Search

In recent years, polymer-supported magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIO-NPs) have gained a lot of attention in biomedical and healthcare applications due to their unique magnetic properties, low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, waste tissue papers (WTP) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were utilized to prepare magnetic iron oxide (MIO)-incorporated WTP/MIO and SCB/MIO nanocomposite particles (NCPs) based on in situ co-precipitation methods, and they were characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques. In addition, their anti-oxidant and drug-delivery properties were investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the shapes of the MIO-NPs, SCB/MIO-NCPs, and WTP/MIO-NCPs were agglomerated and irregularly spherical with a crystallite size of 12.38 nm, 10.85 nm, and 11.47 nm, respectively. Vibrational sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis showed that both the NPs and the NCPs were paramagnetic. The free radical scavenging assay ascertained that the WTP/MIO-NCPs, SCB/MIO-NCPs, and MIO-NPs exhibited almost negligible antioxidant activity in comparison to ascorbic acid. The swelling capacities of the SCB/MIO-NCPs and WTP/MIO-NCPs were 155.0% and 159.5%, respectively, which were much higher than the swelling efficiencies of cellulose-SCB (58.3%) and cellulose-WTP (61.6%). The order of metronidazole drug loading after 3 days was: cellulose-SCB < cellulose-WTP < MIO-NPs < SCB/MIO-NCPs < WTP/MIO-NCPs, whereas the sequence of the drug-releasing rate after 240 min was: WTP/MIO-NCPs < SCB/MIO-NCPs < MIO-NPs < cellulose-WTP < cellulose-SCB. Overall, the results of this study showed that the incorporation of MIO-NPs in the cellulose matrix increased the swelling capacity, drug-loading capacity, and drug-releasing time. Therefore, cellulose/MIO-NCPs obtained from waste materials such as SCB and WTP can be used as a potential vehicle for medical applications, especially in a metronidazole drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in various areas such as medicine, cancer therapy and diagnostics, biosensing, and material science. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are extensively used for numerous bioapplications due to their biocompatibility, high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. This paper describes magnetic nanoparticle physical and biological properties, emphasizing synthesis approaches, toxicity, and various biomedical applications, focusing on the most recent advancements in the areas of therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to detect and separate the cluster intensity provided by Iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs), in the MRI images, to investigate the drug delivery effectiveness. IO-NPs were attached to the macrophages and inserted into the eye of the inflamed mouse's calf. The low resolution of MRI and the tiny dimension of the IO-NPs made the situation challenging. IO-NPs serve as a marker, due to their strong intensity in the MRI, enabling us to follow the track of the macrophages. An image processing procedure was developed to estimate the position and the amount of IO-NPs spreading inside the inflamed mouse leg. A fuzzy Clustering algorithm was adopted to select the region of interest (ROI). A 3D model of the femoral region was used for the detection and then the extraction IO-NPs in the MRI images. The results achieved prove the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the control process of targeted drug delivered. It helps in optimizing the treatment and opens a promising novel research axis for nanomedicine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoplatforms used for the loading of anticancer drugs constitute a promising approach to cancer treatment and reducing the side effects of these drugs. Among the cutting-edge systems used in this area are magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) and nanocapsules (NCs). MNCs are considered to constitute a smart tool for magnetic-field-guided targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermia therapy. Nanocapsules offer great potential due to their ability to control drug-loading capacity, their release efficiency, their stability, and the ease with which their surfaces can be modified. This study proposes a method for the development of nylon-6-coated MNCs and nylon-6 polymeric membrane NCs. A biocompatible nylon-6 polymer was first used for NC synthesis. Oleic-acid-modified and non-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized for the production of nylon-coated MNCs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ζ-potential measurements were used to perform size, morphology, and charge analyses. The above-mentioned two types of MNCs were considered templates for the manufacture of nylon nanocapsules, leading to NCs with different charges and structures. The developed oleic-acid-coated nylon-6 MNCs and NCs showed excellent loading values of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) of up to 732 and 943 µg/mg (DOX/MNC or NC), respectively. On the contrary, the capacity of the nano-construction that was not modified with oleic acid did not exceed 140 µg/mg. The DOX-loaded nanosystems displayed pH-sensitive drug release properties, for which the highest efficiency was observed at an acidic pH. The series of DOX-loaded MNCs and NCs inhibited A549 and HEK 293FT cell lines, with the lowest IC50 value of 0.31 µM observed for the nanocapsules, which is a 1.5-fold lower concentration than the free DOX. Therefore, the presented nanoscale systems offer great potential for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant advances in cancer therapy over the years, its complex pathological process still represents a major health challenge when seeking effective treatment and improved healthcare. With the advent of nanotechnologies, nanomedicine-based cancer therapy has been widely explored as a promising technology able to handle the requirements of the clinical sector. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have been at the forefront of nanotechnology development since the mid-1990s, thanks to their former role as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Though their use as MRI probes has been discontinued due to an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio, several innovative applications as therapeutic tools have prompted a renewal of interest. The unique characteristics of SPION, i.e., their magnetic properties enabling specific response when submitted to high frequency (magnetic hyperthermia) or low frequency (magneto-mechanical therapy) alternating magnetic field, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (either intrinsically or when activated using various stimuli), make them particularly adapted for cancer therapy. This review provides a comprehensive description of the fundamental aspects of SPION formulation and highlights various recent approaches regarding in vivo applications in the field of cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles have been discovered to be promising materials for various biomedical applications; for example, they have been used for cancer detection, screening, and chemotherapy studies during the last few decades. Likewise, magnetic nanoparticles have significant antibacterial properties, and similarly, they can be applied for magnetic resonance imaging purposes. These sensors are meant to detect certain biomarkers, which are substances that can be linked to the beginning or progression of cancer both during and after therapy. Magnetic nanoparticles have several unique properties that are being employed widely in cancer therapy as drug delivery agents to precisely target the targeted spot using an external magnetic field in vivo. Magnetic resonance imaging can also be used in conjunction with antineoplastic drug treatment personalized to the individual. We have presented an overview of the different applications of magnetic nanoparticles as well as current breakthroughs in their development as antibacterial and cancer therapies in this review. In addition, the cancer targeting, possible toxicity, and degradability of these nanomaterials are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their interesting size-dependent magnetic characteristics and relative biocompatibility, magnetic superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have been widely exploited as probes for cell and subcellular structure identification, as well as medication and gene delivery. A thorough understanding of the mechanics of the interaction between nanoparticles and macrophages is vital in managing dynamic processes in nanomedicine. In this study, the interaction behavior and uptake of SPIO nanoparticles by M1- and M2-type macrophages were investigated. Mice monocytes were differentiated into M1 and M2 macrophages, and the uptake of SPIO nanoparticles was studied using a TEM microscope. A high resolution image of 1 nm resolution, an image processing technique, was developed to extract the SPIO-NPs from tomographic TEM microscopic images. Lysosomes appear to be the zones of high concentrations of SPIO inside macrophages. Lysosomes were first selected in each image, and then segmentation by the Otsu thresholding method was used to extract the SPIO-NPs. The Otsu threshold method is a global thresholding technique used to automatically differentiate SPIOs from the background. The SPIO-NPs appear in red colors, and the other pixels in the image are considered background. Then, an estimation of the SPIO-NP uptakes by lysosomes is produced. Higher uptake of all-sized nanoparticles was observed in M1- and M2-type macrophages. An accurate estimation of the number of SPIO-NPs was obtained. This result will help in controlling targeted drug delivery and assessing the safety impact of the use of SPIO-NPs in nanomedicine for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials have demonstrated a wide range of applications and recently, novel biomedical studies are devoted to improving the functionality and effectivity of traditional and unmodified systems, either drug carriers and common scaffolds for tissue engineering or advanced hydrogels for wound healing purposes. In this regard, metal oxide nanoparticles show great potential as versatile tools in biomedical science. In particular, iron oxide nanoparticles with different shape and sizes hold outstanding physiochemical characteristics, such as high specific area and porous structure that make them idoneous nanomaterials to be used in diverse aspects of medicine and biological systems. Moreover, due to the high thermal stability and mechanical strength of Fe2O3, they have been combined with several polymers and employed for various nano-treatments for specific human diseases. This review is focused on summarizing the applications of Fe2O3-based nanocomposites in the biomedical field, including nanocarriers for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. Additionally, their structure, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and toxicity will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential in the drug delivery area. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) MNPs have demonstrated a promising effect due to their ferrimagnetic properties, large surface area, stability, low cost, easy synthesis, and functionalization. Some coating procedures are required to improve stability, biocompatibility, and decrease toxicity for medical applications. Herein, the co-precipitation synthesis of iron oxide MNPs coated with four types of primary surfactants, polyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG 2000), oleic acid (OA), Tween 20 (Tw20), and Tween 80 (Tw80), were investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used for morphology, size, charge, and stability analysis. Methylene blue reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay and the toxicity experiment on the lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line were conducted. Two loading conditions for anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) on MNPs were proposed. The first one provides high loading efficiency (~90%) with up to 870 μg/mg (DOX/MNPs) drug capacity. The second is perspective for extremely high capacity 1757 μg/mg with drug wasting (DOX loading efficiency ~24%). For the most perspective MNP_OA and MNP_OA_DOX in cell media, pH 7.4, 5, and 3, the stability experiments are also presented. MNP_OA_DOX shows DOX pH-dependent release in the acidic pH and effective inhibition of A549 cancer cell growth. The IC50 values were calculated as 1.13 ± 0.02 mM in terms of doxorubicin and 0.4 ± 0.03 µg/mL in terms of the amount of the nanoparticles. Considering this, the MNP_OA_DOX nano theranostics agent is a highly potential candidate for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used for biomedical applications for their outstanding properties such as facile functionalization and doping with different metals, high surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, and biocompatibility. This study was designed to synthesize and investigate multifunctional nanoparticle conjugate to act as both a magnetic agent, anticancer immunological drug, and radiopharmaceutic for anticancer therapy. The carrier, 166Ho doped iron oxide, was coated with an Au layer, creating core-shell nanoparticles ([166Ho] Fe3O4@Au. These nanoparticles were subsequently modified with monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Tmab) to target HER2+ receptors. We describe the radiobioconjugate preparation involving doping of a radioactive agent and attachment of the organic linker and drug to the SPIONs' surface. The size of the SPIONs coated with an Au shell measured by transmission electron microscopy was about 15 nm. The bioconjugation of trastuzumab onto SPIONs was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, and the amount of two molecules per one nanoparticle was estimated with the use of radioiodinated [131I]Tmab. The synthesized bioconjugates showed that they are efficient heat mediators and also exhibit a cytotoxic effect toward SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells expressing HER2 receptors. Prepared radiobioconjugates reveal the high potential for in vivo application of the proposed multimodal hybrid system, combined with magnetic hyperthermia and immunotherapy against cancer tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]