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Purpose: Inclusive growth in the education sector is still a major challenge in some countries because of limited access to technologies and internet connectivity, among other reasons. However, as a technology, augmented reality (AR) is expected to be widely used in the field of education in the future. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the use of AR for inclusive growth in education as well as identify the challenges, particularly in countries like India and Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach: This paper applies a systematic literature review by analysing and synthesising relevant documents, mainly journal articles, books and conference papers. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation were used for the analysis. Content analysis was used to evaluate the contents of the reviewed literature. Findings: For the use of AR, it is important to have adequate digital infrastructure, access to universal internet or broadband facilities and the digital empowerment of citizens. Major challenges to inclusive growth in education include the lack of trained teacher educators and students' preference for practical or project-based curriculum. Practical implications: Practitioners in both countries may consider the use of AR for inclusive growth in education. Originality/value: This paper specifically examines the use of AR in higher education and the related challenges based on a review of two countries, namely India and Tanzania.

In this paper, the effectiveness of training faculty in laboratory teaching (the teaching of science in a laboratory setting using experiments and similar exercises) through the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT)--virtual technologies for faculties in institutions of higher education in the Indian state of Kerala--was evaluated and measured. The efficacy of employing ICT to train teachers in higher education is important, and we have identified 5I factors (innovative, interactive, involvement, informative, and influential) to help ascertain the effectiveness of such technology training during pandemic teaching. The laboratory learning using VL can describe the student's engagement in the online learning process. This work more specifically identifies how ICT helps in laboratory teaching and identifies the critical pedagogical aspects of the ICT. If the technology has these 5I factors, then it will be an effective teaching method for laboratory learning. Here, we used the ICT-virtual labs in science as the technology to evaluate these five factors. The research first began by conducting an ethnicity profile of science teachers in the middle and high/secondary stages of school consisting of classes "VII," "IX," and "X" (i.e., students of ages 11 to 15). To evaluate the use of VL in the 5I framework, the faculties in science were divided into experimental and control groups (n = 101). The experimental group practiced in a virtual lab in the first stage, but the control group did not. Test I was then performed on both groups. In the second stage, both groups practiced with real lab equipment, and test II was conducted on both groups. The tests and other data from the two groups were statistically analyzed using independent t tests. There were notable differences between the experimental and control groups: in terms of time for understanding the concepts behind the experiment, time for doing the experiment, and accuracy in results, with the experimental group performing significantly better. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two groups in task completion accuracy. Overall, there was a beneficial transfer of training from the virtual lab exercise to the real lab, with the experimental group's average score being higher.

The present paper deals with the issue of Electrical Engineering, particularly its impact and standard of education in India from its initiation till present date. We have explored the transition of Electrical Engineering from disciplines of science to a discipline of engineering and technology. A comprehensive study of Electrical Engineering education framework in India at various stages has been done along with a comparison of educational institutes among BRICS nations, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. We have also acknowledged Electrical Engineering as an important domain of engineering and technology. Indian Government's efforts to improve the quality of Electrical Engineering education in India through internet based interactive online tools and its endeavors to decrease the rising levels of greenhouse emissions for the betterment of our environment has been appreciated in this paper. We have analyzed a plethora of Electrical Computer Aided Design (ECAD) simulation tools, available for the welfare of electrical engineering academia, as well as industry based electrical engineering applications. Electrical Engineers are destined to play a decisive role in the socio-economic future of India and the world, as they have been doing this since the 19th century. Keeping this fact in mind, we have decided to refer to the present employment opportunities available in India covering the private sector as well as the public one. The role of renewable energy in the creation of numerous sustainable jobs for the already huge and exponentially growing youth population of India has a mention in this paper. In conclusion we have formulated some recommendations to educational institutes and Indian Government which will help Electrical Engineering academia-industry flourish in the near future.

Augmented Reality (AR) is growing technology that superimpose 3D images onto real world. This enhances the user's real-world experience. This potential of AR can be utilized effectively in teaching learning for engineering graphics course. There is visualization limitation for engineering students entering in first year, and this leads them to face difficulty in understanding and developing orthographic, isometric and section view of models. AR can empower the students to visualize the actual virtual object in 3D view to match their imagination with augmented object. In this regard initially a framework of AR is conceptualized for the course of engineering graphics & an AR application is developed. This paper mainly focuses on investigation and impact of AR technology on interactive teaching learning process in engineering graphics. Impact of this technology is measured by student's performance in AR interactive test. The result shows increase in student's performance in written test by 18.52% in engineering graphics and in mental rotation test by 28.97%.

Purpose: This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the present state and trends of smart education research. It addresses the need to have a systematic review of smart education to depict its research landscape in view of the growing volume of related publications. Design/methodology/approach: A bibliometric analysis of publications on smart education published in 2011 to 2020 was conducted, covering their patterns and trends in terms of collaboration, key publications, major topics and trends. A total of 1,317 publications with 29,317 cited references were collected from the Web of Science and Scopus for the bibliometric analysis. Findings: Research on smart education has been widely published in various sources. The most frequently cited references are all theoretical or discussion articles. Researchers in the USA, China, South Korea, India and Russia have been most active in research collaborations. However, international collaborations have remained infrequent except for those involving the USA. The research on smart education broadly covered smart technologies as well as teaching and learning. The emerging topics have addressed areas such as the Internet of Things, big data, flipped learning and gamification. Originality/value: This study depicts the intellectual landscape of smart education research, and illustrated the evolution and emerging trends in the field. The results highlight its latest developments and research needs, and suggest future work related to research collaborations on a larger scale and more studies on smart pedagogies.

The selection of career paths and making of academic choices is a difficult and often confusing task for young people. The impact on their lives, however, is enormous as it can determine entire future career possibilities. In India, a general remedy to this stress is that instead of choosing a field of study tailored to individual preferences and strengths, topics are chosen that align with the choices of the students' families or their friends. This can have the effect of entrenching patterns of intergenerational inequity. The aim of this research is to give students greater access to the knowledge capital which will help them make better choices. This is achieved by engaging students in the career planning process, in order to convey information in a likeable and credible way. The COMPCAT (Competency and Career Assessment Tool) game engine combines the use of learning analytics and real time, interactive computer simulations designed to gain insights into the students' engagement in the making of these complex decisions. This paper presents the conceptual architecture of the game and demonstrates its role in enhancing the learning effectiveness of the students.

In the country presently, preclinical medical students are not routinely exposed to real patients. Thus, when they start clinical postings, they are found to have poor clinical reasoning skills. Simulated virtual patients (SVPs) can improve clinical skills without endangering real patients. This pilot study describes the development of two SVPs in endocrine physiology and their validation in terms of acquisition of clinical knowledge and student engagement. Two SVPs, Nandini Sharma (unintentional weight gain) and Sunil Yadav (polyuria), were created and published on the i-Human Patients platform through an iterative, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary collaborative process using the conceptual framework of Kim et al. (Kim, S., Phillips, W. R., Pinsky, L., Brock, D., Phillips, K., Keary, J. "Med Educ" 40: 867-876, 2006). After internal and external peer validation, the SVPs were piloted on 40 students (20 students per virtual patient) over 2 wk. A cognitive pretest was conducted before exposure, and a posttest soon after. Faculty and student feedback were collected. Faculty found SVPs authentic, helpful as teaching-learning tools, and useful for giving feedback and for assessment. Students found SVPs more engaging than paper cases and helpful in developing clinical reasoning and in imparting clinical exposure. Pretest and posttest scores indicated knowledge gain (P<0.01). Although challenging to create, SVPs created on the i-Human Patients platform improved learning in endocrine physiology and were well accepted by students and faculty as a means to provide early clinical exposure. More SVPs can be developed through collaboration between stakeholder departments and integrated into the curriculum for greater benefit.

Online monitoring of high-voltage (HV) equipment is a vital tool for early detection of insulation failure. Most insulation failures are caused by partial discharges (PDs) inside the HV equipment. Because of the very high cost of establishing HV equipment facility and the limitations of electromagnetic interference-screened laboratories, only a few educational and research institutes have facilities to carry out PD research studies. A remotely operated HV laboratory, i.e., the Virtual Instrumentation and Information and Communication Technologies (VI-ICT) facility, has been created to raise interest among students, researchers, and industrial users in the hands-on experimentation of PD activity inside HV power equipment. This paper describes the approaches to and mechanism for hands-on experimentation in PD detection and measurement and how this is conducted remotely using the facility. This remotely operated HVPD laboratory, as well as hosting the HV laboratory course, can provide training and testing for industry and utilities around the world.

In the past few years many choreographers have focused upon implementation of computer technology to enhance their artistic skills. Computer vision technology presents new methods for learning, instructing, developing, and assessing physical movements as well as provides scope to expand dance resources and rediscover the learning process. This work reviews the study done over AR based learning technologies for the development of inter personal skills. This paper further elaborates the literature done till date within the scope of AR based training for educational aspects. The review focuses on the techniques categorized according to the type of dance learning method which can further be enhanced and addressed by means of novel AR based technology. The authors aim to provide an overview for learning standards based on AR Kinect sensors. In addition the future work is toward exploring the latest version of Kinect V2 for dance training that could become the next futuristic virtual educator.

In the high pressure applications, safety and handling of the design parts are crucial and essentially required. If the design parameters are not properly optimized, sometimes it leads to fatal accidents or huge money loss. With the advent of modern computational tools, the simulation based design analysis is now a day's address above issues amicably to ultimately helping to improve development process and final product. The paper describes the step by step design process and simulation analysis of the pressure chamber. The theoretical FEA studies carried out on the designed pressure cell show that the chamber is working smoothly within the desired pressure range from atmospherics pressure to 200 MPa based on safety factor of the material used. Such devices are mostly imported and not available indigenously. Thus, the fabrication of simulated device is one step forward to develop an import substitute item and promote 'Make in India' product. Simulated results are found to quite encouraging. The actual experiments on the fabricated pressure cell would be performed in due course of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate the application of MATLAB to develop a pandemic prediction system based on Simulink. The susceptible-exposed-asymptomatic but infectious-symptomatic and infectious (severe infected population + mild infected population)-recovered-deceased (SEAI( I 1 + I 2 )RD) physical model for unsupervised learning and two types of supervised learning, namely, fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and wavelet neural-network PID learning, are used to build a predictive-control system model that enables self-learning artificial intelligence (AI)-based control. After parameter setting, the data entering the model are predicted, and the value of the data set at a future moment is calculated. PID controllers are added to ensure that the system does not diverge at the beginning of iterative learning. To adapt to complex system conditions and afford excellent control, a wavelet neural-network PID control strategy is developed that can be adjusted and corrected in real time, according to the output error., (© 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

The paper describes the recent devastating landslide of Kotrupi, Himachal Pradesh in India which had claimed many human lives and properties along its course on 13 August 2017. This event was the third reactivation of the slide as per data available. The study for this landslide involves a preliminary investigation of the site and comparison of pre- and post-event slope stability analysis. Other than rainfall, the combined effect of differential weathering rate of the debris and soil layers, low material strength, and the presence of a fault zone was found to be the primary cause of instability. The analysis was carried out with the geotechnical investigation and numerical modeling with the help of finite element model-based Phase 2 simulator. The significant findings of this paper include numerical simulation of pre- and post-event slide as stated under unsaturated and saturated condition. The study finds a low factor of safety of the present slope. The unstable condition of the slope may trigger another event of the same intensity shortly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the implications of Goods and Services Tax (GST), a major tax reform in India launched in July 2017 on the Make in India initiative launched in the year 2014. The GST is expected to trigger its impact on the following eight elements: warehouse efficiency, interstate check‐post operations, informal to formal business transition, interstate business expansion by micro, small, and medium enterprises, simplicity and transparency in tax collection process, logistics cost reductions, ease of doing business in India, and working capital cost realignment, which in turn may accelerate the manufacturing growth in Indian economy. In order to study the impact of the factors of GST on the Make in India initiative and the manufacturing growth, a system dynamics approach has been adopted in this paper. A number of simulation runs carried out using the system dynamics modelling have provided meaningful insights to the policymakers and strategic planners for evolving strategies for manufacturing growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geotechnical assessment, safe design and monitoring of highwalls is one of the major challenges in Indian open pit mines. The aim of opencast mines should be to attain steepest possible slope angle without compromising safety in order to maximize profits. Highwall stability is essential for economical and safe exploitation of mineral during open pit mining. Geotechnical investigations are required to quantify the properties of soils and rocks within the mining horizons. The required minimum safety factor for highwalls is 1.2. Highwall should be monitored during open pit operations. This paper addresses the main elements of pit slope failure, accident statistics, design, and monitoring and pit slope management and also the guidelines for safe design and monitoring of open pit highwalls in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Previous studies using the WHOQOL measures have demonstrated that the relationship between individual items and the underlying quality of life (QoL) construct may differ between cultures. If unaccounted for, these differing relationships can lead to measurement bias which, in turn, can undermine the reliability of results.Methods: We used item response theory (IRT) to assess differential item functioning (DIF) in WHOQOL data from diverse language versions collected in UK, Zimbabwe, Russia, and India (total N = 1332). Data were fitted to the partial credit 'Rasch' model. We used four item banks previously derived from the WHOQOL-100 measure, which provided excellent measurement for physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life domains (40 items overall). Cross-cultural differential item functioning was assessed using analysis of variance for item residuals and post hoc Tukey tests. Simulated computer-adaptive tests (CATs) were conducted to assess the efficiency and precision of the four items banks.Results: Splitting item parameters by DIF results in four linked item banks without DIF or other breaches of IRT model assumptions. Simulated CATs were more precise and efficient than longer paper-based alternatives.Discussion: Assessing differential item functioning using item response theory can identify measurement invariance between cultures which, if uncontrolled, may undermine accurate comparisons in computer-adaptive testing assessments of QoL. We demonstrate how compensating for DIF using item anchoring allowed data from all four countries to be compared on a common metric, thus facilitating assessments which were both sensitive to cultural nuance and comparable between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we have provided a five-compartmental epidemic model in an interval environment to analyze the spread of COVID-19 infection in India. The proposed model divides the entire population of India into five classes. They are susceptible, exposed, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and recovered classes. Under some suppositions, the crisp model is constructed and converted to an imprecise model by the interval number. We introduced a parametric functional form of an interval number to study the imprecise epidemiological model. The main objective of this study is to develop an epidemiological model in an imprecise environment and to try to understand the dynamics of the epidemic model of COVID-19 infection spread in India. We also presented the COVID-19 model with two controls to effectively control COVID-19 disease in India. Finally, a numerical simulation is carried out considering that the model parameters are imprecise. The numerical results show that our proposed imprecise model is reliable from a practical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of career paths and making of academic choices is a difficult and often confusing task for young people. The impact on their lives, however, is enormous as it can determine entire future career possibilities. In India, a general remedy to this stress is that instead of choosing a field of study tailored to individual preferences and strengths, topics are chosen that align with the choices of the students' families or their friends. This can have the effect of entrenching patterns of intergenerational inequity. The aim of this research is to give students greater access to the knowledge capital which will help them make better choices. This is achieved by engaging students in the career planning process, in order to convey information in a likeable and credible way. The COMPCAT (Competency and Career Assessment Tool) game engine combines the use of learning analytics and real time, interactive computer simulations designed to gain insights into the students' engagement in the making of these complex decisions. This paper presents the conceptual architecture of the game and demonstrates its role in enhancing the learning effectiveness of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a game-theoretic framework is applied in order to model the competition scenario between high-speed rail (HSR) and airlines in the Indian context and assess the impact of speed and passengers' characteristics on the equilibrium of the game. The competition is modelled in terms of the fare and frequency offered by the operators to maximize their profits. The speed of HSR is taken as an additional strategic variable in the game with three levels of high speed: low, medium, high. A three-stage game is formulated with the entrant playing its speed strategy in the first stage followed by optimal fare and frequency selection by both the modes. Passengers are considered to be heterogeneous in nature by assuming a continuous distribution of the value of time. Numerical simulations indicate that the dominant strategy for airlines and HSR is based on accommodation and medium speed, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to eliminate the medicine stock-out problem by building an optimum medicine stock in rural healthcare centers in India., Design/methodology/approach: Data associated with inflow and outflow of a specific medicine (folic acid tablets) arer collected from all consecutive supply chain stages during the survey. While conducting the survey, it is found that several medicines are out of stock owing to uncertain lead time and demand. Integrating with quantity discount and min-max ( s, S) inventory policy, two models are developed using system dynamics: one is Model 1 with constant lead time and uncertain demand, and the other is Model 2 with both uncertain lead time and demand., Findings: Both models are simulated for a period of one year on Stella 9.1 platform. The results are compared with actual data, and the comparison shows significant improvement of the medicine stock at all downstream stages, while maintaining a certain safety stock. Further, Model 2 suggests a larger stock than Model 1 at each point of time., Practical Implications: Despite numerous issues, the stocks of medicine in rural healthcare systems can be improved as suggested by the models. The models depict the behavior of inventory stock at each stage of the supply chain and act as a function of time that could be used in the form of a prediction tool for the policymakers., Originality/value: This paper is one of the first papers that had developed the model of the medicine supply chain in rural parts of a developing country. It provides a generic framework for the stock assessment and improvement throughout the supply chain.

The paper reports an investigation on the requirement of fare increment for achieving the operational viability of private buses in the context of an emerging country. Taking an existing route in Kolkata city which is served by private buses, several scenarios were investigated to achieve the viability of service through interventions in fare, design of service, and supply of buses. A simulation framework was used for the evaluation of various scenarios. The study brings out new evidences to question the conventional approach of increasing the bus fare to satisfy the operational viability. It is shown that the fare and the revenue requirements are distorted due to the oversupply of buses and non-optimal service. The analysis shows that even with the present fare, it is possible to resolve the viability issue by optimizing the service and supply. The results presented in the paper are case specific but are likely to encourage policy makers to carry out similar investigations in other cities in India as well as in other developing countries to improve urban bus service without putting an additional burden on the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tropical countries such as India, increasing the roof albedo helps to reduce the heat ingress through the roof. This further reduces air-conditioning energy consumption in conditioned buildings and increases comfort in unconditioned buildings. In order to help users determine the benefits of high albedo roofs under varying conditions, a simple calculator has been developed. Parameters such as location, building type, roof area, and surface properties of the roof are taken as inputs. Annual EnergyPlus simulations are performed for the given parameters and the results are displayed in both graphical and tabular formats. It also calculates the simple payback by comparing a given base case roof albedo with the proposed roof albedo. The calculator can perform comfort simulations for unconditioned buildings and simulates measures including a radiant barrier system and under deck roof insulation. The calculator also runs a parametric simulation between insulation thickness and roof albedo to find an optimum roof insulation thickness based on incremental internal rate of return. This paper presents the features of the cool roof calculator and the type of analysis that can be performed using the cached results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of pre-monsoon convective systems over the southern peninsular India has been performed using C-band radar and numerical simulation. Statistics on the radar polarimetric measurements show that the distribution of differential reflectivity (Zdr) and specific differential phase (Kdp) have much higher spread over convective regions. The distribution of Kdp is almost uniform across the vertical over the stratiform regions. The mean profile of Zdr over stratiform regions shows a distinct local maxima near melting level. A comprehensive analysis has been done on an isolated deep convective system on 13 May 2018. Plan position indicator (PPI) diagrams and satellite measured cloud top temperature demonstrate that pre-monsoon deep convective systems can develop very rapidly within a very short span of time over the region. Heavy precipitation near the surface is reflected in the high value of Kdp (>5° km−1). High values of Zdr (>3 dB) were measured at lower levels indicating the oblate shape of bigger raindrops. A fuzzy logic-based hydrometeor identification algorithm has been applied with five variables (Zh, Zdr, ρhv, Kdp, and T) to understand the bulk microphysical properties at different heights within the storm. The presence of bigger graupel particles near the melting layer indicates strong updrafts within the convective core regions. The vertical ice hydrometeor signifies the existence of a strong electric field causing them to align vertically. Numerical simulation with the spectral bin microphysics (SBM) scheme could produce most of the features of the storm reasonably well. In particular, the simulated reflectivity, graupel mixing ratio and rainfall were in good agreement with the observed values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are prevalent and have an impact across occupations. However, there are very few studies that document the prevalence of WMSDs in the pump industry. In manufacturing industries, the common issue for WMSDs and physiological stress among the workers is caused by poor working posture. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occupational risks at the winding station in the pump manufacturing industry. In addition, this study examined the influence of work-study on mitigating occupational risks. METHODS: Workers who were involved in circular coil winding and insulation testing were considered for the study. Awkward postures adopted while performing these tasks cause fatigue, injuries and WMSDs. Tasks were evaluated as per the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) standards. A work-study was conducted to better understand the workflow. Virtual ergonomic postural evaluation (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, RULA) was used to identify the occupational risks. RESULTS: Time taken for making circular windings and insulation testing (7.5 Hp submersible motor) was found to be 4.04 minutes and 0.95 minutes, respectively. A CAD model was used for ergonomic evaluation in the virtual environment. The RULA final score of 2 and 3 is attributed to coil winding and insulation testing. CONCLUSION: For further studies, the whole pump manufacturing process should be taken into account. The ergonomic tools used in this study will considerably reduce the occupation risks at the winding station in the pump manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined a typical case of deep convective storm that formed over southwest India on October 12, 2011, using ground-based X-band radar measurements and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The radar observation showed isolated pockets of convective storm, which merged later to form a convective cluster. The observed storms were tall, extending well into the mixed-phase region. Few storms even extended up to the tropopause height. Three different WRF cloud microphysics schemes (WRF Double-Moment 6-Class, Morrison Double-Moment, and Milbrandt–Yau Double-Moment) were used to simulate the observed deep convective storm to examine the vertical structure of hydrometeors. All the cloud microphysics schemes were able to reproduce the convective storm event with a lag time of almost two and a half hours. The WRF Double-Moment 6-Class scheme better simulates the vertical structure of storm compared to the other two microphysics schemes. The WRF model reasonably simulated the observed patterns of convective storm when the WRF cloud microphysics scheme better simulate the graupel and snow. The differences in simulated storm structure obtained by different microphysics schemes compared to observation highlight the deficiency involved in the simulations in capturing the microphysics that is guiding the intensity of convective storms. The present study thus underscores the importance of microphysics in different parameterization schemes of WRF simulation over southwest India, which has an implication in the forecasting of convective storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black, K.P.; Reddy, K.S.K.; Kulkarni, K.B.; Naik, G.B.; Shreekantha, P., and Mathew, J., 2020. Salient evolution and coastal protection effectiveness of two large artificial reefs. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(4), 709–719. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Two offshore reefs constructed at Ullal, Karnataka, on India's west coast, are exhibiting coastal protection benefits. The reefs are large (275 m and 325 m long) and uniquely placed well offshore (600 m and 760 m) in intermediate depths (6 and 7 m below chart datum). Their crests are between low-tide and midtide level. Bathymetric and beach surveys show that sand has accumulated to form two evolving shoreline salients, which are currently 2–3 times the length of the reefs. The salients have grown underwater on the inner shelf to create a large sand-retention zone up to 1 m thick and stretching from the beach to the distant lee of the reefs. The reefs are the first protection structures that have restored the beaches and enhanced sand storage over this broad, severely eroded region, both inshore and on the inner shelf. Prior rubble-mound rock revetments (seawalls) and 50–70-m-long groynes failed to restore the beach in stormy monsoon conditions, while the inner shelf continued to erode. The reefs were designed using a combination of computer simulations, measurements of natural salients in India, and empirical relationships. The methodology that led to the reef shapes/sizes and their position offshore is discussed, along with monitoring results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary xerocytosis (HX), also known as dehydrated stomatocytosis (DHSt) is a dominantly inherited genetic disorder exhibiting red cell membrane dehydration caused by the loss of the monovalent cation K+ and water. Variants in mechanosensitive Piezo ionic channels of the PIEZO1 gene are the primary cause of HX. We have utilized high throughput and highly precise next-generation sequencing (NGS) to make a diagnosis and examine the genotype-phenotype relationship in inflexible HX cases. Seven unrelated patients with unexplained hemolytic anemia were scrutinized with a panel probing 8000 genes related to congenital anemia. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified 8 missense variants in the PIEZO1 gene in 7 unrelated Indian patients. Three of the 8 variants are novel (c.1795G > C, c.2915G > A, c.7372 T > C) and the remaining five (c.4082A > G, c.6829C > A, c.7374C > G, c.7381G > A, c.7483_7488dup) are previously reported. The variants have been validated by Sanger sequencing. One patient with autosomal dominant mutation (c.7372 T > C) is associated with iron refractory iron deficiency anemia. Of the 7 patients, one has HX in combination with a novel homozygous variant (c.994G > A) in the PKLR gene causing PK deficiency resulting in severe clinical manifestations with phenotypic variability. In silico prediction using bioinformatics tools were used to study the possible damaging effects of the novel variants. Structural-functional analysis of the novel variants was investigated by molecular modeling software (PyMOL and Swiss PDB). These results encompass the heterogeneous behavior of mechano-sensitive Piezo1 protein observed in HX patients in India. Moreover, NGS imparted a subtle, economical, and quick tool for understanding the genetic cause of undiagnosed cases of congenital hemolytic anemia. NGS grants a potential technology integrating clinical history together with molecular report profiting in such patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal, also known as East India Coastal Current, is northward (southward) and continuous during pre‐ (post‐) Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) but discontinuous during ISM (June–September). This study investigates the features of this discontinuity and role of eddies, local winds, and southern open boundary lateral forcing using AVISO TOPEX Poseidon, ERS, and Jason1 combined sea surface height anomaly, Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real‐time (OSCAR) surface currents and high‐resolution Regional Ocean Modelling System simulations. The study shows that the discontinuity is governed by westward and southwestward propagating eddies between two opposite facing flows along the boundary, northward of 10°N and southward of 21°N. This northward flow of 10°N is wind driven with lateral influence during September. The southward flow of 21°N is influenced by the Summer Monsoon Current, but the local wind influence starts from July onward. During ISM, about 79% cyclonic and 77% anticyclonic eddies move westward, while 68% cyclonic and 69% anticyclonic eddies move southward. Three highly active eddy genesis areas, having more than 50% activities during ISM, are identified: northern and southwestern bay for cyclonic and off Visakhapatnam (17.68°N, 83.21°E) coast for anticyclonic eddies. The pre‐ISM (post‐ISM) is dominated by anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies, which are found across the western Bay of Bengal and away from northward (southward) East India Coastal Current. The ISM is dominated by westward and southwestward moving both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, which are confined to the boundary, where discontinuity is generally observed. Plain Language Summary: The western boundary current in Bay of Bengal, which is also known as East India Coastal Current, flows northward during February–May and southward during October–December. During Indian Summer Monsoon period (June–September), the boundary current is not consistent and various cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are generated in the western Bay of Bengal. This study investigates the features of this disorganized boundary currents and the role of eddies, local winds, and southern boundary in making the currents disorganized using measurements and high‐resolution numerical model simulations. The study is important to understand the changes in upper ocean dynamics associated with the inconsistent flow and to assess the contribution of the above said forcings to trigger such inconsistency. The study can further be used to understand the discontinuity induced ocean mixing, upwelling, sea level variability, and energy distribution along the western boundary of Bay of Bengal. Key Points: The discontinuity features are more pronounced along the western boundaryThe discontinuity is governed by westward and southwestward propagating eddies along the boundary between two opposite flows of 10°N and 21°NLocal winds and southern boundary lateral forcing have significant roles in the boundary current discontinuity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Driving simulator (DS) is frequently used in traffic research in order to study various traffic scenarios with related traffic phenomena. This current pilot study assesses off-road driving skills of Indian drivers using driving simulator and perceptual test batteries such as the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-3 (TVPS-3) and the Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery (RPAB). Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the off-road skills of Indian drivers using DS and comparing their performance on visual perceptual test batteries (TVPS-3 and RPAB). Study Design: An observational cross-sectional study design was chosen for the research. Methods: A sample size of 30 participants, based on convenient sampling method, who met the following inclusion criteria were included: participants with driving experience of ≥1 year, age range: 20--60 years, and no obvious visual and/or physical impairment or other such comorbidities. Participants underwent evaluation in two phases. Phase 1 included screening of participants for inclusion criteria and assessment of screened participants on DS. Driving Simulator: Participants were tested on "city driving test" for 10 min. In Phase 2, after completing assessment on driving simulator, participants were randomly assigned to either of the perceptual tests. By perceptual tests, participants' perceptual abilities were assessed either using RPAB or TVPS-3. Results: The RPAB group had 12 males and 3 females, whereas the TVPS-3 group had 11 males and 4 females. The mean age for the RPAB group was 40.33 ± 11.33 and for the TVPS-3 group was 40 ± 11.06. Pearson's correlation to compare the visual perceptual tests and performance on DS was found to be statistically significant (RPAB group: r = 0.80, P = 0.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50--0.92 and TVPS-3 group: r = 0.82, P = 0.00, 95% CI: 0.56--0.93). The performance of Indian drivers on perceptual tests and driving simulator is highly correlated. Conclusion: There is a strong positive correlation between off-road driving skills (DS) with visual perceptual skills (tested on TVPS-3 and RPAB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care organizations worldwide are constantly under pressure to deliver quality services. Reducing the waiting time of patients is considered to be a significant issue in hospitals. In this study, a radio-diagnosis department in a healthcare organization is considered. The present study mainly focuses on the queuing system of a computed tomography scan section of a public hospital in South India. Simulation is used as an aid to study the behavior of the system. This article also contributes a Visual Basic with Applications based excel tool to tackle the need for a user-friendly tool for scheduling the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas, J.; Velamala, S.N., and Prasad, K.V.S.R., 2019. Numerical simulation of tidal constituents in Thane Creek and the Ulhas estuary, west coast of India. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(2), 376–388. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Complex tidal progression in creeks and estuaries attract a large number of researchers around the globe. The main motive of the present work is to study the complex tidal variation of Thane Creek and the Ulhas estuary on the west coast of India. A Delft3D model was applied to simulate its depth-averaged hydrodynamics and tidal propagation along the system, and the calibration and validation of this model revealed its accuracy. The system was classified as hyposynchronous; a gradual decrease in the amplitude was noticed from mouth to upstream in all seasons. The interpretation of the major tidal constituents amplitude and phase, shallow water constituents, form number, and tidal asymmetry showed the dynamic nature of the system. The form number results revealed that the tide in Thane Creek and the Ulhas estuary is mixed semidiurnal. The tidal asymmetry parameter indicated a seasonal variation of ebb and flood current in Thane Creek and the Ulhas estuary, which favors sedimentation processes in the system with consequent erosion and deposition. For the future, these results will help in understanding sediment transport and the corresponding shoreline changes and the biogeochemical processes of this dynamic system and help to establish its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summer precipitation over the Western Ghats and its adjacent Arabian Sea is an important component of the Indian monsoon. To advance understanding of the physical processes controlling this regional precipitation, a series of high-resolution convection-permitting simulations were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Convection simulated in the WRF Model agrees with TRMM and MODIS satellite estimates. Sensitivity simulations are conducted, by altering topography, latent heating, and sea surface temperature (SST), to quantify the effects of different physical forcing factors. It is helpful to put India's west coast rainfall systems into three categories with different causes and characteristics. 1) Offshore rainfall is controlled by incoming convective available potential energy (CAPE), the entrainment of midtropospheric dry layer in the monsoon westerlies, and the latent heat flux and SST of the Arabian Sea. It is not triggered by the Western Ghats. When offshore convection is present, it reduces both CAPE and the downwind coastal rainfall. Strong (weak) offshore rainfall is associated with high (low) SSTs in the Arabian Sea, suggested by both observations and sensitivity simulations. 2) Coastal convective rainfall is forced by the coastline roughness, diurnal heating, and the Western Ghats topography. This localized convective rainfall ends abruptly beyond the Western Ghats, producing a rain shadow to the east of the mountains. This deep convection with mixed phase microphysics is the biggest overall rain producer. 3) Orographic stratiform warm rain and drizzle dominate the local precipitation on the crest of the Western Ghats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) with the decaying turbulence setup has been carried out to study cloud-edge mixing and its impact on the droplet size distribution (DSD) applying thermodynamic conditions observed in monsoon convective clouds over Indian subcontinent during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement EXperiment (CAIPEEX). Evaporation at the cloud-edges initiates mixing at small scale and gradually introduces larger-scale fluctuations of the temperature, moisture, and vertical velocity due to droplet evaporation. Our focus is on early evolution of simulated fields that show intriguing similarities to the CAIPEEX cloud observations. A strong dilution at the cloud edge, accompanied by significant spatial variations of the droplet concentration, mean radius, and spectral width, are found in both the DNS and in observations. In DNS, fluctuations of the mean radius and spectral width come from the impact of small-scale turbulence on the motion and evaporation of inertial droplets. These fluctuations decrease with the increase of the volume over which DNS data are averaged, as one might expect. In cloud observations, these fluctuations also come from other processes, such as entrainment/mixing below the observation level, secondary CCN activation, or variations of CCN activation at the cloud base. Despite large differences in the spatial and temporal scales, the mixing diagram often used in entrainment/mixing studies with aircraft data is remarkably similar for both DNS and cloud observations. We argue that the similarity questions applicability of heuristic ideas based on mixing between two air parcels (that the mixing diagram is designed to properly represent) to the evolution of microphysical properties during turbulent mixing between a cloud and its environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial hydrographic data collected from August 2007 through May 2008 and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) are utilized to explain and document the upwelling in the south eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS). The decrease in the magnitude of winds towards the coast favors local anti-cyclonic vorticity, resulting in the formation of cyclonic eddy and reversal of coastal currents. The Ekman transport due to alongshore winds, Ekman pumping due to wind stress curl, cyclonic eddy and southward West Indian Coastal Currents play different roles in the SEAS upwelling. In the offshore, wind stress curl leads to the formation of meso-scale eddies, resulting in Ekman pumping at the center and consequent upwelling. The rapid depth variation on the western side of Quilon Mount intensifies upwelling in the offshore. The upwelling Kelvin waves generated at the equator terminates in the Bay of Bengal and do not contribute to the SEAS upwelling. The possible role of local and remote winds, especially around Sri Lanka on the upwelling dynamics of SEAS is described utilizing POM. The Kelvin waves generated off the coast of Sri Lanka during the active phase of the summer monsoon also contribute to the upwelling dynamics off the west coast of India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although recurrent event data analysis is a rapidly evolving area of research, rigorous studies on estimation of the effects of intermittently observed time-varying covariates on the risk of recurrent events have been lacking. Existing methods for analyzing recurrent event data usually require that the covariate processes are observed throughout the entire follow-up period. However, covariates are often observed periodically rather than continuously. We propose a novel semiparametric estimator for the regression parameters in the popular proportional rate model. The proposed estimator is based on an estimated score function where we kernel smooth the mean covariate process. We show that the proposed semiparametric estimator is asymptotically unbiased, normally distributed, and derives the asymptotic variance. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed estimator and the simple methods carrying forward the last covariates. The different methods are applied to an observational study designed to assess the effect of group A streptococcus on pharyngitis among school children in India. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on 15 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 3 (CMIP3) and 32 CMIP phase 5 (CMIP5) models, a detailed diagnosis was carried out to understand what compose the biases in simulation of the Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM) and its capacitor effect. Cloud-radiation-SST (CRS) feedback and wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback are the two major atmospheric processes for SST changes. Most CMIP models simulate a stronger CRS feedback and a weaker WES feedback. During boreal fall of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation developing year and the following spring, there are weak biases of suppressed rainfall anomalies over the Maritime Continent and anomalous anticyclone over South Indian Ocean. Most CMIP models simulate reasonable short wave radiation (SWR) and weaker latent heat flux (LHF) anomalies. This leads to a weak bias of atmospheric processes. During winter, however, the rainfall anomalies are stronger due to west bias, and the anomalous anticyclone is comparable to observations. As such, most models simulate stronger SWR and reasonable LHF anomalies, leading to a strong bias of atmospheric processes. The thermocline feedback is stronger in most models. Though there is a deep bias of climatology thermocline, most models capture reasonable sea surface height-induced SST anomalies. Therefore, the effect of oceanic processes offset the weak bias of atmospheric processes in spring, and the tropical Indian Ocean warming persists into summer. However, anomalous northwest Pacific (NWP) anticyclone is weaker due to weak and west bias of the capacitor effect. The unrealistic western Pacific SST anomalies in models favor the westward extension of Rossby wave from the Pacific, weakening the effect of Kelvin wave from the Indian Ocean. Moreover, the western Pacific warming forces the NWP anticyclone move farther north than observations, suggesting a major forcing from the Pacific. Compared to CMIP3, CMIP5 models simulate the feedbacks more realistically and display less diversity. Thus, the overall performance of CMIP5 models is better than that of CMIP3 models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics and causes of inhomogeneous warming of the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature during 1900-2005 are investigated based on observations and 16 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models. Over the TIO, the observed warming trend has more than doubled since 1965, which is well simulated by the CMIP5 historical runs. However, as to spatial warming pattern, observations manifest a double-peak pattern during 1900-1940 and a non-uniform Indian Ocean Mode (IOBM)-like pattern during 1965-2005, which is not captured by the CMIP5 historical runs. Herein, an optimal detection analysis is employed, which indicates that the double-peak warming pattern can be explained well by a combination of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and natural forcing, and the non-uniform IOBM-like pattern is mostly attributable to anthropogenic forcing. Further, a mixed-layer heat budget analysis shows that atmospheric and oceanic processes, especially latent heat flux from atmospheric forcing part associated with GHG forcing, are beneficial for the warming patterns formation. Our study supports the claim that intrinsic ocean-atmosphere interaction within the TIO is the key mechanism for maintaining the TIO warming. From the model perspective, during 1900-1940, the weak anti-symmetric atmospheric circulation with easterly (northwesterly) anomalies north (south) of the equator helps to sustain the double-peak warming pattern. During 1965-2005, the intensified anti-symmetric wind pattern is in favor of the non-uniform IOBM-like warming pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, numerous remote user authentication and session key agreement schemes have been put forwarded for Telecare Medical Information System, where the patient and medical server exchange medical information using Internet. We have found that most of the schemes are not usable for practical applications due to known security weaknesses. It is also worth to note that unrestricted number of patients login to the single medical server across the globe. Therefore, the computation and maintenance overhead would be high and the server may fail to provide services. In this article, we have designed a medical system architecture and a standard mutual authentication scheme for single medical server, where the patient can securely exchange medical data with the doctor(s) via trusted central medical server over any insecure network. We then explored the security of the scheme with its resilience to attacks. Moreover, we formally validated the proposed scheme through the simulation using Automated Validation of Internet Security Schemes and Applications software whose outcomes confirm that the scheme is protected against active and passive attacks. The performance comparison demonstrated that the proposed scheme has lower communication cost than the existing schemes in literature. In addition, the computation cost of the proposed scheme is nearly equal to the exiting schemes. The proposed scheme not only efficient in terms of different security attacks, but it also provides an efficient login, mutual authentication, session key agreement and verification and password update phases along with password recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study strong ground motion characteristics and ground response analysis of different sites in Nanded City, India. Synthetic strong ground motion records are obtained for two scenario earthquakes of magnitude M 5.2 and M 6.8 in southern Peninsular India using the finite fault model. Shear-wave velocity averaged over top 30 m of the soil is obtained from multichannel analysis of surface wave survey at 60 sites at depths of 20-50 m below the ground surface. The sites in different parts of the city are characterized by peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the surface and bedrock level, 5 % damped response spectra at the ground surface and the amplification factor defined as the ratio of ground motion at the surface to that at the bedrock. The area east to the lineament is characterized by low V values (<200 m/s), probably associated with Godavari River basin sediments with alluvial deposits, composed of brown clay with intercalated bands of sand and gravel. A relatively high PGA value at the surface of about 0.24 g for the M 5.2 target event and hence high ground motion amplification indicative of major damage are observed at sites E-NE to the lineament in the area that are associated with the top soil column consisting of unconsolidated river basin sediments with very low V values (<200 m/s). The amplification factor for the city ranges from 3 to 8 for the highest target event of magnitude M 6.8. There is a strong lateral variation in PGA values at the surface for the part of the city lying to the east of the lineament and parallel to its trend, where a relatively high amplification factor of 6-8 is found at a dominant frequency of 1.5-2.5 Hz, which can be considered as a significant zone of amplification and hence areas with high seismic hazard. The site-specific response spectra show that the peak of spectral acceleration for different sites occurs around 3 Hz. There is a large spatial variation of spectral acceleration at any given frequency for the city. For example, site nos. 9 and 50 are characterized by a peak in spectral acceleration of 0.55 and 0.9 g, respectively, at 3 Hz frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping the systematic bias of the climate forecast system model version 2 (CFSv2) in mind, an attempt is made to improve the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall variability in the model from diurnal through daily to seasonal scale. Experiments with default simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) and a revised SAS schemes are carried out to make 15 years climate run (free run) to evaluate the model fidelity with revised SAS as compared to default SAS. It is clearly seen that the revised SAS is able to reduce some of the biases of CFSv2 with default SAS. Improvement is seen in the annual seasonal cycle, onset and withdrawal but most importantly the rainfall probability distribution function (PDF) has improved significantly. To understand the reason behind the PDF improvement, the diurnal rainfall simulation is analysed and it is found that the PDF of diurnal rainfall has significantly improved with respect to even a high resolution CFSv2 T382 version. In the diurnal run with revised SAS, the PDF of rainfall over central India has remarkably improved. The improvement of diurnal cycle of total rainfall has actually been contributed by the improvement of diurnal cycle of convection and associated convective rainfall. This is reflected in outgoing longwave radiation and high cloud diurnal cycle. This improvement of convective cycle has resolved a long standing problem of dry bias by CFSv2 over Indian land mass and wet bias over equatorial Indian Ocean. Besides the improvement, there are some areas where there are still scopes for further development. The cold tropospheric temperature bias, low cloud fractions need further improvement. To check the role of shallow convection, another free run is made with revised SAS along with shallow convection (SC). The major difference between the new and old SC schemes lies in the heating and cooling behavior in lower-atmospheric layers above the planetary boundary layer. However, the inclusion of revised SC scheme could not show much improvement as compared to revised SAS with deep convection. Thus, it seems that revised SAS with deep convection can be a potentially better parameterization scheme for CFSv2 in simulating ISM rainfall variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Demographic and socioeconomic changes such as increasing urbanization, migration, and female education shape population health in many low- and middle-income countries. These changes are rarely reflected in computational epidemiological models, which are commonly used to understand population health trends and evaluate policy interventions. Our goal was to create a "backbone" simulation modeling approach to allow computational epidemiologists to explicitly reflect changing demographic and socioeconomic conditions in population health models. Methods: We developed, evaluated, and "open-sourced" a generalized approach to incorporate longitudinal, commonly available demographic and socioeconomic data into epidemiological simulations, illustrating the feasibility and utility of our approach with data from India. We constructed a series of nested microsimulations of increasing complexity, calibrating each model to longitudinal sociodemographic and vital registration data. We then selected the model that was most consistent with the data (i.e., greater accuracy) while containing the fewest parameters (i.e., greater parsimony). We validated the selected model against additional data sources not used for calibration. Results: We found that standard computational epidemiology models that do not incorporate demographic and socioeconomic trends quickly diverged from past mortality and population size estimates, while our approach remained consistent with observed data over decadal time courses. Our approach additionally enabled the examination of complex relations between demographic, socioeconomic and health parameters, such as the relationship between changes in educational attainment or urbanization and changes in fertility, mortality, and migration rates. Conclusions: Incorporating demographic and socioeconomic trends in computational epidemiology is feasible through the "open source" approach, and could critically alter population health projections and model-based evaluations of health policy interventions in unintuitive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern peninsular India experiences widespread thunderstorm activities during the pre-monsoon season due to the presence of a north-south trough, an easterly trough, and low pressure areas over the surrounding Indian Seas. In March 2008, southern peninsular India received unusual heavy rains because of the interaction between a large amplitude easterly trough and a mid-latitude westerly trough during 12 to 14 March, and because of the formation of a low pressure system over the Arabian Sea during 21 to 24 March. Simulation of these two heavy rainfall events is attempted using the Weather Research and Forecasting ( WRF) model. The model's performance is studied in terms of the wind, pressure, movement of these synoptic scale systems, moisture and rainfall fields. Results indicate that this model has the capability to predict the movement of both easterly and westerly troughs and to simulate low pressure very well. The model is able to capture the areas of precipitation maxima in both the cases. The bias score is found to be more than 1 in precipitation thresholds up to 35 mm and less than 1 in precipitation thresholds above 35 mm. The maximum values of critical success index ( CSI) and equitable threat score ( ETS) are 0.49, 0.32 and 0.42, 0.13 in 24 and 48 h forecasts, respectively, in Case 1 and 0.69, 0.23 and 0.71, 0.19 in Case 2. The values of CSI and ETS drop considerably above the 30 mm rainfall threshold in both 24 and 48 h forecasts showing that the model performs better in lower rainfall thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the impact of Doppler weather radar (DWR) data (reflectivity and radial wind) assimilation on the simulation of severe thunderstorms (STS) events over the Indian monsoon region. Two different events that occurred during the Severe Thunderstorms Observations and Regional Modeling (STORM) pilot phase in 2009 were simulated. Numerical experiments-3DV (assimilation of DWR observations) and CNTL (without data assimilation)-were conducted using the three-dimensional variational data assimilation technique with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-ARW). The results show that consistent with prior studies the 3DV experiment, initialized by assimilation of DWR observations, performed better than the CNTL experiment over the Indian region. The enhanced performance was a result of improved representation and simulation of wind and moisture fields in the boundary layer at the initial time in the model. Assimilating DWR data caused higher moisture incursion and increased instability, which led to stronger convective activity in the simulations. Overall, the dynamic and thermodynamic features of the two thunderstorms were consistently better simulated after ingesting DWR data, as compared to the CNTL simulation. In the 3DV experiment, higher instability was observed in the analyses of thermodynamic indices and equivalent potential temperature ( θ) fields. Maximum convergence during the mature stage was also noted, consistent with maximum vertical velocities in the assimilation experiment (3DV). In addition, simulated hydrometeor (water vapor mixing ratio, cloud water mixing ratio, and rain water mixing ratio) structures improved with the 3DV experiment, compared to that of CNTL. From the higher equitable threat scores, it is evident that the assimilation of DWR data enhanced the skill in rainfall prediction associated with the STS over the Indian monsoon region. These results add to the body of evidence now which provide consistent and notable improvements in the mesoscale model results over the Indian monsoon region after assimilating DWR fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intriguing feature associated with 'breaks' in the Indian summer monsoon is the occurrence of intense/flood-producing precipitation confined to central-eastern parts of the Himalayan (CEH) foothills and north-eastern parts of India. Past studies have documented various large-scale circulation aspects associated with monsoon-breaks, however the dynamical mechanisms responsible for anomalous precipitation enhancement over CEH foothills remain unclear. This problem is investigated using diagnostic analyses of observed and reanalysis products and high-resolution model simulations. The present findings show that the anomalous precipitation enhancement over the CEH foothills during monsoon-breaks emerges as a consequence of interactions between southward intruding mid-latitude westerly troughs and the South Asian monsoon circulation in its weak phase. These interactions facilitate intensification of mid-tropospheric cyclonic vorticity and strong ascending motion over the CEH foothills, so as to promote deep convection and concentrated rainfall activity over the region during monsoon-breaks. Mesoscale orographic effects additionally tend to amplify the vertical motions and precipitation over the CEH foothills as evidenced from the high-resolution model simulations. It is further noted from the model simulations that the coupling between precipitation and circulation during monsoon-breaks can produce nearly a threefold increase of total precipitation over the CEH foothills and neighborhood as opposed to active-monsoon conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Driving simulators are frequently used in traffic research to study the various traffic scenarios with related traffic phenomena. This current pilot study assesses off-road driving skills of Indian drivers using driving simulator and perceptual test batteries such as test of visual perceptual skills-3 (TVPS-3) and Rivermead perceptual assessment battery (RPAB). Objectives: To compare the efficacy of TVPS-3 and RPAB with performance of Indian drivers on driving simulator to determine off-road perceptual skills. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Methods: The sample size was 30. Individuals who met the following inclusion criteria were included: * Individuals with driving experience of not <1 year * Age range: 20-60 years * No obvious visual impairment or other such comorbidities. Participants underwent evaluation in two phases. Phase 1: It included screening of participants for inclusion criteria and assessment of screened individuals on driving simulator. Driving simulator: Participants were tested on "city driving test" for 15 min. Phase 2: After completing assessment on driving simulator, participants were randomly assigned to either of the perceptual tests. Perceptual tests: Participants' perceptual abilities were assessed either using TVPS-3 or RPAB. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson's correlation to compare the visual perceptual tests and performance on driving simulator; unpaired f-test was used to find difference between TVPS-3 and RPAB. Results: The performance of Indian drivers on perceptual tests and driving simulator is highly correlated. Conclusion: Driving simulator seems to be a valid and stable assessment tool for assessing driving skills in individuals. Both the assessment scales are can be used for assessing the driving skills of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]