliary power units and gate electrification, the solar at-gate concept offers a more general approach as to how other airport electrification conversion projects, including ground support equipment, airport ground transportation and passenger vehicle use, can maximise emission reduction benefits by eliminating fossil-fuel combustion and replacing it with carbon-free electricity. This paper discusses the solar at-gate example, which demonstrates the opportunities associated with maximising airport electrification and supplying the new electricity demand with clean energy for carbon emission reductions consistent with the global efforts to address climate change, and at the same time, accelerating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through innovation for a greener future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work related to Reliability Assessment Methodologies for grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) systems performed in recent literature. Solar power is emerging as the fast growing source of energy in the world as a result of rising environmental concerns regarding the hazards of climatic change linked with the production of electricity using fossil fuels. Although PV systems can support small businesses and households on their own, many people prefer a grid‐connected PV system (PVS) because of the net profit it provides. Grid‐integrated PV system, however, comes with many reliability issues. Evaluating the reliability of grid‐integrated photovoltaic system is thus an important area of research. The article presents a critical survey of the state‐of‐art technologies for assessing the reliability of a PV system. Issues related to the reliability of the grid‐integrated PVS are spotted along with the solution techniques. Reliability indices for analyzing the PVS performance are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concludes the series of the research works on the interdisciplinary analytical approach (the so-called bifurcation-fractal analytics) to forecast the dynamics of pulse systems on the basis of modified bifurcation diagrams. These diagrams are intended to integrate incompatible-in-traditional-spaces images (mainly transients from the phase space and evolution pictures from the parametric space) in order to analyze whether the running transient converges towards the domain of a desirable behavior taking into account its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The interdisciplinary context of the analytics appears because the novel mathematical images need physical meaning and further this research should be continued for proposing the expedient engineering decision. Here, the advantages to forecast the evolutionary tendencies in different scales of the modified bifurcation diagrams are illustrated by computer-based simulations. Translations of the mathematical images into their physical implementations follow the principle of the bifurcation poker and the principle of the spatial nonuniformity. The experimental results to verify these principles are presented. Variants of engineering proposals are commented in comparison with traditional abilities of the small-signal design. The results systematized in the paper confirm that fundamental obstacles to forecast abnormal evolutionary changes in the dynamics of pulse energy converters are absent. Prospects of the outcome from the experience accumulated in engineering to similar problem statements independently of a pulse system nature are finally discussed. And the regulatory hypothesis on local climate dynamics is considered in this connection. This discussion is quite suitable here because a local climate system can be described as a converter of the solar energy under a specific pulse control realized by the astronomic forcing and there are circumstances, in which electrotechnical simulations can remain a unique way to accelerate the research on prerequisites and sequels of the forthcoming climate changes. Then the bifurcation-fractal analytics provides an initial theoretical foundation to this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the huge generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), proper management and disposal of MSW is a worldwide challenge for sustainable development of cities and high quality of citizens life. Although different disposal ways are available, incineration is a leading harmless approach to effectively recover energy among the applied technologies. The purpose of the present review paper is to detail the discussion of evolution of waste to energy incineration and specifically to highlight the currently used and advanced incineration technologies, including combined incineration with other energy, for instance, hydrogen production, coal and solar energy. In addition, the environmental performance is discussed, including the zero waste emission, leachate and fly ash treatment, climate change contribution and public behaviour. Finally, challenges, opportunities and business model are addressed. Trends and perspectives on policies and techno-economic aspects are also discussed in this review. Different simulation tools, which can be used for the thermodynamic assessment of incineration plants, are debated; life-cycle inventory emissions and most critical environmental impacts of such plants are evaluated by life-cycle analysis. This review shows that waste incineration with energy yield is advantageous to handle waste problems and it affects climate change positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to provide some insights to professionals on the evolution of smart city, to present its concept and appropriate elements based on the author's 40+ years of experience in international building development projects. With the oil crisis in the 1970s, the use of alternative energy sources such as solar energy and energy saving measures were explored to combat the threat of fossil fuel supply. The concept of intelligent building to improve the productivity of the occupants and energy saving was then emerged in 1980s, followed by the focusing of the built environment like green building and sustainable construction in the 1990s. Various metrics were developed by different countries for assessing green building provisions e.g. LEED in a more structure manner. Building resilience has recently become popular for abating the increasing natural disasters. The features of intelligent building, green resilient building and smart city will be illustrated by making references to developments which were designed and project managed by the author. On a more macro scale, with the rapid advancement of ICT in recent years, the concept of smart city has been advocated. The various definitions of smart city would first be depicted. Based on these definitions, the attributes of smart building and the respective features were suggested. The appraisal of the designed provisions of a mixed development project in Southeast Asia was then illustrated with suggestions on further elements to enhance its smart city characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Irradiance depicts the light energy produced by the Sun that hits the Earth. This energy is important for renewable energy generation and is intrinsically fluctuating. Forecasting solar irradiance is crucial for efficient solar energy generation and management. Work in the literature focused on the short-term prediction of solar irradiance, using meteorological data to forecast the irradiance for the next hours, days, or weeks. Facing climate change and the continuous increase in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from the use of fossil fuels, the reliance on renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is expanding. Consequently, governments and practitioners are calling for efficient long-term energy generation plans, which could enable 100% renewable-based electricity systems to match energy demand. In this paper, we aim to perform the long-term prediction of daily solar irradiance, by leveraging the downscaled climate simulations of Global Circulation Models (GCMs). We propose a novel Bayesian deep learning framework, named DeepSI (denoting Deep Solar Irradiance), that employs bidirectional long short-term memory autoencoders, prefixed to a transformer, with an uncertainty quantification component based on the Monte Carlo dropout sampling technique. We use DeepSI to predict daily solar irradiance for three different locations within the United States. These locations include the Solar Star power station in California, Medford in New Jersey, and Farmers Branch in Texas. Experimental results showcase the suitability of DeepSI for predicting daily solar irradiance from the simulated climate data, its superiority over related machine learning methods, and its ability to reproduce the daily variability. We further use DeepSI with future climate simulations to produce long-term projections of daily solar irradiance, up to year 2099. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a developing country, South Africa relies on electricity as the most critical amenity needed for development. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) is one of the nine provinces in South Africa that faces an energy supply challenge. KZN is also the warmest province among them all due to its location. As one of the warmest provinces, solar power could be utilised to assist in dealing with the energy crisis. This paper focuses on the cost uncertainties attributed to the implementation of solar power which will assist in meeting the demand of energy in the region. The unsustainability of energy has led to a near collapse of the region's economy. This study also contributes to improving the scientific implementation of solar power in the region to deal with the unsustainability criteria observed. The employment of Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) revealed solar power as one of the most reliable renewable energies for planned implementation bases. With the development of the Economical, Methodological and Environmental (EME) strategic framework which addresses all social cohesion of solar power, the early turn around has been seen through the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in the region of KZN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the question: should the world rely wholly or partially on solar geoengineering (SG) to mitigate climate change (CC), or on renewable energy, together with deep energy reductions? Recent thinking is for SG to only supplement more conventional climate change mitigation methods. However, we first show that conventional mitigation methods are not working., given that global annual CO2 emissions are still rising, so it is far more likely that SG will be called upon to counter most anthropogenic CC, as early research proposed. The paper next examines the various SG proposals that have been considered and their objectives. Future choices could be between an increasingly unpredictable climate, and SG, with its own risks and unknowns, or deep energy reductions and RE. The claim is that SG has far lower costs for a given climate forcing reduction compared with more conventional methods, and equally important, could be quickly implemented, producing temperature reductions in a year or so, compared with decades needed for more conventional mitigation approaches. SG implementation would affect not only the technical potential for key RE sources but also the actual uptake of RE and energy reductions. However, a fair comparison of RE and SG must recognise that the SG option also requires a solution to rising ocean acidification (OA). Because the material quantities needed annually to counter OA are orders of magnitude larger than for SG, its costs and energetic requirements will also be far higher, as will the time for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent climate changes have created intense natural disasters, such as windstorms, which can cause significant damages to power grids. System resilience is defined as the ability of the system to withstand such high-impact low-probability events. This paper proposes a robust resilient operational schedule for active distribution networks against windstorms. In order to capture dynamic behaviors of these disasters, zonal disaster-specific uncertainty sets associated with the windstorm are proposed. Additionally, the unavailability uncertainties of N-K contingencies as well as the forecast uncertainties of load demand, wind power, and solar power are taken into account. Instead of committing micro-turbines and energy storage systems in the first stage (here-and-now) of the decision-making process, the proposed model considers these commitment decisions in the second stage (wait-and-see) of the decision-making process, which is more consistent with the fast response time of these units. Since the second stage of the proposed model has binary decision variables, recent KKT-based and duality-based methods are not applicable. Therefore, a new solution method based on block coordinate descent (BCD) and line search (LS) techniques is proposed to solve the bi-level problem. Eventually, IEEE 33-bus distribution test system is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and solution method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The environmental impacts of electricity generation are a critical issue towards sustainability and thus an important research topic in several countries. The life cycle assessment methodology has been widely employed to assess electricity generation. However, there are still gaps in research to be explored within this theme. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a systematic theoretical analysis of the state of the art of the scientific research on LCA of electricity generation systems in the world. Methods: A critical review of 47 studies was conducted. The study is comprehensive in the analysis of the main aspects of the identified high impact studies as follows: authors, countries, universities, keywords, journals, number of citations, life cycle impact assessment methods, impact categories, software tools, and databases. The Methodi Ordinatio was applied to rank the studies in terms of impact factor and number of citations, pointing out high impact research. Results and discussion: Wind and solar powers have two of the smallest impact indices in their generation in terms of global warming, compared to other sources. The ecoinvent database was the most used among the studies analyzed, providing data for potential environmental impacts. The most frequently used impact category in the assessments was climate change. The studies are not equally distributed but most of them are concentrated in European countries. In some countries, clean sources seem promising due to their capacity to generate electricity in places with high wind incidence and high capacity for sunlight capture. Conclusions: The conclusions of this article summarize the characteristics of existing literature and provide suggestions for future work. The results of the study can also be used to promote development actions and foment changes in energy matrices in a global context. The main studies in this area point that in the future, the main sources for electricity generation will be renewable ones, since life cycle assessment of electricity generation systems has been seeking to generate knowledge to support informed decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods of climate change (CC) mitigation have not 'bent the curve' of steadily rising annual anthropic CO2 emissions or atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. This study reviews the present position and likely future of such methods, using the recently published literature with a global context. It particularly looks at how fast they could be implemented, given the limited time available for avoiding catastrophic CC (CCC). This study then critically examines solar geoengineering, an approach often viewed as complementary to conventional mitigation. Next, this review introduces equity considerations and shows how these even further shorten the available time for effective action for CC mitigation. The main findings are as follows. Conventional mitigation approaches would be implemented too slowly to be of much help in avoiding CCC, partly because some suggested technologies are infeasible, while others are either of limited technical potential or, like wind and solar energy, cannot be introduced fast enough. Due to these problems, solar geoengineering is increasingly advocated for as a quick-acting and effective solution. However, it could have serious side effects, and, given that there would be winners and losers at the international level as well as at the more regional level, political opposition may make it very difficult to implement. The conclusion is that global energy consumption itself must be rapidly reduced to avoid catastrophic climate change, which requires strong policy support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is stated as one of the largest issues of our time, resulting in many unwanted effects on life on earth. Cloud fractional cover (CFC), the portion of the sky covered by clouds, might affect global warming and different other aspects of human society such as agriculture and solar energy production. It is therefore important to improve the projection of future CFC, which is usually projected using numerical climate methods. In this paper, we explore the potential of using machine learning as part of a statistical downscaling framework to project future CFC. We are not aware of any other research that has explored this. We evaluated the potential of two different methods, a convolutional long short-term memory model (ConvLSTM) and a multiple regression equation, to predict CFC from other environmental variables. The predictions were associated with much uncertainty indicating that there might not be much information in the environmental variables used in the study to predict CFC. Overall the regression equation performed the best, but the ConvLSTM was the better performing model along some coastal and mountain areas. All aspects of the research analyses are explained including data preparation, model development, ML training, performance evaluation and visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is becoming an essential element when it comes to climate change greenhouse issues. To aid in reducing the CO2 emission into the environment, numerous governments support individual investments in solar system on their residential rooftop. A set of regulations were established by the local utilities to control and manage the input energy power into the grid from the rooftop-installed solar system. One of the main regulation is the maximum allowable size of the single-phase solar inverter. The solar inverter size has direct impact on the maximum PV panels installed on the house rooftop, which control the house maximum electrical output power. In addition, the solar panels are solidly fixed on the house roof, which doesn’t allow to track the sun energy during the day. This also reduces the house output power during a nominal period throughout the day. The study in this paper introduces the maximum power point box that allow the house owner to maximize the output energy during the morning, midday and afternoon period without the need to upgrade the inverter or the single phase system for the house. Also the proposal allows for more efficient building integration between solar panels and building design, which reduces the cost of the proposed system. Case study is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are promoted in large numbers by government of India to reduce environmental pollution and climatic change. Major anxieties while introducing electrical vehicles is their driving range and initial cost. Enough number of normal, medium and fast charging stations and battery swapping stations are to be planned and installed for smooth conveyance of electrical vehicles. This paper deals with a normal charging station implemented at a workspace. A solar power plant is used as the major source of electrical energy. An alternate connection to the station storage battery is used for importing/exporting the electrical power at times of deficient/excess solar power generation. The performance of the system is verified with MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of Renewable Energy (RE) production to fight the climate crisis is posing new technological and financial challenges, due to the availability and variability of RE Sources (RES). These challenges can be addressed by selecting the most suitable mix of RES to optimise power production, to assure grid resilience and to promote local energy use. To facilitate the selection of such combination, this paper presents an original methodology that allows to compare mixing scenarios with different RES, also in presence of batteries and backup system. It simultaneously optimises the energy surplus with respect to the eventual external electrical load and the missing energy with respect to the same electrical load. This method, which can cope with isolated or plugged-to-grid systems, is here applied to a novel case study, an oil&gas platform under decommissioning, located in the Adriatic Sea (Italy). The RE production from wind, wave and solar panels is supposed to support other activities for the platform reuse, such as aquaculture, monitoring and mineral deposition. In this case, solar energy is providing the greatest contribution to the optimal mix in terms of production, while wave energy assures the most relevant contribution in terms of continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using clean energy sources instead of traditional methods of energy production is important to tackle global warming and climate change. As in the rest cities of the Kurdistan Region and Iraq, the national electricity outage crisis continues in Duhok Governorate and the production of energy via different sources is still needed. This paper studies the simulation of two different types of solar energy systems on school roofs using the Homer Pro software. The first is a grid-connected system and the second, is an off-grid system for six different regions of Duhok Governorate, using the solar radiation data for each site. Our findings confirm the preference for on-grid PV over an off-grid PV system at all sites. As the cost of energy in USD per kWh in both grid-tied and stand-alone models varies from one region to another, which is as follows: Amedi (0.089, 0.339), Kani Masi (0.091, 0.0338), Bamarni (0.093, 0.338), Mangesh (0.095, 0.349), Semel (0.107, 0.341), and Akre (0.127, 0.347). The net present cost NPC in both grid-connected and grid-independent for 160 kW PV systems is as follows: Kani Masi ($217303, $260504), Amedi ($217621, $260710), Bamarni ($219007, $260587), Mangesh ($220167, $261239), Semel ($227566, $261222), and finally Akre ($238671, $262203). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper complements a series of now four publications that document the release of the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0. It describes new diagnostics on the hydrological cycle, extreme events, impact assessment, regional evaluations, and ensemble member selection. The diagnostics are developed by a large community of scientists aiming to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of Earth system models (ESMs) which are participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). The second release of this tool aims to support the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). Furthermore, datasets from other models and observations can be analysed. The diagnostics for the hydrological cycle include several precipitation and drought indices, as well as hydroclimatic intensity and indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The latter are also used for identification of extreme events, for impact assessment, and to project and characterize the risks and impacts of climate change for natural and socio-economic systems. Further impact assessment diagnostics are included to compute daily temperature ranges and capacity factors for wind and solar energy generation. Regional scales can be analysed with new diagnostics implemented for selected regions and stochastic downscaling. ESMValTool v2.0 also includes diagnostics to analyse large multi-model ensembles including grouping and selecting ensemble members by user-specified criteria. Here, we present examples for their capabilities based on the well-established CMIP Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present future energy and flow rate generation scenario of conventionally designed photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation using projected climate change and degradation factor. The mean monthly water flow rate from the pump was predicted for different months using expected power for 16S × 1P PV array configuration. The mean monthly expected power from solar PV system was estimated using climate change forecast of solar radiation and temperature for 30 years of lifetime period of solar PV pumping system. The estimation of expected power at predicted solar radiation and temperature also includes the yearly system components degradation rate. The water flow rates were predicted using an experimentally developed mathematical model for a given pump. The experimental model simulates the water flow rate for various solar power and heads (30 m, 40 m and 50 m). The field data were obtained using a pumping test facility located at a farm site of IIT Kharagpur (India). It was found that the flow rate increases with the increase in pump power for each head. The yearly pattern of predicted energy and flow rate for different months showed a decreasing trend as the projected temperature rise and component degradation reduces the energy yield from the PV array. The results indicated that the overall reduction in the capacity of a PV system is in the range of 25–27% for different months in which climate change (rise in temperature) showed minor effect (3%) and can be neglected. The mitigating measures for energy loss are required to fulfil future irrigation demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the global climate change and energy crisis, solar energy has become the focus of research, development, and utilization throughout the world. Therefore, an empirical study on the awareness of residents for solar photovoltaic power generation is of great significance. Based on the 330 questionnaire data, by adopting the single factor variance analysis (S-N-K test) methodology, this paper first analyzed the differences between various groups of residents from varied perspectives of Chinese residents, i.e., different ages, different education attainments, different income levels, different genders, and different industries. Then, it conducted a regression analysis of the demographic variables by using linear regression models. The results indicate that: (1) the awareness of different types of Chinese residents is significantly different; (2) education and income levels have significant impacts on their awareness. Finally, this paper proposed corresponding policy recommendations based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has become crucial in providing the world with an opportunity to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as fighting the consequences of climate change. Furthermore, Africa is at the forefront of the regions affected by climate change with a future expectancy of worsening consequences, in addition to being a region with various electricity complications, energy demands, and global greenhouse emissions contributions. Therefore, not only is Africa in major need of adopting efficient renewable energy technologies for their apparent future concerns but also Africa is already considered a region that has significant solar energy potential due to its abundant natural and renewable resources. Solar energy’s potential in Africa could not only be a solution to many of the continent’s complications, but it could also help the continent’s economy thrive The potential of solar energy in Africa as well as techniques to efficiently implement it has piqued literary interest a lot recently however, this paper aims to highlight through literature not only the potential and the technologies available for adoption but also the challenges complicating the implementation. This paper is split into four literary sections, first section puts forward the challenges facing Africa in the uptake of solar energy technologies including financial, technological, human resources, and environmental challenges. Then, in-depth discussions of the various solar energy technologies for potential adoption. Third, the biggest solar energy projects implemented in Africa are put forward. Finally, a thorough study of the aforementioned challenges, their current state, and the actions required to overcome them is presented in order to fully realize the potential of solar energy deployment across the continent.

Planet Earth is facing challenge of Environment degradation which could be checked by usage of Green technology in order to achieve Energy Conservation. Usage of Renewable energy resources would meet energy demand without compromising the need of future generation and would replace conventional fuels. Adoption of decentralized approach such as solar thermal technology based products like Solar Water Heating System (SWHS). MNRE had introduced SWHS scheme under National Solar Mission as the economic benefits of the utilization of SWHS in both domestic and industrial sectors can lead to savings in fuel costs for water heating and by reducing environmental issues. The main objective of paper is to explore the development of SWHS in Punjab state installed under subsidy provided by State Nodal Agency of Punjab i.e. Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA). This paper had examined the assessment of role played by PEDA in process and functioning of installation and release of subsidies for SWHS and also analyzed the perspective of beneficiaries towards use of SWHS from three districts of Punjab. The analytical study showed that the installation of SWHS has saved energy in providing hot water supply in domestic and commercial areas. The results of study highlighted that there is lack of maintenance provision by private companies. There is need to monitor Private companies, initiate feedback mechanism, provide more government rebates and benefits which will help the small scale manufacturers to flourish more by maintaining quality assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and scarcity of energy sources have put developing countries in a situation that demands emergency future planning for matured renewable technologies in order to continue sustainable progress and provide clean and cheap energy to masses. This paper provides a comprehensive structure of site suitability for utility scale solar PV and wind energy projects considering criteria critical to each technology while only using criteria with absolute necessity for varying scenarios incorporating Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) along with Geographic Information System (GIS). A novel approach is also considered for far-off areas potentially deprived of electricity access for small scale solar PV implementation. A total of eight sub-criteria were considered in site selection process regarding wind and solar energy, analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to rank criteria depending on their importance to selection process. Resulting methodology was applied to case study of Pakistan, a developing country with growing climate change emergency and ongoing power crisis. End results showed 25.28% area suitable for utility scale solar PV farms, 5.93% area suitable for utility scale wind farms and 40.02% suitable area for small scale solar PV farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into urban sustainability increasingly deploys advanced analytics and large‐scale data to investigate possible sustainable energy options. This paper reviews several available data‐driven approaches that answer urban sustainability questions. One such approach is applied to identify energy consumption and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) generation potential in New York City at the electricity network level with the objective of improving the city's resilience to expected impacts of climate change. Electric system resilience is, in part, dependent on the spatial and temporal distribution of consumption and potential sustainable energy generation which is investigated here by separating the city into 68 electricity networks and evaluating their generation‐consumption interaction pattern. The analysis reveals that New York City could be home to about 10 GWp of rooftop solar installations—sufficient to cover approximately 25% of annual city electricity consumption and 53% of daylight hour consumption. Localized electricity import–export dimensions are explored for each of the 68 electricity networks and we identify an excess 3.1 TWh electricity supply per year if the entire technical potential of rooftop solar PV is deployed. This excess electricity supply is roughly equivalent to an annual $734 million value which could benefit low‐income areas in the city. This article is categorized under:Energy Infrastructure ≥ Economics and PolicyPhotovoltaics ≥ Systems and InfrastructureEnergy Infrastructure ≥ Systems and InfrastructurePhotovoltaics ≥ Economics and Policy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas is the fossil fuel that is the most friendly for the environment, because is less polluting and more efficient than other conventional fuels. Although it is not as clean as wind or solar energy, the natural gas is considered a key energy source as the world moves towards a cleaner future. In this context, and also taking into account the current economic outlook, Russia and China have developed the "Power of Siberia" pipeline. The new pipeline is the largest gas infrastructure in Russia and one of the most important successes in the relationship between the two major powers. However, the relationship between Moscow and Beijing is not as strong as it seems at first glance. China, whose economy is eight times that Russia's and increasingly technologically advanced, is the main partner of this tandem, and Russia must accept its subordinate role. The main objective of the paper is assessing the importance of the "Power of Siberia" pipeline for the Sino-Russian economic cooperation. The methodology used is mainly qualitative, based on consulting the literature, studies and articles published by established specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This century will witness a major transformation in how energy is acquired, stored, and utilized globally. The impetus for this change comes from the deep impacts that both developed and developing societies have had on our planet's environment during the past century, and the projections going forward of what will happen if we do not act transformatively within the next 2 decades. This paper describes the basis for a meeting held in October 2018 on the need for decarbonization in our energy landscape, and specifically the status and challenges of the science that provides the foundation for such technology. Within the realm of decarbonization in energy generation lies the science of solar energy conversion using new or improved photovoltaic materials and artificial photosynthesis for water splitting and other energy-storing reactions. The intimately related issue of renewable energy storage is being addressed with new strategies, materials, and approaches under current investigation and development. The need to improve the interactions between scientists working on these connected but separately considered challenges and on the transition of scientific achievement to practical application was also addressed, with specific efforts enumerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The produced energy from varied sources in modern power systems is to be optimally planned for planning and operating of power system under the determined limit conditions. Recently, the rising overall people population of the world, the increasing of people requirements, improvements of technology, and ecosystem and global climate changes have caused with the increasing of electric energy demand. One of the most important solution methods to meet this energy demand is considered as utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) in power systems. The structure of power systems has become with the usage of RESs more complex. The optimal power flow (OPF) from planning and operation problems has converted to difficult problem with RESs integrated into modern power systems. This paper presents the OPF problem of power systems with a high penetration of controllable renewable sources. These kinds of sources are able to inject a determined power since they have a back‐up unit (storage). Uncertain solar irradiance and wind speed are simulated via log‐normal and Rayleigh probability distributions, respectively. The proposed OPF problem with controllable renewable sources is solved by the differential evolutionary particle swarm optimization (DEEPSO) algorithm. Simulations conducted on various test systems illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of DEEPSO as compared with other algorithms including moth swarm algorithm, backtracking search algorithm, and differential search algorithm. In addition, the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test is applied to show the supremacy, effectiveness, and robustness of DEEPSO algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, the attention towards the utilization of solar and wind power systems are becoming more popular because of its nonpolluted and nondepleting nature. However, these power sources rely on environmental conditions for power generation. So, extracting maximum power available from the wind and solar systems is essential. Many of the existing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques' performances are not convenient in the hybrid operation of wind and solar power systems. So, to provide an optimum MPPT operation, this paper proposes a fuzzy logic controll er (FLC)–based elephant herding optimization (EHO) technique for MPPT in the hybrid wind‐solar system. The proposed fuzzy‐EHO (FEHO) method has the tendency to track the maximum power under the partial shading condition of the photovoltaic (PV) system and low wind speed situations. The results are compared with the conventional MPPT methods, and it shows that the proposed optimization method efficiently tracks the maximum power point of the wind‐solar power systems even with the variations in the climatic conditions. MATLAB tool is used in the design and operation of the proposed method. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed system is tested with an experimental setup and provides better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy has developed rapidly in recent years, and its impacts on climate have been revealed mainly through model simulations and limited field observations. However, the representation of solar plants in these models is highly simplistic and does not account for dynamical effects, which may pose risks under the simulations for tracking photovoltaics (PV). To make a more comprehensive assessment of the PV-induced climatic impacts, it is relevant to further develop a more sophisticated PV module based on the observed PV-induced impacts from specific cases. To remedy the deficiencies in the existing PV energy models, the newly sophisticated PV module established in this paper includes both the land surface radiation balance, sensible heat balance and the surface physical dray process over the locations of PV plants. It is then used to simulate the local climatic impacts of PV plants through three parallel sensitivity experiments. Comparison analysis between control run and two PV installation scenarios showed obvious changes in the 10-m wind speed, land surface temperature, and 2-m specific humidity were found locally over the locations of PV plants during both the warm and cold periods. The magnitudes of these changes are positively related to the installed capacity of the PV plants, but are much smaller than the natural climate variations. It is expected that the observation-based PV module established in this paper is a meaningful attempt for the model simulation on this field. • A newly sophisticated PV model is firstly developed based on observations. • PV-induced reduction of 10-m wind speed is ∼0.7–1.0 m/s. • Land surface temperature decreases by ∼ 1–2 K during daytime. • PV-induced drying change is obvious in January (∼0.1 kg/kg) but not in July. • The local climatic impacts are much smaller than the natural climate variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is the key component to the development of a society. The demand for energy is increasing day by day. Around 16 percent of the global population does not have access to electricity. Around 64.96% of the population of Bangladesh lives in the rural area. This large portion often suffers from substandard quality of electricity. But electricity production by conventional fossil fuel power plant gives rise to greenhouse gas emission including carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. These gases cause global warming and climate change. This has a detrimental effect on every living thing on the planet. Such consequences put Bangladesh in a perilous position, as most of the land is less than 10 m above the sea-level. As lands become more prone to be inundated, this poses a threat to our agriculture, health, sanitation and causes scarcity of clean water. Initiatives must be taken to popularize low carbon climate resilient energy sectors for sustainable development. A brief study of different forms of renewable energy sources is dealt in this paper. In this study, the present scenario and future prospects of renewable energy in Bangladesh has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies and analyzes the ground-based global solar radiation (GSR) data in the Duhok governorate. The data is collected from the Meteorological Directorate in Duhok for six stations: Kani Masi, Bamarni, Amedi, Mangesh, Akre, and Semel. The highest monthly average values of global solar radiation in Duhok are in June and July, and the lowest values are in December and January. Among all stations, Amedi has the highest value of the monthly mean of GSR 8.704 kWh/m2/day followed by Kani Masi at 8.527, Mangesh at 8.325, Bamarni at 8.072, Semel at 7.051, and finally Akre 6.117 kWh/m2/day, while the lowest values of GSR are in December 2018 mostly, except for Semel is in December 2016. The annual mean of global solar radiation in kWh/m2/day for these stations are 5.017, 4.831, 4.817, 4.755, 4.316, and 3.618 for Amedi, Kani Masi, Mangesh, Bamarni, Semel, and Akre respectively. The monthly mean of the daily clearness index (KT) of the study area peaks is in the mid months of the year (May, June, July, August, and September). KT values experience a dramatic decrease in March in all stations except Mangesh shows a slight increase. Among all the stations, Akre shows the lowest values in KT ranging from 0.330 to 0.507 with an annual average of 0.424. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper proposes a novel multi-model approach, integrating the CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM framework, to assess the combined impacts of climate change and land use change on the potential of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems. By considering both climatic variables and land use patterns, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors influence CPV performance in the context of a changing environment. The proposed methodology offers valuable insights into the future viability and sustainability of CPV technology, enabling informed decision-making for policymakers, energy planners, and investors in the Middle East and Africa. As a result, the ability of the hybrid evolutionary CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM to predict the potential of CPV energy output for assessing the impacts of climate change on it was investigated in Alice Springs, the Middle East, and Africa. The outcome showed that the hybrid model significantly outperformed the other machine learning approaches. The fitted model was used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on CPV generation in Alice Springs, Australia, as well as the Middle East's and Africa's comparable climatic conditions. According to the study, climate change had the greatest impact on solar CPV energy production in Alice Springs, where it decreased the most by 8.577% under moderate forcing scenarios (SSP245) during the boreal summer season; moderately in the Middle East, where it decreased the mode by 2.316% under mitigation scenarios (SSP126) during the boreal summer season; and extremely minimally in Africa, where it decreased the mode by 1.263% under the far future sequencing period (2051–2099). Climate change also increased solar CPV energy production significantly in the Middle East in the far future sequencing period (2051–2099), as well as in Alice Springs, Australia, and Africa in the near future sequencing period (2015–2050). The strongest forcing scenario (SSP585) increased by 7.644% during the boreal autumn season in Africa; moderately increased by 6.502% during the boreal spring season in the Middle East; and had the least beneficial effects in Alice Springs, Australia, with increases of 5.538% during the boreal winter season. On an annual basis, all three regions showed a similar trend. Climate change (CLC) and urban expansion (URE) were also investigated in the Middle East and Africa for their effects on changes in solar CPV energy output. URE had a greater impact in Africa than the Middle East under the effective scenario, with a URE value of 45.45% for Africa and 20.15% for the Middle East, whereas CLC had a greater impact in the Middle East than Africa, with a CLC value of 29.01% compared to 5.47% for Africa. CLC and CPV residual factors, on the other hand, have a greater impact in the Middle East than in Africa, with effects of 29.01% and 50.83%, respectively, compared to 5.47% and 49.09%. The potential difference that drives the remediation of specific pollutants lies in the application of advanced technologies and sustainable practices. By exploring innovative solutions, such as using renewable energy sources like concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems, we can effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change and land use changes on pollutant concentrations. These technologies have the potential to significantly reduce pollution levels and create a cleaner and healthier environment for future generations. Assessing the CPV potential in different regions like Alice Springs, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa allows us to identify areas with high solar energy resources that can be harnessed for efficient pollutant remediation. Implementing prompt climate mitigation and adaptation measures is crucial for achieving a net-zero energy transition in the Middle East and Africa by 2050. In this context, prioritizing solar energy as the primary source of renewable energy is imperative for successful low-carbon economic planning in these regions. • CARIMA-SARIMA-GPM outperforms other applicable models • By 2100, the CPV potential in Alice Springs could increase by 0.082–5.338% at 1.5 °C • By 2100, the Middle East's CPV potential could increase by 0.021–0.221% at 1.5 °C. • By 2100, Africa's CPV potential could increase by 0.133–7.644% at 1.5 °C. • Climate change has harmed Alice Springs and the Middle East more than Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global food security is at risk due to climate change and outdated agricultural technology. The application of readily available technology and input management increased the food supply by 10 to 30 percent, raising a need for alternative farming practices. Furthermore, this study designed, developed, tested, and evaluated an automated, solar-powered aeroponics structure for plant cultivation and monitoring. A research and development approach was used, adapting the iterative model with its four phases: design (planning the prototype), development (creating program logic and assembling components), testing (functionality testing), and evaluation (assessing strengths and weaknesses of the prototype), creating a manageable and flexible workflow, allowing the researchers to incorporate changes based on ongoing feedback. The researchers constructed a prototype with three (3) main components: a growing chamber, a control panel, and a water reservoir. This system was programmed to read and transmit sensor data to the cloud for monitoring. Testing confirmed the functionality of all parts, and evaluation revealed the prototype to be both user-friendly and adaptable to user preferences. In conclusion, the aeroponics structure's high ratings in functionality, acceptability, and adaptability demonstrate a well-performing and user-friendly prototype. This aeroponics system offers a promising and efficient way to advance agricultural practices through its high adaptability to a wide range of conditions. Farmers will be able to modify the aeroponics structure to grow a variety of crops, including vegetables, as it advances. Moreover, the system requires less manual labor due to its automated features, making it an efficient and convenient agricultural innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors that affect the investment environment of the renewable energy industry in emerging countries, and quantifies them to derive relative priorities, drawing on the Vietnamese solar market as a critical case. Vietnam's solar photovoltaic (PV) market was exposed to various adverse policy situations during 2017–2019. The priorities of the determinant factors were derived using analytic hierarchy process analysis, based on a survey of 20 energy experts. The priority of the factors in Level 1 include, in descending order, policies, legal framework, profitability, ease of access to finance, infrastructure, and external factors. The top five of the 29 important factors in Level 2 are level of policy implementation, policy consistency (predictability), feed-in-tariff price, incentives and subsidies for foreign (direct) investment in solar PV, fruitage remittance, and transmission/distribution lines. We demonstrate that the active establishment and implementation of policies is crucial for the development of the renewable energy market. The improvement of the grid infrastructure and measures for system integration should be supported in accordance with solar power deployment. Therefore, actively engaging the interests of various stakeholders comprehensively and in a balanced manner during policymaking can be decisive in supporting stable market growth, facilitated by partnerships between local developers and international investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity will increase in the world in the coming decades due to climate change, especially in areas that currently already have water scarcity, such as the Mediterranean area. In these areas, to guarantee water resources, systems' sustainability is necessary to improve demand management and the development of non-conventional resources, such as treated wastewater reuse or seawater desalination. These non-conventional resources are highly energy-consuming; so, reducing energy costs is a key element in developing their use in different sectors, including agriculture. Combining photovoltaic solar energy with seawater desalination by reverse osmosis will reduce the cost of producing water to below 0.36 EUR/m3; so, this resource can be attractive for agriculture, as demonstrated in this work. The arrangement of bifacial solar modules in horizontal single-axis tracking systems increases the energy amount generated from the sun in one hour or more, improving the facility's efficiency and reducing the desalinated water cost. The greater distance between the solar module lines, with a ground coverage ratio (GCR) = 0.3, makes for a better environmental integration of the facility and allows the development of agrovoltaic strategies, such as native flora planting and pollinator colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]