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Background: Calprotectin is an important molecule in the initiation and progression of the inflammatory process. Systemic and local intraperitoneal inflammation are distinct processes and consequences in peritoneal dialysis (PD). We aimed to evaluate dialysate calprotectin levels and its associations with peritonitis and dialysis adequacy in PD patients., Methods: Forty-four PD patients were included in this prospective study. Calprotectin concentration was evaluated in 24-h peritoneal drainage fluid. Patients were followed-up for 1 year, and peritonitis episodes were recorded. Dialysate calprotectin levels were compared to dialysis adequacy parameters and peritonitis frequency., Results: The mean age of patients was 54.9±12.7 years. Median PD duration was 54 (23-76) months. Seventeen patients (38.6%) had previous peritonitis episodes. During follow-up, 15 of 44 patients (34.1%) had peritonitis. The median calprotectin concentration was 79.5 (75.2-86.3) ng/ml. The patients were divided into low and high calprotectin groups according to median value. In the high calprotectin group, BMI was found higher (p = 0.04). There was no significant relationship between calprotectin concentration and peritonitis during follow-up (p = 0.29). However, the patients that have had previous peritonitis had higher calprotectin concentrations (p = 0.02). The patients who had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels also had higher calprotectin concentrations (p = 0.01)., Conclusion: Peritoneal calprotectin concentrations were correlated with higher BMI and ESR, and it was higher in patients with previous peritonitis episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the peritoneal calprotectin levels in PD patients. Further studies are needed to determine the use of peritoneal calprotectin as an inflammatory marker in PD., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an early marker of atherosclerosis and is increased in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Association of CIMT with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or mortality is less clear. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) is a hormone associated with vascular calcification, atherosclerosis, and mortality in the hemodialysis population. We investigated whether baseline CIMT and FGF-23 are associated with CVD and mortality in PD patients. Fifty-five PD patients were included. CVD was defined as ischemic heart disease, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. Intact FGF-23 was measured in plasma. CIMT was measured by ultrasonography. Twenty-one patients developed CVD and 12 died over 47.1 ± 33.8 months. Patients with CVD were older (55.9 ± 10.5 vs. 42.5 ± 12.9 years, P < .01), had lower albumin (3.8 ± 0.5 vs. 4.2 ± 0.3 g/dL, P < .01) and higher CIMT (0.87 ± 0.22 vs. 0.61 ± 0.11 mm, P < .01). Patients with mortality were also older (53.5 ± 11.5 vs. 45.8 ± 13.8 years, P = .05), had lower albumin (3.7 ± 0.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.3 g/dL, P < .01), higher CRP (15.0 ± 8.5 vs. 7.6 ± 8.4 mg/L, P < .01) and CIMT (0.9 ± 0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 mm, P < .01). Albumin and CIMT were associated with CVD and CIMT >  0.75 mm was associated with cardiovascular mortality. FGF-23 did not show any correlations. CIMT at baseline is associated with CVD and mortality in PD patients., (© 2021 International Society for Apheresis, Japanese Society for Apheresis, and Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy.)

Studies assessing peritoneal thickness by CT in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between peritoneal thickness as measured by CT and dialysis adequacy with peritoneal membrane characteristics in PD patients. Ninety-four PD patients were enrolled. Peritoneal thickness was measured by CT. Patients with and without a decrease in Kt/V of at least 0.3 over time were classified as Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. An increase of 0.1 unit of dialysate/plasma (D/P) creatinine over time were considered significant. The relationship between peritoneal membrane thickness, change in Kt/V, and peritoneal membrane characteristics were investigated. There were 31 (33.0%) patients in Group 1. The duration of PD (86.0 ± 64.1 vs. 59.6 ± 45.2 months, p: 0.023), peritoneal thickness (1.02 ± 0.37 vs. 0.87 ± 0.21 mm, p: 0.015), peritoneal calcification (7 [22.6%] vs. 3 [4.8%] patients, p: 0.013], increased D/P creatinine ratio (14 [45.2%] vs. 14 [22.2%] patients, p: 0.031) and CRP (13.9 ± 11.2 vs. 7.1 ± 4.8 mg/L, p: 0.045) were significantly higher in Group 1, whereas albumin (3.6 ± 0.5 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 g/dL, p: 0.047) and parathyroid hormone (355.2 ± 260.2 vs. 532.1 ± 332.9 ng/L, p: 0.015) levels were significantly lower. Peritoneal thickness was significantly correlated with duration of PD (r: 0.775, p < 0.001) and CRP (r: 0.282, p: 0.006). Regression analysis showed that peritoneal thickness (Exp (B) [95% CI]: 0.029 [0.003-0.253], p: 0.001) was independent predictor of decreased Kt/V in PD patients. In conclusion, prolonged PD duration and increased peritoneal thickness are associated with a decrease in Kt/V over time. CT may be an alternative and noninvasive method instead of peritoneal biopsy for determining the structural changes of the peritoneal membrane ., (© 2021 International Society for Apheresis, Japanese Society for Apheresis, and Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy.)

Studies assessing peritoneal thickness by CT in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between peritoneal thickness as measured by CT and dialysis adequacy with peritoneal membrane characteristics in PD patients. Ninety-four PD patients were enrolled. Peritoneal thickness was measured by CT. Patients with and without a decrease in Kt/V of at least 0.3 over time were classified as Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. An increase of 0.1 unit of dialysate/plasma (D/P) creatinine over time were considered significant. The relationship between peritoneal membrane thickness, change in Kt/V, and peritoneal membrane characteristics were investigated. There were 31 (33.0%) patients in Group 1. The duration of PD (86.0 ± 64.1 vs. 59.6 ± 45.2 months, p: 0.023), peritoneal thickness (1.02 ± 0.37 vs. 0.87 ± 0.21 mm, p: 0.015), peritoneal calcification (7 [22.6%] vs. 3 [4.8%] patients, p: 0.013], increased D/P creatinine ratio (14 [45.2%] vs. 14 [22.2%] patients, p: 0.031) and CRP (13.9 ± 11.2 vs. 7.1 ± 4.8 mg/L, p: 0.045) were significantly higher in Group 1, whereas albumin (3.6 ± 0.5 vs. 3.8 ± 0.6 g/dL, p: 0.047) and parathyroid hormone (355.2 ± 260.2 vs. 532.1 ± 332.9 ng/L, p: 0.015) levels were significantly lower. Peritoneal thickness was significantly correlated with duration of PD (r: 0.775, p < 0.001) and CRP (r: 0.282, p: 0.006). Regression analysis showed that peritoneal thickness (Exp (B) [95% CI]: 0.029 [0.003-0.253], p: 0.001) was independent predictor of decreased Kt/V in PD patients. In conclusion, prolonged PD duration and increased peritoneal thickness are associated with a decrease in Kt/V over time. CT may be an alternative and noninvasive method instead of peritoneal biopsy for determining the structural changes of the peritoneal membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low 25-OH vitamin D levels have been linked to peritonitis and cardiovascular mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. In this study we aimed to investigate the association of 25-OH vitamin D levels with peritoneal membrane characteristics in chronic PD patients. Consecutive 103 PD patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Peritoneal dialysate to plasma (D/P) creatinine increase more than 0.1 with time were accepted as significant according Roc curve analysis. Patients with and without an increase in the D/P creatinine ratio of 0.1 were classified as Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The relationship between baseline 25-OH vitamin D and peritoneal membrane characteristics were investigated. Mean age of the patients was 53.4±14.9 years and duration of PD was 72.1±50.3 months. There were thirty (29.1%) patients in Group 1. The duration of PD [73.5 (52.3-133.8) vs 49.0 (33.5-94.0) months, p:0.008]; hemoglobin [11.4 (10.4-12.2) vs. 10.2 (9.4-11.0) g/dL, p:0.001]and PTH [500.5 (254.5-748.3) vs 329.0 (205.0-549.5)ng/mL, p:0.047] levels were significantly higher in Group 1, whereas 25-OH vitamin D levels [5.0 (3.0-9.3) vs 7.8 (4.5-11.1)μg/L, p:0.027] and CRP [4.0 (3.0-7.2) vs. 8.0 (3.0-13.5)mg/L, p:0.028] were significantly lower. Multivariate analysis revealed duration of PD [Exp(B):1.012 (95%CI:1.001-1.022), p:0.028]; hemoglobin [Exp(B):1.756 (95%CI:1.199-2.571), p:0.004]; C-reactive protein (CRP) [Exp(B):0.882 (95%CI:0.789-0.985), p:0.026] and 25-OH vitamin D [Exp(B):0.853 (95%CI:0.754-0.965), p:0.012] were independent predictors of an increase in D/P creatinine ratio in PD patients. Increased D/P creatinine ratio was negatively correlated with 25-OH vitamin D level (r: -0.217, p:0.028). Lower levels of initial 25-OH vitamin D were associated with an increase in D/P creatinine ratio over-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D has a critical role in bone-mineral disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its deficiency is further associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among CKD patients. We aimed to evaluate prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and investigate the laboratory and clinical parameters associated with 25- OH vitamin D deficiency in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Sixty-four (33M/31F) peritoneal dialysis patients were enrolled in this retrospective single center study. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from patient charts. Prevalence of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency and its associations were analyzed. The patients’ mean age was 49.7±13.3 years and the mean duration of PD was 61.0±55.0 months. The mean 25-OH vitamin D level was 8.9±2.4 ng/ml and none of the patients were on 25-OH vitamin D therapy. All of the patients had lower than normal 25-OH vitamin D levels according to KDOQI guidelines. Levels of 25-OH vitamin D were deficient and insufficient in 84.4% (57.8% mild; 26.6% severe) and 15.6% of the patients, respectively. There was no association between 25-OH vitamin D levels and sex, age, BMI, duration of PD and cause of ESRD. There was a negative correlation between 25-OH vitamin D levels and uric acid and parathyroid hormone. Uric acid was an independent predictor of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency in the logistic regression analysis [OR (95%CI): 0.139 (0.029-0.667), p: 0.014]. We conclude that 25-OH vitamin D deficiency is very common in PD patients. Serum uric acid is an independent predictor of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency which should further be investigated in larger studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]