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As a new green material, steel-paper straw board (PSB) composite structures are widely used in practical engineering. This study proposed a new cold-formed thin-walled C-shaped steel-paper straw board (CFCSPSB) composite floor. To study its mechanical properties, flexural experiments were conducted on three composite floors. The experimental results showed that the combined effect of PSB and cold-formed thin-walled C-shaped steel (CFCS) beam was good, and the local buckling caused by the restraint effect of PSB on the CFCS beam was an important factor for the failure of the composite floor. On this basis, the composite floor was investigated by finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS, and the FEA results were consistent with the experimental results. Then, the effect of different factors on the flexural capacity of the composite floor was analysed by ANSYS. The obtained results showed that reducing the screw spacing and floor span, or increasing the CFCS beam cross-sectional size, web height of CFCS beam, and CFCS thickness could improve the flexural capacity of composite floors, and the calculation formula of flexural capacity for the composite floor was proposed.

This work deals with fracture mechanisms in quasi-brittle materials, focusing on the characterization of the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) of specimens under tensile load. Particularly, paper was used as model material. Experiments were conducted on notched and unnotched specimens. Based on an image analysis of these observations, a stochastic finite element model was developed, using both a nonlocal stress-based approach and a discretized random field modeling of the Young's modulus. The proposed methodology allowed characterizing the damage zone and the size of the FPZ, analyzing the influence of the mesostructure, composed of flocs (fiber aggregates where the basis weight is larger than the average one) and antiflocs (complement of flocs). The area of the active FPZ and the normalized stress drop were linked using a surface energy dissipated in the active FPZ. The stress drop, until limiting value, increased with the width of the active FPZ. Finally, a relationship between the surface energy and the nonlocal internal length was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport properties of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell are important parameters in fuel cell modelling, and one method to measure them is to simulate the transport of each species at spatial resolutions of a few microns in a microstructure of the GDL. One issue in this method is the size of the microstructure as using an unnecessarily big sample could substantially increase the computational cost. Both carbon-paper and carbon-cloth GDLs are investigated and their microstructures are obtained using numerical generation and X-ray micro-tomography respectively at a resolution of 1.733 µm. For each reconstructed GDL, we use the orthorhombic lattice Boltzmann model to simulate fluid flow through some subsamples taken from it in both the in-plane and the through-plane directions; the results show that the permeability of all subsamples is anisotropic in that their permeability in the in-plane direction is higher than in the through-plane direction. For each GDL, we compare its permeability calculated using samples of different sizes and find its representative elementary volume (REV) – a volume above which the calculated permeability represents the average ability of the GDL to conduct fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article describes a new method for evaluation of radial crush strength of paper cores. Based on the theory of multilayered composites, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate the value of destructive force during radial crushing of spirally shaped paper cores whose layers are made of different materials. To start calculations, it is necessary to have geometry parameters of the cores, Young's modulus and SCT of an individual component layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper-based channel is a useful platform for the facile development of analytical devices implementing various chemical or biological reactions. To improve the analytical performance for various applications, it was necessary to analyze the detailed mixing characteristics within a paper-based channel. In this paper, we proposed a mathematical model to predict a concentration field created as a result of the imbibition of multiple fluids within a porous material. Interestingly, we found that the model exhibited a constant interdiffusion width within a paper-based channel even though the flow front velocity decreased over time. We were able to verify that our model accurately predicted the concentration field by comparing the experimental and numerical results for mixing in a 2 inlet-channel. Finally, we designed and fabricated paper-based channels to generate two (linear and non-linear) concentration gradients based on predictions made by the model. Both the experimental and numerical results were in good agreement, demonstrating that our model was accurate and useful for developing a paper-based analytical device utilizing the mixing characteristics of a sample and reagent flow system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical response of three different structural core sandwich panels in out-of-plane compression and shear has been analyzed. Specific core shapes examined are arc-tangent, wavy trapezoidal and hemispherical. Unit cells consisting of representative elements of the core attached to face sheets were selected for analysis. Both face sheets and core were assumed made from paper. Finite element analysis employing large deformation and rotations and orthotropic elastic–plastic behavior was used. The results show that the arc-tangent and trapezoidal cores are prone to collapse by extensive bending and buckling, whereas the hemispherical core behaved more stably in compression and shear. Core sheets with a hemispherical shape were prepared from copy paper sheets in a specially designed forming machine. Sandwich test specimens were prepared from this core and tested in out-of-plane compression, and the load-displacement response was compared to predictions from finite element simulations. The experimental and finite element results were consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A coupled numerical multi-physics model is developed to study the generation and variation mechanisms of friction torque, including fluid lubricating, micro-contact, sliding and heat transfer among the friction components. The engagement experiment is conducted to verify the accuracy of numerical model and investigate the stability of friction torque. The results show that the most significant operating factor affecting the friction stability is the applied pressure, followed by the rotating speed and the ATF temperature. Simultaneously, the operating factors have great influence on the torque response, engagement time and temperature rise. Moreover, the growth model of friction torque can be divided into two categories: one is increasing linearly and the other is concave parabolic rising. Highlights • A coupled numerical multi-physics model is presented to study the generation and variation mechanisms of friction torque. • The bench test is conducted to verify the accuracy of numerical model and investigate the stability of the friction torque. • The most significant operating factor affecting the friction stability is the applied pressure, followed by the rotating speed and ATF temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates roll paper fire using laboratory-scale experiments, with emphasis on water transport on burning surfaces for sprinkler suppression. Freeburn, water transport and suppression experiments were conducted using different types of paper with various basis weight and water absorptivity. For fire suppression, the experimental results showed different water transport patterns that are sensitive to the burning surface conditions. This is in contrast to the water transport under no fire conditions in straight vertical rivulets exhibiting highly non-uniform distribution along the roll perimeter. For roll paper fire growth, both surface delamination and exfoliation play a crucial role, with the delamination length increasing either linearly or exponentially with time and the exfoliation rates strongly dependent on paper basis weight. Although the effects observed at the small scale in this work may have differences from those at large scales, the experimental results yield insights for better understanding of fire growth and suppression mechanisms and provide extensive data for numerical model development and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brieffy overviews some recent and very fresh results on a rather new class of dynamic optimization problems governed by the so-called sweeping (Moreau) processes with controlled moving sets. Uncontrolled sweeping processes have been known in dynamical systems and applications starting from 1970s while control problems for them have drawn attention of mathematicians, applied scientists, and practitioners quite recently. We discuss here such problems and major results achieved in their theory and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new damage detection and localization technique based on the changes in vibration parameters using BAT and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The finite element method is used to apply damage at specific element(s) of the considered beams. The damage is represented by a reduction in Young's modulus and the identification of damage is formulated as an optimization problem using objective function based on Modal Scale Factor and changes in natural frequencies. A procedure for detecting and locating damage of beam-like structures based on BAT algorithm is used. This approach presents a method that can be used to detect the single and multiple-damage positions and the rate of damage in structural elements with high accuracy after the first iteration. The results obtained using BAT algorithm are compared to those obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. By taking noise into account in the damage detection and localization problem, it is shown that our approach based on BAT algorithm can detect the damage locations with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical model based on the Fokker–Planck equation for studying the orientation of paper fibers in a suspension is presented. The model is implemented in a finite volume framework. The rotational operators are discretized on a triangulated half sphere and the spatial operators are discretized on a Cartesian octree grid, where internal walls are handled with immersed boundary methods. Transient solutions of the two dimensional fiber orientation distribution are computed in the entire fluid domain. This is in contrast to earlier approaches that either only compute along streamlines or one dimensional projected orientations. The fibers are assumed to have negligible inertia and thus to follow the fluid perfectly and to be evenly distributed. A head-box geometry relevant for paper forming is used to exemplify the usefulness of the method. The influence of translational and rotational diffusion is included in the presented method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-walled tubular deployable composite boom (DCB) has gained significant attention due to its lightweight, simple structure and high packaging efficiency. The experimental and numerical simulation methods were employed in this paper to investigate the folding behavior of the DCB. Using T700/epoxy unidirectional reinforced prepreg as raw material, DCB specimens were prepared by the vacuum bag method. To complete the folding experiments of DCB specimens, a folding mechanism was designed and manufactured. Folding experiments of DCB specimens were conducted and folding moment versus rotational displacement curves were measured. In addition, a Finite Element Model (FEM) was established to predict the folding behavior of the DCB. Different failure criteria were considered in the numerical analysis, including the Tsai‐Hill criterion and maximum stress criterion. Prediction results using the FEM were compared with experimental results, and both sets of results were in good agreement. It is shown that the DCB can achieve the folding function without failure. The research results in this paper are of great significance to the practical engineering application of the DCB. [Display omitted] • Six tubular deployable composite boom specimens and a precise folding mechanism were designed and prepared. • Folding experiments were conducted to measure the folding moment and rotational displacement curves. • A finite element model for predicting the folding behavior of the tubular deployable composite boom was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines the digital twin system modeling method to conduct an in-depth study and analysis of graph-theoretic combinatorial optimization. This paper provides new ideas and approaches for optimal numerical analysis work by studying the digital twin modeling method that integrates digital modeling and graph theory combination, provides theoretical support for safe, stable, and economic operation of the system, proposes a solution for digital twin model based on big data platform, focuses on the nearest neighbor propagation (AP) and graph theory combination, solves the digital twin real-time monitoring data asynchronous, incomplete problem, and applies the algorithm to the digital twin model based on the big data platform for data preprocessing to achieve better results. This paper also presents a web-based digital twin system based on intelligent practical needs, analysis, and comparison of existing models, combined with digital twin technology, detailing the differences and connections between the various levels of numerical analysis and the implementation of this data in various fields, such as user management, equipment health management, product quality management, and workshop 3D navigation and detailed modeling of the digital twin system based on this numerical analysis to realize remote online monitoring, analysis, and management. In this paper, for the numerical analysis process, firstly, the key technologies of modeling and simulation operation control of production line based on digital twin are studied, and the rapid response manufacturing system based on a digital twin is designed and validated. Secondly, a scheduling technology framework for capacity simulation evaluation and optimization is established, and batching optimization, outsourcing decision, and rolling scheduling techniques are thus proposed to form a batching optimization algorithm based on priority rules, which realizes batching processing, outsourcing decision, and rolling scheduling of production orders to optimize equipment utilization and capacity. Finally, digital twin-based modeling is designed, and the validation results demonstrate the system's superior performance in achieving information interaction between physical and virtual production lines, optimization of numerical analysis, and display of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel type of connection that integrates unbonded prestressed strands (UPS) and mortise-tenon in an assembly frame structure (UPS-MTF). First, the damage process and failure modes of the joints under reciprocating horizontal loads were systematically analyzed using refined numerical models. The recommended values of the design parameters of the joints were derived from the parametric analysis results. Refined numerical modeling results reveal the diagonal compression strut mechanism within the core region of the joint. The diagonal compression struts model assists in establishing the theoretical calculation formula for the skeleton curve of shear stress–strain in the core region. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) parameter was identified for the restoring force model of the core region to determine the parameters of the hysteresis rules. Finally, a macro-simplified analytical model of the joint was created based on the restoring force model of the core region, and parameter analysis was conducted to verify the applicability of this macro-simplified analytical model. The research results prove that the damaged form of the joint proposed in this paper originates from the shear and relative slip damage between the components in the core region. The axial compression ratio significantly affects the hysteretic performance of the joints, and the upper and lower limit values were identified for the axial compression ratio of the joints. The area and initial effective stress of the UPS exert a minimal effect on the hysteretic performance of the joint. Based on the method proposed in this paper for determining the restoring force model in the core region of the joints, the hysteresis curves obtained from the macro-simplified analytical model closely match the refined numerical analysis model results. This correspondence verifies the applicability of the macro-simplified analytical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and efficient damage detection in long-term health monitoring for structures still encounters many difficulties due to the effect of environment. Furthermore, recorded big data requires efficient damage detection algorithm. In this study, an efficient and effective damage detection algorithm is proposed using transmissibility along with Mahalanobis distance and Hotelling T-square. A numerically simulated beam and an experimentally tested laboratory structure are used to validate the proposed algorithm. Results demonstrate good performance of the proposed technique in damage detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmad et al. (2015) consider a Transmuted Kumaraswamy distribution and study certain properties of their distribution. In the title of their paper they mention characterization of this distribution, but no characterizations are presented in the paper. In the present short note we establish certain characterizations of the Transmuted Kumaraswamy in three directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]