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Leukemia caused by environmental chemical pollutants has attracted great attention, the malignant leukemic transformation model of TK6 cells induced by hydroquinone (HQ) has been previously found in our team. However, the type of leukemia corresponding to this malignant transformed cell line model needs further study and interpretation. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of malignant proliferation of leukemic cells induced by HQ remains unclear. This study is the first to reveal the expression of aberrant genes in leukemic cells of HQ-induced malignant transformation, which may correspond to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The expression of Linc01588, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), was significantly up-regulated in CLL patients and leukemic cell line model which previously described. After gain-of-function assays and loss-of-function assays, feeble cell viability, severe apoptotic phenotype and the increased secretion of TNF-α were easily observed in malignant leukemic TK6 cells with Linc01588 deletion after HQ intervention. The tumors derived from malignant TK6 cells with Linc01588 deletion inoculated subcutaneously in nude mice were smaller than controls. In CLL and its cell line model, the expression of Linc01588 and miR-9–5p, miR-9–5p and SIRT1 were negative correlation respectively in CLL and cell line model, while the expression of Linc01588 and SIRT1 were positive correlation. The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that Linc01588 & miR-9–5p, miR-9–5p & SIRT1 could bind directly, respectively. Furthermore, knockdown of miR-9–5p successfully rescued the severe apoptotic phenotype and the increased secretion of TNF-α caused by the Linc01588 deletion, the deletion of Linc01588 in human CLL cell line MEC-2 could also inhibit malignant biological characteristics, and the phenotype caused by the deletion of Linc01588 could also be rescued after overexpression of SIRT1. Moreover, the regulation of SIRT1 expression in HQ19 cells by Linc01588 and miR-9–5 P may be related to the Akt/NF-κB pathway. In brief, Linc01588 deletion inhibits the malignant biological characteristics of HQ-induced leukemic cells via miR-9–5p/SIRT1, and it is a novel and hopeful clue for the clinical targeted therapy of CLL. • HQ-induced leukemic cells may also correspond to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). • Knockdown of miR-9–5p rescued the malignant phenotype caused by Linc01588 deletion. • Overexpression of SIRT1 triggers malignant phenotype caused by deletion of Linc01588. • Linc01588 deletion inhibits malignant features via miR-9–5p/SIRT1 axis. • Targeting Linc01588 or miR-9–5p may be a new clue for the treatment of CLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most studies assessed the acute toxicity of saxitoxin (STX), fewer studies focus on the long-term degenerative effects of STX on the central nervous system. We investigated the cognitive impairment and hippocampal damages of 6 months' exposure of low-dose STX to C57BL/6NJ mice with behavioral tests, H&E staining, and Western blots, and the possible mechanism (Ppp1C, YAP1, tau-phosphorylation) underlies the pathological changes. Furthermore, we discussed the specific localization of YAP1 in N2a cells induced by STX and the effect of inactivated Ppp1C on its downstream protein YAP1 in the Hippo signal pathway. We found STX intoxicated mice showed declined cognitive performance in both NOR test and MWM test, degenerations in the CA1 area of hippocampi. STX induced up-regulation expression of Ppp1C and YAP1 in hippocampus and N2a cells. Meanwhile, STX treatment induced cell apoptosis and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. In addition, STX treatment promoted YAP1 cytoplasmic retention that indicates the activation of Hippo pathway, while depletion of Ppp1C inactivate YAP1 during the treatment of STX. Our results highlight the role of Ppp1C and YAP1 cytoplasmic retention in chronic low-dose STX intoxication. [Display omitted] • The effect of long-term low-dose exposure of STX on cognitive function was appraised in a mammalian model. • STX changes the expression of Ppp1C and YAP1 proteins in Hippo signaling pathway. • STX activates Hippo signaling pathway by YAP1 cytoplasmic retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of rare earth solid solutions, Tb 1- x Y x -PTC with pyridine-2, 4, 6-tricarboxylic acid (H 3 PTC), have been prepared using a hydrothermal synthesis method and characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques etc. Tb 1- x Y x -PTC are isomorphous with 1D zigzag metal-oxide chains and 2D coordination polyhedral layers, which are further interlinked into 3D framework by the connection of PTC3− ligands. The photoluminescent behaviors of the solid solutions Tb 1- x Y x -PTC were carefully studied. The QY of Tb 1- x Y x -PTC with appropriate amount of Y3+ ion is obviously enhanced due to reducing dipole–dipole and quadrupole–quadrupole interaction between emitters of Tb3+ ions. This study demonstrates that the formation of solid solutions by introducing optically inactive ions is an efficient strategy to get improved photoluminescent materials. In Tb 1- x Y x -PTC, there is an intrinsic "trade-off" effect among reducing concentration quenching and luminescence emitting centers reducing. [Display omitted] • A series of rare earth solid solutions, Tb 1- x Y x -PTC, were successfully synthesized. • The solid solutions Tb 1- x Y x -PTC are isomorphic to the parent Tb-PTC MOF. • The solid solutions Tb 1- x Y x -PTC have longer millisecond-grade luminescence lifetimes and higher quantum yields. • The QY of Tb 1- x Y x -PTC with appropriate amount of Y3+ ion is obviously enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene can be uniformly dispersed in water at high concentration (6 mg mL−1) with the assistance of the dispersant. The dispersion is highly reactive and can self-cross-link via dehydrate condensation after direct casting on a glass slide. The obtained graphene composite shows good mechanical strength and excellent solvent resistance due to the formation of cross-linked Si-O-Si network inside the composite. [Display omitted] Homogeneous dispersion of graphene is the precondition for constructing high performance graphene based composites. However, most of the current dispersants reported in literature still suffer excess usage to reach a desired graphene concentration. Residual of dispersant in composite may seriously affect its properties. Hence, it is expected to obtain effective dispersant with high reactivity to diminish its adverse impacts on graphene composites. A highly reactive graphene dispersant (DSiA) was synthesized by grafting silanol groups (Si-OH) onto adenine. Molecular structure and the performance of the dispersant were systematically characterized. Composites were fabricated by direct writing of the graphene dispersion on various substrates, and their features were evaluated by resistance, solvent erosion and tensile testing. Graphene concentration can reach up to 6 mg mL−1 in the presents of DSiA at the weight ratio of 1:1 (DSiA: graphene). DSiA also exhibited good performance for stabilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Moreover, the dispersant is highly reactive. The graphene based composites showed good mechanical strength and excellent solvent resistance. Overall, the new dispersant provides an ideal choice to uniformly disperse graphene and suitable for fabricating high performance nanocarbon based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), a mycotoxin contaminating food and feed, can trigger liver immune toxicity and threaten the poultry industry. Phillygenin (PHI) is a natural lignan derived primarily from Forsythia suspensa with hepatoprotective pharmacological and medicinal properties. This research aimed to investigate the preventive effects of PHI on the toxicity of AFB 1 in the liver of chickens. Chickens were administered with AFB 1 (2.8 mg/kg) and/or treated with PHI (24 mg/kg) for 33 days. The histopathological changes, serum biochemical indices, oxidative damage, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis, and activation of the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways were measured. Results revealed that dietary PHI ameliorated liver function indicators, reduced the malondialdehyde and inflammatory mediator production and the apoptotic cell number, and increased the antioxidant enzyme contents and Bcl-2 level. The quantitative realtime PCR and Western blot results revealed that PHI reduced p53, cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 levels, normalized the NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and upregulated the Nrf2 and its downstream genes expression in chicken liver. These results indicated that PHI has beneficial effects on AFB 1 -induced liver damage, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and immunotoxicity by inhibiting NF-κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway in chickens. This study provides new insight into the therapeutic uses of PHI. [Display omitted] • Phillygenin(PHI) ameliorates aflatoxin B 1 - induced liver damage in chicken. • PHI inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in the AFB 1 -induced liver damage. • PHI reduces AFB 1 -induced hepatocytes apoptosis in the liver of chicken. • PHI alleviates AFB 1 toxicity by the NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) can cause human illness and therefore represent a serious threat to public health. Shellfish are the main dietary source of LSTs, but very few studies have appraised dietary exposure to LSTs through shellfish consumption in China. We measured levels of multiple LSTs in shellfish samples sold in the principal wholesale seafood market in the southern coastal city of Shenzhen, and we estimated the potential for acute and chronic LST exposure of the Shenzhen population via ingestion of shellfish. LST contamination data were obtained from a total of 14 species of 188 commercial samples. Eleven individual LSTs, namely okadaic acid (OA), dinophysis toxin-1 and −2 (DTX1 and DTX2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin and homo yessotoxin (YTX and hYTX), azaspiracid-1, −2 and −3 (AZA1, AZA2, AZA3), spirolides (SPXs), and gymnodimine (GYM), were determined using liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). More than two thirds of samples showed undetectable LSTs, while the detection rates (the proportion of samples with detectable LSTs) of individual LSTs ranged from 0% to 45.7%. Most shellfish samples had lower levels of LST contamination than the corresponding limits of detection (LODs), while some samples had levels of hYTX and GYM that exceeded the limits of quantification (LOQs). Overall, levels of LSTs in the 188 samples were below the regulatory limits set by most countries. Acute and chronic exposures of LST were estimated by a point-estimate modeling method that combined sample contamination data with consumption data from dietary survey of Shenzhen residents and consumption figures proposed by EFSA, the European Food Safety Authority. Seasonal variations in LST concentrations were noted in some instances. Overall, the estimated acute exposure to LSTs based on consumption of large-size shellfish portions and the maximum LSTs contamination level were below the provisional acute reference doses (ARfDs) proposed by the EFSA. Chronic exposure estimates based on mean and 99th percentile consumption of shellfish by Shenzhen residents and mean LSTs contamination levels in the collected samples were from 2452 to 74 times lower than those associated with estimated acute exposure levels. [Display omitted] • Lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) that contaminate shellfish consumed in Shenzhen, China, were assessed for the first time. • 11 individual LST concentration data of LSTs in commercial shellfish samples collected commercially across all seasons was measured for assessment. • The estimated acute exposure levels were below the ARfDs proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. • Data generated in this study provide a scientific basis for chronic risk assessment of LSTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat quality is a critical aspect of pig breeding. In addition to genetics, meat quality is also influenced by nutritional and environmental factors. In this study, three pig breeds, Shengxianhua, Jiaxing, and Qinglian Black (SXH, JXB and QLB), were used as experimental animals. Transcriptional analysis was performed on the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle to investigate variations in intramuscular fat (IMF), inosine monophosphate (IMP), amino acids, and muscle fiber morphology across different breeds. Ingenuity canonical pathway analysis (IPA) identified biological processes and key driver genes related to metabolism and muscle development. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed gene modules associated with IMP. KEGG and GO analyses identified specific biological processes and signaling pathways related to IMP, including the Oxidative Phosphorylation pathway and rRNA Metabolic Processes. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying meat quality variations among pig breeds. • Comparison of amino acid content in the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle of three pig breeds. • Determination of inosine monophosphate and intramuscular fat content in the LT muscle. • Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining revealed myofiber morphology in the LT muscle. • Identified canonical pathways and driver genes associated with meat quality traits. • WGCNA highlights gene modules related to meat quality traits. • GO and KEGG analyses elucidated the functions of differentially expressed genes in the gene modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bi 2 O 2 S 2D nanosheets films were prepared in-situ by one-step hydrothermal method. • [hk1] oriented Sb 2 S 3 NRs were epitaxially grown on Bi 2 S 3 transformed from Bi 2 O 2 S. • 2D/1D Bi 2 O 2 S/Sb 2 S 3 heterojunction constructed a rapid electron migration channel. • The TiO 2 /Bi 2 O 2 S/Sb 2 S 3 -annealed photoelectrode showed 4.37 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V RHE. Bismuth oxysulfide (Bi 2 O 2 S) is a layered material with high carrier mobility, excellent light absorption characteristic and good stability. However, there are few reports about the use of Bi 2 O 2 S in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this paper, Bi 2 O 2 S nanosheets (NSs) films were prepared on FTO substrates by one-step hydrothermal method, which broke the traditional powder state of Bi 2 O 2 S prepared. Based on the high lattice matching between antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3) and bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3) obtained from the topological transformation of partial Bi 2 O 2 S, Sb 2 S 3 nanorods (NRs) with [hk1] predominant orientation were epitaxially grown on the surface of Bi 2 O 2 S to establish a transport channel for rapid carrier migration. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) electron transport layer with oxygen vacancies was introduced into the back to capture and release electrons, further reducing the recombination rate. The photocurrent density of TiO 2 /Bi 2 O 2 S/Sb 2 S 3 -annealed photoelectrode at 1.23 V vs. RHE was 4.37 mA/cm2, which was 13.7 times that of monomer Bi 2 O 2 S. In addition, the TiO 2 /Bi 2 O 2 S/Sb 2 S 3 -annealed photoelectrode had lower charge transfer resistance and the IPCE value up to 48.22%. This study is of great significance for the application of Bi 2 O 2 S based photoelectrodes in the field of PEC water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Uniform distribution of electrochemically active transition metal compounds on carbon cloth can effective improve their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, however, harsh chemical treatment of carbon substrates is always unavoidable during this process. Herein, a hydrogen protonated polyamino perylene bisimide (HAPBI) was used as interface active agent for the in situ growth of rhenium (Re) doped MoS 2 nanosheets on carbon cloth (Re-MoS 2 /CC). HAPBI contains a large conjugated core and multiple cationic groups and has been shown to be an effective graphene dispersant. It endowed the carbon cloth excellent hydrophilicity through simple noncovalent functionalization and, meanwhile, provided sufficient active sites to anchor MoO 4 2- and ReO 4 - via electrostatic interaction. Uniform and stable Re-MoS 2 /CC composites were facilely obtained by immersing carbon cloth in HAPBI solution followed by hydrothermal treatment in the precursor solution. The doping of Re induced the formation of 1 T phase MoS 2 , which reached about 40% in the mixture with 2H phase MoS 2. Electrochemical measurements showed an overpotential of 183 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 mol L-1 H 2 SO 4 when the molar ratio of Re to Mo is 1:100. This strategy can be further extended to construct other electrocatalysts that using graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc. as conductive additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more previously designed wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are upgraded to tertiary treatment to meet the higher effluent discharge standards of conventional pollutants. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) can cause adverse effects on organisms and usually flow into WWTPs along with urban sewage. How the retrofitted WWTPs targeting conventional pollutants will influence the treatment efficiency of CECs is seldom discussed. This study investigates the removal of CECs in two full-scale newly retrofitted WWTPs (CD and JM WWTPs), containing high-efficiency sedimentation tank and denitrification deep bed filter for enhancing total nitrogen removal. The overall CEC removal efficiencies in the CD and JM WWTPs were 73.79 % and 93.63 %, respectively. Mass balance results indicated that CD WWTP and JM WWTP release a total of 36.89 and 88.58 g/d of CECs into the environment through effluent and excess sludge, respectively. Analysis of the concentration of CECs along the treatment process revealed most CECs were removed in the biological treatment units. The incorporation of newly constructed tertiary treatment proved beneficial for CEC removal and removed 2.93 % and 2.36 % CECs, corresponding to CEC removal of 2.92 and 27.49 g/d in the CD and JM WWTPs, respectively. The data of this study were further used to evaluate the suitability of the SimpleTreat model for simulating the fate of CECs in WWTPs. The predicted fraction of CECs discharged through the biological treatment effluent were generally within ten-fold difference from the measured results, highlighting its potential for estimating CEC removal in WWTPs. [Display omitted] • Two newly retrofitted WWTPs with tertiary treatment processes were investigated. • CEC mass load and mass balance in two WWTPs were obtained. • Tertiary treatment processes (HEST and DDBF) improve the removal of CECs. • The SimpleTreat model shows potential for estimating CEC removal in WWTPs. • The predicted CECs were mainly within ten-fold difference from the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrite is widely used in production and daily life, and detecting this substance has always been crucial for human health or environment monitoring. Here, a dual-emitting dye@MOF composite, EY@UiO-67-CDC-(CH 3) 2 , has been constructed and demonstrated that this material could detect nitrite ions with highly selective and anti-interference properties. By incorporating an organic anionic dye (Eosin Y) within a cationized EY@UiO-67-CDC-(CH 3) 2 framework through the post-synthetic method, the composite presents an effective combination due to electrostatic attraction. It features a dual emission effect, which belongs to the blue emission of MOF at 428 nm and yellow emission of EY at 559 nm, respectively. After adding NO 2 −, the fluorescence emission peaks of EY and MOF showed opposite changes due to the inner filter effect of NO 2 − and MOF, as well as effective excitation of the dye's fluorescence and slight dye leakage. Therefore, I dye /I MOF is used as the detection signal value instead of absolute fluorescence intensity, effectively reducing the detection limit to 0.224 μM and improving its detection accuracy. In addition, during the detection process, the fluorescence sensor showed noticeable color changes, so a smartphone-based analytical device without additional instruments was developed for the quantitative, visual analysis of nitrite by identifying the RGB values of the fluorescence sample solution, with a detection limit of 6.74 μM. The application of the sensor visualizes nitrite detection and reduces the cost of detection, providing a feasible method for on-site detection of nitrite in water samples. By incorporating an organic anionic dye (Eosin Y) within a cationized EY@UiO-67-CDC-(CH 3) 2 framework through the post-synthetic method, the composite presents a dual emission effect due to electrostatic attraction. [Display omitted] • An ultra-sensitive ratiometric fluorescence Sensor for detecting of nitrite. • Effectively reducing the nitrite detection limit to 0.224 μM. • Instrument-free quantitative and visual analysis of nitrite. • As a dye@MOF fluorescent test strip, it realizes portable detection of nitrite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocular glymphatic system supports bidirectional fluid transport along the optic nerve, thereby removes metabolic wastes including amyloid-β. To better understand this biological process, we examined the distributions of intravitreally and intracisternally infused tracers in full-length optic nerves from different age groups of mice. Aging was linked to globally impaired ocular glymphatic fluid transport, similar to what has seen previously in the brain. Aging also reduced the pupillary responsiveness to light stimulation and abolished light-induced facilitation in anterograde ocular glymphatic flow. In contrast to normal aging, in the DBA/2 J model of glaucoma, we found a pathological increase of glymphatic fluid transport to the anterior optic nerve that was associated with dilation of the perivascular spaces. Thus, aging and glaucoma have fundamentally different effects on ocular glymphatic fluid transport. Manipulation of glymphatic fluid transport might therefore present a new target for the treatment of glaucoma. [Display omitted] • Natural aging decreases, while glaucoma enhances, ocular glymphatic fluid transport in both directions. • Perivascular changes in the optic nerve may contribute to the pathological ocular glymphatic flow in glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a type of cyanotoxin commonly found in natural water bodies (sources of drinking water), poses a threat to human health due to its high toxicity. It is essential to successfully remove this cyanotoxin from drinking water sources. In this study, chlorine was used to oxidize MC-LR in Milli-Q water (MQ) (control test) and natural water collected from Lake Longhu (LLW) as a drinking water source. The removal efficiency, proposed transformation pathways, and genotoxicity were investigated. In the chlorine dose range investigated (4.0 mg L−1 - 8.0 mg L−1), the apparent second-order rate constants for MC-LR chlorination varied from 21.3 M−1s−1 to 31.9 M−1s−1 in MQ, higher than that in LLW (9.06 M−1s−1 to 17.7 M−1s−1) due to a faster chlorine decay attributed to the water matrix (e.g., natural organic matter) of LLW. Eleven transformation products (TPs) of MC-LR were identified in the two waters. The conjugated diene moieties and benzene ring of Adda moiety (3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid), and the double bond of Mdha moiety (N-methyldehydroalanine) were the major susceptible reaction sites. Attacking unsaturated bonds by hydroxyl and chlorine radicals to generate monochloro-hydroxy-MC-LR was the primary initial transformation pathway, followed by nucleophilic substitution, dehydration, and cleavage in MC-LR. Chlorine substitution on the benzene ring was also observed. Based on the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames assay), TPs in treated natural water did not induce genotoxicity/mutagenicity. These findings shed light on the role of chlorination in controlling the risk of cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment plants. [Display omitted] • Removal rate of MC-LR via chlorination in natural water, decreased due to water matrix. • Degradation products of MC-LR by chlorine were identified. • There was no genotoxicity for MC-LR degradation after chlorination based on Ames assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The warming trend over recent decades has already contributed to the increased prevalence of heat-vulnerable chronic diseases in many regions of the world. However, understanding the relationship between heat-vulnerable chronic diseases and heatwaves remains incomplete due to the complexity of such a relationship mingling with human society, urban and natural environments. Our study extends the Social Ecological Theory by constructing a tri-environmental conceptual framework (i.e., across social, built, and natural environments) and contributes to the first nationwide study of the relationship between heat-vulnerable chronic diseases and heatwaves in Australia. We utilize the random forest regression model to explore the importance of heatwaves and 48 tri-environmental variables that contribute to the prevalence of six types of heat-vulnerable diseases. We further apply the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations and the accumulated local effects analysis to interpret how the heat-disease nexus is mediated through tri-environments and varied across urban and rural space. The overall effect of heatwaves on diseases varies across disease types and geographical contexts (latitudes; inland versus coast). The local heat-disease nexus follows a J-shape function—becoming sharply positive after a certain threshold of heatwaves—reflecting that people with the onset of different diseases have various sensitivity and tolerance to heatwaves. However, such effects are relatively marginal compared to tri-environmental variables. We propose a number of policy implications on reducing urban-rural disparity in healthcare access and service distribution, delineating areas, and identifying the variations of sensitivity to heatwaves across urban/rural space and disease types. Our conceptual framework can be further applied to examine the relationship between other environmental problems and health outcomes. • This study constructs a tri-environmental framework to examine heat-disease relationship. • It contributes the first nationwide fine-grained study on heat-disease relationship in Australia. • It evaluates importance of heatwaves and 48 tri-environmental variables on six chronic diseases. • It finds that people with onset of diseases have various sensitivity and tolerance to heatwaves. • The effect of heatwaves on diseases is marginal compared to that of tri-environmental variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminar-flow microfluidic microbial fuel cell (LMMFC) has attracted attention due to the advantage of the liquid-liquid interface between anolyte and catholyte without the use of membrane as a separator resulting in less fabrication cost. Unlike previous studies of LMMFC using syringe pumps, this study proposes the use of osmotic pumps to feed anolyte and catholyte in the microchannel without any additional power supply. The osmotic pump was constructed with two cylindrical chambers separated by a forward osmosis membrane, with the initial draw solution concentration of 90 g l−1 NaCl. We have, for the first time, demonstrated using the osmotic pumps to deliver both anolyte and catholyte and create co-laminar flow in LMMFC. Under the catholyte and anolyte flow rates of 18 ml/h and 40 ml/h respectively, LMMFC cultivated with Shewanella oneidensis produced the maximum power density of 87 mW m−2 and current density of 747 mA m−2 with the internal resistance of 1660 Ω. Further studies are warranted to develop osmotic pumps-fed LMMFC into a potential platform for portable biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]