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Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have gained considerable interest in health care moving beyond traditional outcome measures of morbidity and mortality. In breast cancer surgery, women's' perceptions of appearance, function and quality of life have become increasingly important. The BREAST-Q questionnaire is a validated PROM for use in cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish electronic version of the BREAST-Q questionnaire, to verify the measurement equivalence of digital and paper versions and to identify the possible disadvantages and advantages of implementing this new tool. The study population included 113 patients undergoing breast cancer survey at a single hospital in Barcelona (Spain) who were able to complete both the electronic and paper versions of the preoperative module of the BREAST-Q questionnaire. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in the four domains of the questionnaire between the two versions of the questionnaire was >0.9, with a weighted kappa of >0.74 at item level. The reliability of the internal consistency was also excellent, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of >0.70 in all domains. Age was a limiting factor for the delivery of the electronic version of BREAST-Q, with 69 years of age as the cut-off point to obtain reliable results. The interchangeability of the electronic and paper versions of the BREAST-Q questionnaire facilitates implementation of this instrument in routine surgical oncological practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2022 IEEE World Congress on Services will be held in a hybrid mode with physical presence in Barcelona, Spain. SERVICES is the premier international forum for presenting and discussing the most recent and significant technical research contributions in the field of services computing. Centered around web-based services, SERVICES 2022 covers various systems and networking research pertaining to cloud, edge and IoT, as well as technologies for intelligent computing, learning, Big Data, blockchain, and digital healthcare applications, addressing critical issues such as knowledge network, high performance, security, privacy, dependability, trustworthiness, and cost-effectiveness. Particularly, the 2022 Congress will welcome papers on the aftermath and the impact of COVID-19 on services and the world infrastructure. In addition to co-located theme-topic conferences, the Congress will also include symposia supporting deep-dive discussions on emerging topics, and complement the SERVICES 2022 program with industry and application presentations and panels. Authors are invited to prepare early and submit original and unpublished papers to any of these conferences at www.easychair.org. All submitted manuscripts will be peer- reviewed by at least three reviewers. Accepted and presented papers will appear in the conference proceedings published by the IEEE Computer Society Press. SERVICES 2022 is the only premier professional event for the services computing field offered by IEEE, under the auspice of the Technical Committee on Services Computing (TCSVC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Language & Law / Revista de Llengua i Dret is the property of Revista de Llengua i Dret and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to better understand the processes and procedures adopted by micro-influencers to create 'instagrammable' content. It is based on 17 in-depth interviews with foodie micro-influencers based in London and Barcelona. Interview data was complemented with participant observation in restaurants or cafes. This paper makes three original contributions. Firstly, the study expands the understanding of the concept of 'instagrammability' by approaching it from the perspective of influencers creating content to satisfy and/or grow an audience. Secondly, it illustrates how two dominant factors drive influencers' content creation process: the self/audience focus content branding orientation. The 'audience-focus' content development process varied drastically, with some influencers being very conscious of responding to their audiences' needs whereas others maintained first and foremost a very strong 'self-focus'. However, even for the influencers who were the most responsive to their audiences' perceived wishes, a sense of 'self-focus' was maintained as an anchor point in all developed content, often linked to a passion for a certain type of food. Thirdly, this paper maps and describes the behind-the-scenes content creation process adopted by micro-influencers, including four stages (1) Content Planning, (2) Media Gathering, (3) Editing, and (4) Publishing, which was followed by an engagement phase. This study offers a timely contribution to better comprehend the content creation cycle adopted by micro-influencers by using foodie influencers as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalisation has great potential to reduce costs, improve access and enhance user experience. However, it could also increase inequality, with some people struggling to access and use digital services. It is important to understand who is likely to be excluded in this way and why. This can help to identify groups at particular risk of digital exclusion, inform efforts to overcome the barriers, and develop more inclusive digital services. This paper introduces a set of five linked datasets examining a range of user factors affecting the use of digital services. The datasets focus on the use of digital mobility services, but the data is useful in understanding the use of other digital services as well. The user factors considered include technology access, use and competence and attitudes towards digital technology. The datasets were the results of surveys in five European regions and countries (Germany, Italy, Barcelona Metropolitan Area, Flanders and the Netherlands). Samples were taken of the adult (age 16+) population with a total of 3,454 participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast and plural production of the woman architect, musician, activist, occasional educator and tireless researcher Anna Bofill Levi (Barcelona, 1944) is characterized by certain features that make its author a unique personality, although one hardly known and recognized in the Spanish and international circles that are the custodians of prestige in architecture. She has achieved most public recognition as a composer, the field in which she has been most productive over time and developed the furthest. Her music is characterized by the number of references, especially contemporary, she includes, the wide diversity of countries where it has been performed, and the range of people to whom she has dedicated her works, all these aspects testifying to her cosmopolitan and libertarian spirit and her commitment to equality. Her incessant writing, with all the reading it entails, has also left us with a large body of written work, extending over a number of fields, including most notably her reflections on the influence of the gender-based perspective on urban planning. A factor also reflected in her architecture, for example, in the implementation of participatory processes in her project designs. She joined the Taller de Arquitectura from the time she began her studies at the School of Architecture in Barcelona in 1964--she graduated in 1972--, and then commenced her independent career in 1981, although her first solo works date from 1977. Her work at the head of her office for almost 20 years is evidence of a tireless capacity for work and an unwavering commitment to people's welfare. This paper analyses Anna Bofill's contributions to feminist thinking through her work as an architect. Also, it addresses the study of a cultured person, a woman with great sensitivity and a strong political and personal commitment who has suffered discrimination and who hasmade rigor and determination themeans to achieve her non-negotiable freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, Carlos Moreno proposed the concept of "15-minute cities" based on the principles of proximity, diversity, density, and ubiquity. In fact, he re-formulated ("re-invented") some of the already existing planning principles, making them recognized and desired by non-professionals. Moreno, however, paid little attention to the external connectivity of neighborhoods, assuming that most needs would be satisfied locally. This paper aims to discuss the concept of "15-minute cities" from the transport planning point of view and investigate how the concept can contribute to such planning. The research review conducted in this paper suggests that similar actions in the past caused a modal shift from the use of cars to public transport, rather than a radical limitation of total transport needs. To simplify, if a neighborhood is well designed, people are more likely to walk, ride a bike, and use public transport, but the majority will still commute outside of the neighborhood for work. In the metropolis of the ideal "15-minute city", Barcelona, the majority of the inhabitants travel to work either by car or public transport, which proves that they need to move outside the neighborhood. This leads us to the conclusions that (1) "15-minute cities" should incorporate the transit-oriented development concept and include public transport nodes, such as railways or underground stations, as the central point of walkable, multifunctional neighborhoods, and (2) railway/underground station planners should pay more attention to the creation of a proper mix of services at and around the stations according to "15-minute cities" principles. In the future, there should also be more emphasis on re-allocating workplaces to neighborhoods, as well as on researching the actual impact of the (improved and current) "15-minute cities" design on transport volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The goal of the paper is to analyze the main differences between the smart mobility idea implementation in Copenhagen and Barcelona. Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis. Analysis of international literature from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic. Findings: The papers compares the smart mobility solutions implemented in Copenhagen and Barcelona, two cities that have developed comprehensive and innovative transportation systems. While both cities have sustainable, efficient, and convenient transportation systems, they differ in their focus and governance structure. Copenhagen is a leading city in sustainable transportation, with a strong focus on cycling infrastructure and an integrated public transportation system. On the other hand, Barcelona focuses on reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality, with innovative solutions such as a low-emission zone and a smart parking system. Additionally, Copenhagen has a highly centralized governance structure, while Barcelona adopts a more decentralized approach, engaging citizens and stakeholders in transportation decision-making. Originality/value: Detailed analysis of differences between Copenhagen and Barcelona in the case of smart mobility implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the location patterns and the effects co-working spaces (CWS) generate on the urban context. The focus is on Barcelona, one of the most important creative hubs in Europe in terms of knowledge-based, creative, digital, and sharing economy, and the city hosting the largest number of co-working spaces in Spain. The paper addresses three main questions: (1) Which are the location patterns of co-working spaces in Barcelona? (2) Do CWS agglomerate in the same areas? And, (3) Do CWS coagglomerate with the creative industries (CIs)? To do that, this paper uses open data on Barcelona neighbourhoods' socioeconomic composition provided by the Statistics Department of the Council of Barcelona and micro-geographic data of private CWS and creative labs in Barcelona. By using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Kd functions of agglomeration and coagglomeration, results show that CWS are highly concentrated in central areas of Barcelona where there are greater chances to meet customers and suppliers, the proximity to urban amenities and the fact of being associated to a specific place-image. Moreover, they coagglomerate with CIs firms, especially with symbolic and synthetic knowledge-based CIs. These results are relevant when assessing the actual goal of urban policies in Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing social movements, in the course of their everyday activities, continually share and produce knowledge, a process defined as learning. This paper addresses a gap in the literature on housing activism, looking at learning as a crucial domain of housing movements' politics and practice. By looking at housing activism through the lens of theories on learning in social movements, we provide a nuanced understanding of Barcelona's neighbourhood-based housing groups. Previously centralized in one movement (the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca), housing activism in the city is now spread into a heterogeneous network, including small and localized collectives. The paper examines one neighbourhood housing group, the Grup d'Habitatge de Sants, and its relations with other groups, scrutinizing how processes and potentials of learning unfold in four critical moments: assemblies, workshops, direct action and debates/congresses. We reveal learning as a complex and multilayered phenomenon, arguing that it is fundamental for housing activism and an essential path towards achieving housing justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban fabric of European cities is subject to significant pressures from human activity and climate change. The devastating effects of climate change on urban environments threaten the quality of life of citizens and ecosystems. In particular, historic and dense-tissue cities face challenges in adapting their established urban fabric devoid of green areas. The lack of green spaces for social gatherings becomes a critical issue in addressing the climate and environmental crisis. Dense cities such as Barcelona and Copenhagen are promptly responding to the climate emergency through adaptation plans. This essay identifies the 19th-century neighbourhood of San Salvario in Turin, as a case study to develop a morphological analysis aimed at proposing nature-based strategies to improve the adaptation potential and resilience. The design elements identified in the two best practices cities inspire hypothesizing replicable architectural solutions in dense urban contexts such as the study area under consideration. Finally, the paper addresses the limitations arising from the lack of holistic strategic planning, which in the case of Turin is based on fragmented interventions disconnected from the existing ecological network rather than on a long-term plan. The paper also reflects on the need to include additional assessments of ecosystem services, taking into account their economic valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article identifies and examines key performance indicators (KPIs) related to citizen mobility logistics in smart and sustainable urban areas. It begins with a comprehensive literature review to identify essential KPIs, offering valuable insights for both public and private stakeholders, including policymakers and mobility service providers. Drawing from various mobility projects in smart cities, the study extracts common KPIs and best practices. The focus of the paper then turns to Barcelona, Spain, where KPIs that matter most are analyzed. Methods: Using open data from the city council spanning from 2017 onwards, the study provides insights into the evolving mobility logistics landscape. KPIs from other European cities are also considered by utilizing similar open data sources. This comparative analysis provides valuable benchmarks and reveals disparities in mobility logistics. Throughout this investigation, the paper emphasizes the role of data quality in KPI selection. Results: Reliable open data significantly influence indicator choices and present challenges when comparing cities. Remarkably, the findings consistently highlight environmental data as an area requiring attention in sustainable mobility logistics. Conclusions: This paper makes contributions by identifying and examining KPIs relevant to citizen mobility logistics in smart and sustainable urban areas. It offers insights by applying these KPIs to Barcelona and conducting comparative analyses with other European cities. These findings serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, city planners, and mobility experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future projections indicate a global increase in heat waves, especially in urban areas due to climate change and the heat island effect, leading to adverse human, economic, and environmental outcomes. Cities worldwide respond by integrating climate mitigation and adaptation measures. While long-term strategies dominate research, this paper explores the increasing interest in short-term solutions, examining the Barcelona Climate Shelter Network. Investigating climate shelter initiatives, it highlights the use of public or private spaces for respite during extreme heat. This model offers insights for other European cities facing escalating heat waves, encouraging reflections on reshaping public services amidst climate crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of urban mobility, a pivotal aspect for policymakers, businesses, and communities alike. By deciphering patterns of movement within a city, stakeholders can craft targeted interventions to mitigate traffic congestion peaks, optimizing both resource allocation and individual travel routes. Focused on Barcelona, Spain, this paper draws on data sourced from the city council's open data service. Through a blend of exploratory analysis, visualization techniques, and modeling methodologies—including time series analysis and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm—the research endeavors to forecast traffic conditions. Additionally, a study of variable importance is carried out, and Shapley Additive Explanations are applied to enhance the interpretability of model outputs. Findings underscore the limitations of traditional forecasting methods in capturing the nuanced spatial and temporal dependencies present in traffic flows, particularly over medium- to long-term horizons. However, the XGBoost model demonstrates robust performance, with the area under ROC curves consistently exceeding 80%, indicating its efficacy in handling non-linear traffic data variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global rise in urban energy demand poses severe environmental and economic health challenges. We need adaptive policies in urban planning to reduce the need for urban energy. This has become a prominent agenda in urban planning, encompassing social (education and innovation in consumption), economic (real pricing), and physical (urban morphology) aspects. This research aims to investigate the influential role of urban form, particularly the physical environment, on energy performance. The methodological approach is centered on conducting analytical-comparative research to examine how urban form influences theoretical energy requirements. Yazd City is selected as a case study because of its distinctive features and traditional approaches to urban sustainability, which have been largely overlooked in previous energy consumption investigations. In a broader comparative context, five tissue types (morphological units) have been selected from Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, and Venice and used as the analytical basis of the study. The research categorizes urban forms into three levels: macro (fabric), medium (block), and micro (building patterns). Heating, cooling, and total energy consumption were computed at each level. The findings indicate that, at the macroscale, the Barcelona fabric offers the highest potential for adaptation in the hot, dry climate of Yazd City. Moreover, the paper analyzes the most recurring morphological indices in the tissues and proposes guidelines for new developments tailored to Yazd City's unique climatic conditions. By focusing on urban form's impact on energy performance, this research contributes to the broader understanding of sustainable urban planning. It offers valuable insights for energy-sensitive urban development in other contexts facing similar climate challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens participate in various activities to fulfill their needs, advance their socio-economic status, and enhance their well-being through social and health-related engagements. However, activity participation is influenced by many factors in the built environment, such as the spatial and temporal dissemination of activities, which therefore necessitate travel to overcome physical distances. Moreover, individual attributes such as gender, daily schedules, and other socio-economic characteristics also influence mobility patterns. In this paper, we aim to investigate these factors in the specific context of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area using three different samples of residents from annual mobility surveys conducted between 2018 and 2020. To this end, we employ a sequence analysis method that examines the entire trajectory of an individual's daily activities and travel, considering the number, order, and duration of activities. In this way, we analyse in detail how various individual characteristics and the built environment influence the fragmentation of activities. Our study yields multiple results. First, we find that even in a transport-oriented city, the fragmentation of activities is shaped by gender, especially after age 30, when major changes occur in an individual's life course, in particular caring responsibilities and family status. Second, we observe that the educational level and year of the sample also play a central role in shaping mobility patterns. Finally, our paper makes a methodological contribution by defining sequence distances, after projecting the original space onto the factorial one defined by the Multiple Correspondence Analysis. This study shows that mobility policies should not focus solely on transport aspects, but also consider the built environment, dwelling location, gender, equity, and individual lifetime characteristics in an integrated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development and use of digital technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), have a significant impact on society in general, but specifically also on the public sector. In this data driven digital era the use of AI in government has become a crucial tool to help shape the future of public governance. Automated decision-making or algorithmic decision-making enables more informed and evidence-based decision-making in government. The variety of applications of AI is growing rapidly and spans all functional areas of government. AI based technologies create opportunities to transform the way in which local governments deliver municipal services. Also, in other spheres of government it enhances efficiency, and proactive and responsive decision-making to the benefit of citizens. It has huge potential and offers many benefits, but also includes many risks. This requires a responsible approach that will include mechanisms for safeguarding fundamental rights, inclusivity and a process of constant participation with citizens, and ensuring that the performance of AI systems is proportionate, supervised and reasoned. Responsible AI based on a set of key principles such as accountability, explainability and respect for privacy and other human rights should be the foundation for the use of AI in public governance. Various policy and legislative initiatives around the world aim to create clear, workable frameworks for the development and use of responsible AI. An example is the AI Act in the European Union which was approved by the European Parliament in June 2023, and which follows a risk-based approach that acknowledges the protection of human rights in the development and use of AI. Various local and regional policy and legal developments to support responsible AI at sub-national level are also in process. How can AI be used to improve public governance? What safeguards should be put in place to ensure ethical and responsible AI and the protection of human rights? How can AI be used to co-create public services? In presenting the paper, these critical questions will be considered. This paper explores the development of responsible and ethical AI policies and initiatives in public governance, with a specific focus on AI in cities. It discusses key initiatives such as the establishment of an algorithmic register in Amsterdam and Barcelona, as well as specific AI applications that enhances service delivery. It will conclude with some recommendations for building blocks in ensuring responsible AI in public governance in local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the connection between economic development and sport. The objective of the paper is to identify the correlation between income generated by sports and GDP. To confirm this causal relationship the correlation and regression method has been applied. The object of analysis is the impact of the income of English clubs and two Spanish clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid on the GDP of the respective countries, for the last decade. The paper also provides a lot of information on sports developments in the year of the pandemic (2020) The hypothesis is tested and after H1 ≠ 0 it is proved that there is a correlation between the two variables. The regression function for the English and Spanish economies shows that football revenues affect GDP formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The football rivalry between Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona is one of the most popular at club level globally. In Spain, where it is known as El Clásico (the Classic), it has an unrivalled status in the sports media industry. Its significance relies in part to the historical tension between Catalonia, the region of which Barcelona is the main centre, and Madrid, the capital of Spain. The exaltation of confrontation and partisanship is the central feature of highly popular radio programmes devoted to El Clásico. This study aimed to observe how the media discourse articulated by these programmes was affected by the fact that, during the Covid-19 pandemic, matches were played in empty venues. Through the comparisons of broadcasts of two games, one from 2017 and from 2020, the paper shows that the sensationalistic style is toned down, and a less polarised and partisan sports journalism is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, rental housing has emerged as a new field of financialization, highlighting the importance of rent to understanding contemporary urban dynamics. Despite rental markets expressing juridical relations, empirical research on the articulations between law and rent is absent in the existing literature. In light of critical legal approaches, the paper addresses this gap through an ethnographic exploration of conflictual residential rent relations in Barcelona. The paper argues that contracts are not only legal objects crucial for the existence and articulation of rent, but their constant opening and closing, enabled by property law, result in both judicial and invisible evictions, which increase tenant turnover, thus securing incremental rental-based streams. The contract disobedience strategy enacted by the tenant movement in Barcelona has exposed how contracts are tools of domination and poses a critique of the political and legal doctrine of the 'freedom of contract'. This mobilisation has simultaneously articulated a political demand for implementing rent controls, which are placed in a broader, gradually emerging legal countermovement to protect habitation that finds its epitome in parliamentary debates and legislative processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 1965, in the midst of Franco's dictatorship in Spain, four bottlenose dolphins travelled from Miami to Barcelona Zoo. These became the inhabitants of one of the first dolphinariums in Europe. The arrival of the dolphins was preceded by two trips of the zoo's director, accompanied by an architect and a politician, to visit the installations at the Miami Seaquarium, Sea World San Diego, and Marineland of the Pacific in California. In this paper, I reflect on how knowledge and practices about a completely new animal and its keeping were acquired in the Barcelona Zoo. This was a time when exhibitions, popular perception, and scientific research regarding marine mammals were being developed. The training and exhibition of dolphins was shaped by a mixture of circus-like practices and scientific knowledge. Dolphins arrived in Europe with "knowledges" and practices attached, but also with a lot of uncertainty. However, circumstances like geography, logistics, and the corporate character of American aquaria prevented a straightforward flow of information from the United States to Europe. How did Barcelona Zoo keepers manage to gather information on the building and maintenance of a dolphinarium? And how did they gather information on how to feed, care, train, and exhibit the dolphins? This paper seeks to understand how the particular setting of Barcelona Zoo, as well as its social, scientific, and political context shaped the exhibition of and creation of knowledge about animals at the zoo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discussions about Basic Income have gained traction recently when debating possible reforms of the welfare state, how to combat poverties and wealth inequalities, and to counteract job losses in the aftermath of the Pandemic. The role of cities engaging in various forms of basic income, such as the Guaranteed Minimum Income, and how they impact specific target groups as migrants and refugees, is still understudied. At the peak of the migration wave in Europe between 2015 and 2016, the European programme Urban Initiative Actions funded a pilot project on Basic Income led by the city of Barcelona. The scheme, called B-MINCOME, is meant to test the efficacy and effectiveness of combining a passive economic support of cash-transfer and active labour market policies geared toward their inclusion and reinsertion in the labour market. In particular, thanks to the integration of local policies and the cooperation across departments, the project has impacted gender inequalities and indirectly helped the regularisation of undocumented migrants. Illustrating the Barcelona case study, the paper demonstrates that first, the approach adopted by B-MINCOME creates (unintended) benefits to migrants, second, that the combination of European and city level funds has fostered experimentation in terms of service design and provisions, and third, that local experimentations can further inform and challenge the design of public policies on inclusion at different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of homeownership in the working-class peripheries of post-war Europe has received little attention in planning history. The main reason is probably that public housing built at the time of massive operations of constructing Modernist housing estates in Western and Eastern Blocs adopted tenancy as the predominant form of tenure in almost all cases. In the context of widespread growth of urban homeownership during the second half of the twentieth century in European countries, this paper addresses the singularities of ownership in Francoist Spain. In this case, the main peculiarity is that the working classes that flocked to inhabit the new outskirts were the main protagonists of the intense process of the spread in homeownership. First, the article discusses the ideological roots of the spread of homeownership in Spain as a singular phenomenon. Second, the spectacular growth of homeownership in the peripheral working-class districts of Barcelona and in the municipalities of its metropolitan area is analysed. Then, the paper considers the relationships observed between ownership in the new peripheries and the development of powerful urban movements. A final epilogue places such movements in the Western European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this Special Issue is to present the latest advances in research and novel applications of speech and language technologies based on the works presented at the IberSPEECH edition held in Barcelona in 2018, paying special attention to those focused on Iberian languages. IberSPEECH is the international conference of the Special Interest Group on Iberian Languages (SIG-IL) of the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) and of the Spanish Thematic Network on Speech Technologies (Red Temática en Tecnologías del Habla, or RTTH for short). Several researchers were invited to extend their contributions presented at IberSPEECH2018 due to their interest and quality. As a result, this Special Issue is composed of 13 papers that cover different topics of investigation related to perception, speech analysis and enhancement, speaker verification and identification, speech production and synthesis, natural language processing, together with several applications and evaluation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a statistical study of cirrus geometrical and optical properties based on 4 years of continuous ground-based lidar measurements with the Barcelona (Spain) Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL) is analysed. First, a review of the literature on the two-way transmittance method is presented. This method is a well-known lidar inversion method used to retrieve the optical properties of an aerosol–cloud layer between two molecular (i.e. aerosol and cloud-free) regions below and above, without the need to make any a priori assumptions about their optical and/or microphysical properties. Second, a simple mathematical expression of the two-way transmittance method is proposed for both ground-based and spaceborne lidar systems. This approach of the method allows the retrieval of the cloud optical depth, the cloud column lidar ratio and the vertical profile of the cloud backscatter coefficient. The method is illustrated for a cirrus cloud using measurements from the ground-based MPL and from the spaceborne Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). Third, the database is then filtered with a cirrus identification criterion based on (and compared to) the literature using only lidar and radiosonde data. During the period from November 2018 to September 2022, 367 high-altitude cirrus clouds were identified at 00:00 and 12:00 UTC, of which 203 were successfully inverted with the two-way transmittance method. The statistical results of these 203 high-altitude cirrus clouds show that the cloud thickness is 1.8 ± 1.1 km, the mid-cloud temperature is - 51 ± 8 ∘ C and the linear cloud depolarization ratio is 0.32 ± 0.13. The application of the transmittance method yields an average cloud optical depth (COD) of 0.36 ± 0.45 and a mean effective column lidar ratio of 30 ± 19 sr. Statistical results of the errors associated with the two-way transmittance method retrievals are also provided. The highest occurrence of cirrus is observed in spring and the majority of cirrus clouds (48 %) are visible (0.03 < COD < 0.3), followed by opaque (COD > 0.3) with a percentage of 38 %. Together with results from other sites, possible latitudinal dependencies have been analysed together with correlations between cirrus cloud properties. For example, we noted that in Barcelona the COD correlates positively with the cloud base temperature, effective column lidar ratio and linear cloud depolarization ratio and negatively with the cloud base height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary societies are increasingly multireligious, multiethnic, and multicultural, but to what extent are they ready for coexistence? This paper evaluates the competencies for intercultural and interreligious dialogue in two very different contexts: Barcelona and Melilla, two cities with great ethnic and cultural diversity, in which it is easy to have contact with people of different cultures and religions. To this end, we worked with a total of 1353 adolescents and young people, and four scales were used to evaluate intercultural and interreligious sensitivity, conflict management skills, and prejudices towards unaccompanied migrant minors. The findings suggest that in neither of these two contexts do adolescents and young people form relationships with these minors, despite accepting religious diversity and being educated at school in topics relating to coexistence and spirituality. In fact, participants showed a high level of prejudice towards this population. Implementation of more effective intervention programs in both cities is therefore recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates how English language teaching and learning spaces become a locus for a "pedagogy of personality": spaces where ideal forms of personhood can be transmitted, taught and learned. We draw on ethnographic accounts of moments produced in a municipal English language teaching programme in Rionegro, Colombia, and in the English language class of an elite international school near Barcelona, in Catalonia. We explore discourses mobilised by teachers, students, and school administrators that glorify personality traits that should enable students to become "good community members", "good citizens" and to reflect on the ways in which language learning spaces are imagined to have an effect on learners' personalities. We claim that it is not necessarily the English competence acquired in these spaces, or the act of speaking English itself, which is imagined as automatically triggering the enactment of 'better' forms of personality. Rather, we believe that our ethnographic data point to the fact that language curricula provide the space to construct, spread and normalise moral values which are associated to idealised forms of subjectivity, and desired forms of being. The discourses circulated through landscapes and classroom interactions show how the mere act of being in an English language learning space is expected to raise students' awareness of the moral duty to become better, more responsible individuals. We make a key contribution to critical sociolinguistic research by placing a focus on how "good personality" is informed by the pedagogic trajectories of each space, beyond neoliberal projects of self. Moralising catholic discourses, values and ideologies, and broader humanist educational discourses inform ideas about personality and personality development in these spaces. Thus, we call for a slower sociolinguistics, that takes pause before reaching for the explanatory power of neoliberalism and makes room for the complex, historically sedimented logics of our research sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy retrofits have, so far, been studied from the perspective of economic benefits that undertaking energy retrofit brings. They have also been of interest in the pursuit of reducing carbon emissions. However, few have studied the perception of health co-benefits of energy retrofits. Therefore, this paper seeks to shed light on how the residents' perception of their health affects their decision to undertake an energetic retrofit. The focus of this article is to determine how residents perceive their health and their willingness to undertake energy retrofits to improve their health in the municipality of Barcelona. The methods used were in-depth interviews with experts and face-to-face and surveys conducted online. The results were analysed using descriptive, segmental, and unconditional logistic regression. We also analysed if awareness of the health co-benefits of retrofits corresponded with the respondent's housing conditions, socio-demographics, and willingness to energy retrofit their homes. A total of 127 participants were included, of which 6.3% listed health co-benefit improvements as an influencing factor in undertaking an energy retrofit. The survey findings show that the less educated households are less aware of the health co-benefits of energy retrofits. These findings reveal the need to re-evaluate the current energy and housing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the historical development of the vertical extensions of unreinforced masonry buildings in the Eixample district of Barcelona and their impact on the seismic behaviour. Existing masonry buildings of Eixample present significant seismic risk because, despite the low to moderate seismic hazard of Barcelona, they show a marked vulnerability given their average height of six storeys and the substantial slenderness of the walls. Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the vertical extensions, known as remuntes in Catalan, were a common solution to the increasing demographic demand of the city. In their majority, these vertical extensions add a structural irregularity that represents a potential vulnerability factor not yet investigated. The present study focuses on Eixample's remuntes, including their historical development, the description of their structural features, and the identification of their most representative configurations in the existing building stock. A seismic analysis based on the Finite Element Method is presented on a reference model without extensions and three others with the most recurrent configurations of remuntes. The seismic response is investigated through pushover analysis. The results provide a better understanding of the negative impact of the vertical extensions on the seismic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines social disadvantage in tourist sites through the lens of labour geography by focusing on the residential trajectories of a sample of workers in Barcelona (N = 8,651) over a decade (2008–2019). Contrasting with the common view that tourism growth brings prosperity to local communities, it suggests instead that buoyant destinations may be prone to leaving their workforces behind. Path analysis modelling reveals that tourism sector workers are at a higher risk of residential displacement. Our analysis unearths stratifications in such results, pointing to different tactics to cope with housing market pressure depending on sex, age, and nationality. Residential displacement and the self-imposed devaluation of housing conditions are introduced in this paper as key avenues leading to social exclusion. In this sense, we contribute to the concern of critical tourism geographies with the inequality and disadvantage ingrained in tourist space production, bridging to the domain of labour geography and social mobility. The city of Barcelona offers a template for other urban contexts that have been reliant on tourism as a major driver of economic growth in recent decades. Following the call for closer attention to labour in the debate on transitions to sustainability in tourism, our results hint at future research avenues that extend their interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the entanglements, complicities and collisions between financialization processes and state action during the current housing crisis in Spain, with a focus on Catalonia and the Barcelona area in the last decade. Departing from the assumption that housing financialization has been a major driver of the crisis, state interventions, including housing policies and legal regulations imposed on financial and real estate markets and on landlord-tenant relations, will be interpreted as modulators that may either alleviate or amplify the impacts of financial dynamics on people's access to adequate housing. Drawing on the cases of several legal reforms, we will illustrate variegated attitudes towards financial extraction adopted by different state agencies. It will be thus shown how, in the rare cases where the state has tried to alleviate the social harms derived from financial extraction, reforms have been superficial, have arrived late, and have failed to reverse the structural drivers of the crisis. We will thus try to shed some light into the nature of state action in the face of housing financialization, contending that states should not be understood as outsides with respect to finance, as, to the contrary, they are part of finance's very conditions of possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory governance is institutionalised to the extent that it shapes the behaviour of decision-makers and citizens. Participation policies that do not change established behaviour have limited, if any, impact. But what are the mechanisms whereby participatory governance becomes institutionalised? Using a case study of Barcelona, the paper analyses the relationship between formal rules, informal practices and narratives. Drawing on 90 interviews, the paper argues that in the context of neoliberal austerity formal rules proved surprisingly resilient, but informal practices and narratives became increasingly dis-aligned as civil society actors developed innovative approaches and more insistent demands. These novel informal practices and narratives subsequently underpinned the renaissance in participatory governance associated with the 2015-2019 Barcelona en Comú government. The paper makes theoretical and practical contributions regarding the drivers of stability and change. While formal rules may endure over time, dynamism in participatory governance depends upon the relationship between rules, practices and narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative clusters are increasingly being recognized as vital tools in the promotion of the competitiveness, innovation, urban development, and growth of cities in developed countries. This paper studies the geography of Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) in Barcelona (Spain) for the years 2009 and 2017. We investigate the spatial distribution of firms using the Scan methodology, which identifies the localization of clusters and assigns them statistical significance. Our findings indicate that CCIs are not located haphazardly— they tend to cluster in and around Barcelona's prime districts. The evolution of the clusters over these nine years reveals distinct patterns of clustering among the twelve CCI sub-sectors. The mature clusters in Barcelona's core tend to have greater growth and enhanced transformation capabilities. Our results can guide CCI cluster policy, taking into account the specificity of each sub-sector. In addition, they can direct place-based development strategies, creative urban and rural planning, and restructuring in a polycentric context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In relation to the dynamic behavior of soils, the damping (D) and the dynamic shear modulus (G) has always acquired special relevance, since its evaluation has allowed the application of simplified models of dynamic soil behavior. They depend on many factors, being necessary to include the combination of monotonic (τo) and cyclical shear stress (τc) that are inevitably present under any structure. As part of an extensive testing programme, the objective of the present paper, besides the identification and classification tests, was to perform 139 simple cyclic shear tests with different levels of static stresses (τo) before the cyclic phase. This paper refers to the influence that the combination of monotonic (τo) and cyclic shear (τc) stresses has on the damping of a soft cohesive soil susceptible to sudden failure. Laboratory tests were carried out on undisturbed samples from the Port of Barcelona, in Spain. The samples were obtained at depths between 29 m and 52 m, that correspond to an effective vertical stress of (σ′ov) between 277 kPa and 413 kPa, respectively. In general, the results indicate that: a) the combination of τo and τc controls the damping ratio (D), b) in the combined monotonic and cyclic case, it is possible to establish empirical functions of the type D = D(N, γc), D = D(N, G/σ′ov) and D = D(N, u/σ′ov), for different (τo/σ′ov) ratios and c) it is possible propose a chart to evaluate the damping ratio as a function of N, G/σ′ov and u/σ′ov, for different (τo/σ′ov) ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic is a persistent problem in westernised cities. Yet it is also a key mediator, affording and assisting the everyday. In small apartments, it supports daily life by assisting with waste management, storage, and provisioning of affordable ornaments and furniture. Plastic, in this context, is a mundane and utilitarian substrate to apartment life, as well as being a problematic potential pollutant. Recognising the diverse contributions to research on high‐density living, this paper draws on vertical urbanism and relational ideas of home. It explores the socio‐material entanglements of plastic in apartments through household interviews across Melbourne, London, Barcelona, and Perth. The research reveals ways in which plastic mediates the material inequalities of high‐rise living, typified by entanglements of space constraint, transience, and waste management. The contribution is twofold. Theoretically, our work suggests a direction for socio‐materialities research in reframing ideas of home as a static, physical site, to one that is more contingent materially and spatially. As various households adapt and make do, their refuges in the sky are being reconfigured physically and symbolically by and through plastic. Relational approaches can help to reveal the mundane but critical entanglements of plastic and everyday life in apartments. Second, empirically, we show that mundane infrastructures matter; they shape the spaces and places of plastic and apartment inequalities. Thus, policy interventions that target household behaviours can only have a marginal impact on plastic consumption where uneven infrastructures remain. Moreover, they may direct attention away from where change might be more promising, such as wider social rules and meanings around plastic, and the materialities of building design/management for waste infrastructures both inside and outside the apartment. As a problem material, the elimination of plastic waste globally presents a particular challenge to ordinary and lower income apartment households that "make do" with the use of plastic. From a large empirical study, this paper analyses households' own accounts, revealing the socio‐material entanglements of plastic with waste, space, and time management. The authors point to the importance of spatial dimensions of domestic practices and the ways in which transience entangles with practice, influencing the meanings and logics of home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to advance knowledge of social innovation through understanding how public policy frameworks can both support and constrain its efficacy in an ever-changing world. In doing so, this article contributes to the framework for studying interventions related to innovation models that emerge from a multidisciplinary approach to interpreting ecosystems. The question this paper attempts to answer: how can we best mitigate and overcome challenges and obstacles posed to social innovation in growing ecosystems? To answer this, we examined empirical data from actors involved in social innovation projects from two distinct, growth-stage ecosystems: Guadalajara, Mexico and Barcelona, Spain. The analysis yields three key constraining factors that obstruct social innovation: 1) Lack of critical mass for social innovation. 2) Fragmentation of actors' efforts in the innovation ecosystem. 3) Lack of citizen participation. By synthesising both the existing literature and this paper's findings, we'll propose three strategies that address issues that growing ecosystems face in their efforts to implement social innovation. The first strategy refers to mechanisms that connect citizens to scientific knowledge. The second pertains to the construction of common frameworks of action by different actors. Finally, the third strategy highlights the importance of citizen participation in social innovation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research infrastructures are commonly used by scientific and industrial communities to conduct research and experiments which translate in the creation of new knowledge. This knowledge may generate different outcomes (e.g., publications, patents) and find applications in different sectors and domains, ultimately triggering innovation developments. However, the pathway from knowledge creation to innovation is complex: it is split among different players, from the scientific community to industrial actors (even those not directly involved in the experiments) and may take time and significant investments. The objective of this paper is to assess innovation impacts arising from a Research Infrastructure and specifically tracing and describing the pathways according to which these impacts may materialize. The example used is the ALBA Synchrotron Light source facility located in Barcelona and in operation since 2012. The paper builds on the evidence collected through two surveys to direct and indirect users of ALBA (overall 384 questionnaires collected), in‐depth interviews as well as an analysis of patents' citations. It draws from a pilot exercise carried out in the framework of the Horizon 2020 Ri‐Paths project. It contributes to the broader discussion on the socio‐economic impact assessment of Research Infrastructures and relevant methodologies and metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In line with the European Paediatric Regulation, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) asks for investigation of a medicine's acceptability in paediatric medicines development. A standardised acceptability testing method combining the outcome of "swallowability" and "palatability" assessments to a "composite endpoint on acceptability" was recently developed. Before this method's suitability for selection of the most acceptable drug formulation of a new medicine for children can be broadly recommended, the acceptance and relevance of such established acceptability needs the critical review and input from young patients with understanding of the medicines development methodology. The benefit of involving patients in drug product development, clinical research and innovation is well established. Methods: During a focus group meeting with the KIDS Barcelona (young people advisory group, age 16–23 years) the suitability of the "composite endpoint on acceptability" methodology was assessed. Via electronic questionnaires the importance of involving patients in the medicines development and in the acceptability method development was investigated. Questions on how best to determine palatability and swallowability were asked. The relevance of all EMA-listed acceptability elements was assessed via coloured and numbered stickers and questionnaires. Results: The results showed that the involvement of young people in the medicines and acceptability method development was rated high. The group worked out that a 5-point smiley Likert Scale is preferred for assessing acceptability by 6–11 year old patients, while a Visual Analogue Scale is preferred for collecting adolescents' opinion. The ranking of the EMA-listed acceptability elements showed that palatability and swallowability are the most relevant parameters, while colour of the medicine was rated as least relevant. These results, established face-to-face, were confirmed in a repeat of the ranking through an electronic questionnaire, completed by the participants individually and remotely, 5 weeks later. Conclusion: This work reinforced the need and value to involve young people in the medicines lifecycle, and specifically in this acceptability method development. As next step other focus group meetings with more young people from different European countries are planned. Plain English Summary: Before a new medicine is authorized, its acceptability by children must be investigated according to law. An acceptability testing method combining the outcomes of "swallowability" and "palatability" assessments was recently developed. During a focus group meeting with KIDS Barcelona (young people advisory group, age 16–23 years) their opinion on the suitability of the method and the relevance of patient engagement in the medicines development process were assessed with paper-based and electronic questionnaires. Questions on how best to determine palatability and swallowability were asked. The importance of different elements that typically affect acceptability was rated. The order of relevance of those listed acceptability elements was assessed using coloured and numbered stickers and questionnaires. The results showed that the involvement of young people in the medicines and acceptability method development was rated high. The group worked out that a 5-point smiley Likert Scale that allows for marking a choice between total agreement and total disagreement is preferred for assessing acceptability by 6–11 year old patients. A Visual Analogue Scale (scale consisting of a 10 cm long line on which a mark has to be placed at the desired position, between total agreement and total rejection) is preferred for collecting adolescents' (12–18 years) opinion. The ranking of acceptability elements showed that palatability and swallowability of a new medicine are the most relevant parameters, and colour the least. The clarity of the outcome reinforced the benefit of involving young people in the development of medicines relevant for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 crisis severely disrupted the lives of hospitality and tourism workers worldwide. In Southern European cities, overly dependent on the visitor economy, a substantial part of the workforce plunged into uncertainty, adding to the rising challenge of housing affordability resulting from a rapid financialisation of real estate assets over the last decade. This paper examines how interactive service workers have coped with, resisted and negotiated such augmented and double-edged precarity during the COVID-19 crisis in Barcelona. From an intersectional perspective, the study deploys an assemblage-based analysis to trace the variety of ways through which capacities for sustaining labour and securing homes emerged during the pandemic. We foreground a topology of adaptation practices and different trajectories nested to critical events to reveal the many forms in which social precarity is produced and embodied in labour and housing spaces. The research findings suggest that pre-pandemic labour and housing conditions were linked to the awkward welfare arrangements and the forms of social protection during COVID-19, which in most cases created new conditions for precarity and hopelessness. Different contingencies were coped at the margin of institutional support, nuancing emerging geographies of precarity and (re)produced through residential deprivation and embracing informality. The desire to work in the tourism and cultural sectors while imagining where and how to dwell surfaced as a controversial negotiation that affected workers unequally and foregrounded the possibility spaces of the precarious geography of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how places are culturally constructed through the practices, bodily performances and memories of dwelling in the context of places that stand out as destinations of temporary mobilities. To do this, I narrate my own personal experiences of finding my way and respectively make or contest personal roots, in two autoethnographic accounts of my city of origin, Venice, where I return occasionally, and in Barcelona, where I settled in the 2000 decade. In these memoirs, I excavate on the nexa between domestic home spaces and public life in the urban space, focusing especially on my experiences of homing, on the assemblage of domestic spaces as unfolding in a negotiation between my old and new self, my family (past and present), and other place users, including friends and passers-by in the spaces in questions. My own navigation and mooring in those cities is analysed as a collective, relational process that calls in affinity and distancing, serendipitous engagements and purposeful disengagements. In this way I hope to shed more light on the cultural construction of two cities that stand out as 'touristed' places, and contribute to debates on translocal urbanism and the need for an embodied, grounded understanding of the social and cultural evolution of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Every year, an increasing number of students decide to study abroad in non-English-speaking countries, and Spain is recently a very popular destination within Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) communities. This paper attempts to deepen our knowledge of the impact of international student mobility (ISM) on students' multicultural identity and career development. To do so, the experiences of 10 LAC students who completed a one-year degree programme in Barcelona are examined. Semi-structured interviews were employed to evaluate the international experiences one year after their completion. During their post-mobility interviews, participants were able to reflect on the ISM through a structured dialogue that allowed them to analyse the experience from a distance. Findings indicate that the ISM helped them to grow personally and professionally and, one year after the stay, they are aware of this evolution. They show an increase in their self-confidence, and they see the experience as an opportunity for personal maturity. This suggests that universities should consider the importance of offering guidance to these students when they end their master's degree and are considering their plans for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic debris in aquatic and marine environments often breaks up into fragments that are smaller than 5 millimeters, which are then classified as microplastics. While there is not yet a standardized and validated methodology for characterizing microplastics, the protocol developed in this study uses methods for isolating and observing microplastics and for the investigation of how they interact with organisms present in biofilms from urban waterways. Project-based learning (PBL) has been proven to be a successful strategy in K–12 science education; the implementation of PBL provides opportunities for student-driven inquiry and provides teachers with a means to integrate curriculum with current research and to consider the effects of human impacts on the environment. This paper describes the protocol developed for high school teachers to educate students about microplastics and how to successfully isolate and observe them. Teachers and students in Maryland successfully isolated microplastics from biofilm samples from the Inner Harbor, Baltimore, Maryland, and shared their results. International teachers and students in Barcelona, Spain, involved in a related project, had similar results and shared experiences through images, video, and online meetings. These collaborations provide important opportunities for student-driven inquiry and for them to engage in methods of current scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events on Festival Cities and Tourism. It provides a contextualisation of the conversations surrounding the relationship between cities and their festivals during the Covid-19 pandemic. Focussing on the 'festival city' of Edinburgh, we examine how festival organisers reacted to the challenges of the pandemic, and how they strove to maintain contact with audiences and other stakeholders. We then review the different contributions to the special issue, ranging from festivalisation and suburban food festivals in Barcelona to an art festival in Dublin, the European Capital of Culture in Hungary and the festival portfolio of Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developed cities around the world, vehicle sharing is becoming an increasingly popular form of green transportation. While such services are associated with lower emissions and easier mobility, their management poses a significant challenge. In this paper, we examine a dataset collected in Barcelona during the months of august and september 2020 in order to investigate relocation strategies and user clustering. By proposing a neighborhood area split and relating it to user demand, we propose two different areas based on majority demand and users' requests and provide interpretations of both. We then aim to identify groups of similar users using a variant of Recency Frequency Monetary/Duration (RFM or RFD) clustering that extends to GPS coordinates of voyages in order to differentiate scores based on economic and geographical factors; furthermore, a user-based clustering approach was used to maximize client preferences. As a result of our analysis, the sharing company may be able to make more informed decisions regarding where to focus its resources. In fact, we find that the majority of the demand is concentrated in an area that represents 7.47 percent of the city's area. Additionally, we propose a discount-based approach in order to influence the user's behavior in parking the vehicle where it is most needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]