Search

Hotel booking websites to collect information about hospitality products/services are becoming more popular in the hotel industry. As a result, the importance of these websites for tourism firms marketing their services and products through electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on these hotel booking websites continues to grow. Despite its importance, there has been little research on how guests interact with information to increase eWOM. This paper creates a new scale for assessing guest interaction with Meituan.com information to fill this void. To this end, a three-step mixed-methods approach using open-ended surveys and published relevant research is used. Data were gathered from 440 hotel guests in Taiwan, China, and Hong Kong. Using SmartPLS 4, confirmatory factor analysis revealed 33 final items for the new scale. This paper significantly contributes to potential guest behavior by creating and confirming this new scale in the hospitality context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research involving international research communities has been advocated in the field of behavior analysis (Dymond et al., 2000; Martin et al., 2016). The purpose of the present study was to report the status of behavioral research in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, in terms of number of publications, types of research, and frequency of collaboration with international researchers. Fifteen behavioral journals were selected from the list by Cooper et al. (2020). These were searched by hand to find publications conducted in or authored by researchers from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan dating from each journal's inception to December 2021. The earliest publication we found appeared in 1980 in The Psychological Record. Over the following four decades (1980–1989; 1990–1999; 2000–2009; 2010–2021), the number of publications per decade increased dramatically and continues in recent years to rise. Publications include research reports, review papers, and conceptual articles, with the majority being basic research reports published in Behavioral Processes. Approximately half the publications involve collaboration with international researchers, mostly in North America. Implications for behavioral research, practice, and policy in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is no doubt that successful organizations tend to be those that persistently innovate, believing on new technologies and emphasizing on abilities and knowledge of their employees. Knowledge has become one of the most imperative intangible assets of financial institutions in recent years. The aspiring organizations have recognized that Intellectual Capital Efficiency is important in promoting the performance of financial institutions. This paper tests the relationship between intellectual capital and performance using a sample of 76 financial institutions from Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan over the period 2006–2016. The results show that intellectual capital efficiency has a significant and positive impact on the profitability of financial institutions, while human capital and structural capital are not significantly related to the performance of financial institutions in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The present research extends the knowledge of intellectual capital between managers, academicians, and highlights its contribution to the value creation. These results determine that the financial institutions need to emphasize on the elements of intellectual capital, to enhance the best financial performances in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical review of the study of masculinity among overseas Chinese. Rather than turning to Confucianism which has been deployed as the "deep structure" for explaining Chinese masculinity, this paper argues that attention should be directed to the Chinese kinship ideology, which will prove to be a more helpful tool in conceptualizing Chinese masculinity. Through ethnographic cases in Taiwan and Hong Kong, I will show how Chinese masculinity has derived from the Chinese kinship system, on the one hand, and how men in Taiwan and Hong Kong ended up expressing Chinese masculinity differently because of the different geopolitics on the other. This paper concludes that the nature and character of Chinese masculinity overseas, after all, hinges upon another two contexts: geopolitics and its relationship with femininity. It follows that Chinese masculinity cannot be studied in isolation but must be considered in relation to contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research concentrates on segmenting credit card clients of Taiwan into optimal groups. Unsupervised Learning plays a significant role in dividing customers into similar groups based on several parameters. If customers are clustered in groups optimally, it leads towards the retrieval of better precision from machine learning models applied to customers associated with the clusters. Different machine learning algorithms (Linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression and random forest) were applied on the obtained clusters through K-means, hierarchical and HK Means clustering algorithm, and predictive accuracy is compared with the accuracy obtained via applying mentioned machine learning models on the whole dataset. In this paper, a novel approach of combining K Means and hierarchical clustering (HK Means) is used. In this approach, HK means clustering algorithms are applied on the factorial coordinates, obtained from multiple correspondence analyses for segmenting customers into optimal groups has been proposed. The accuracy of the clustering techniques is evaluated from the decomposition of inertia. The results demonstrate that the combination of K Means and hierarchical clustering proved to be optimal clustering techniques for customer segmentation which can be used further for applying Machine Learning techniques for credit risk analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media are found to be racialized in framing immigration. Yet, little is known about how the media across regions are gendered in their framings of immigration as economic and cultural issues. Drawing from a representative sample of newspapers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, the U.K., and the U.S., this paper conducts a framing analysis of over 1,700 news articles to examine the media's gendering of the economic and cultural consequences of immigration. This paper shows that the media identify migrant men at a higher rate than women when framing immigration as an economic issue and that the media identify migrant women at a higher rate when framing immigration as a cultural issue. However, the findings also suggest that the media do so subtly—the gender of immigrants is rarely revealed but implicitly suggested via stereotypes and cues. This paper provides empirical evidence supporting feminist theory and fills a gap in current literature by adding the intersectional dimensions taking gender and migrant status into account. It offers insight into how the media discursively construct migrant men and women are to illustrate the gendered division of their impact on the economy and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mainland Chinese gained access to the songs of the Taiwanese pop singer Teresa Teng (Deng Lijun) in the late 1970s and early 1980s by listening to "enemy" radio stations in secret or purchasing musical products smuggled into the Mainland market. This marks the emergence of popular culture in Mainland China, in the aftermath of Mao's Cultural Revolution. Based on archival materials, interviews, and memoirs, this paper examines the ways in which Teng's songs were disseminated and Hong Kong's and Taiwan's pop cultures were received in the Mainland, demonstrating that Mainland listeners embraced Teng's songs in their own pursuit of private sentiment and secular life. In this regard, Teng's songs played no small part in weakening the revolutionary esthetic and socialist mass culture and in facilitating cultural enlightenment in the reform era. The examination of pop songs in reform-era China also encourages us to revisit the Frankfurt School's criticism of the cultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates classroom interactivity in L2 tertiary literature classrooms in Hong Kong and Taiwan when ESL/EFL students engage with and interpret literary texts in classroom talk as a pedagogic process of text recontextualization. It proposes a more ecological-based approach to language and languaging dynamics that is complementary to current social semiotic approaches to multimodality. It also aims to open up a more embodied analysis of the meaning-making process in tertiary literature classrooms. The multimodal investigation of real-time classroom interactivity based on a multi-scalar approach showcases an embodied coordination of vocalization and gesticulation as integral aspects of the dynamic whole-body sense-making activity that arises in the pedagogic process of text recontextualization. The dynamics vary from students' solo speech in individual presentation to teacher–student interactions in group discussion and to student–student interactions in role-play. The distributed language view of first-order languaging dynamics demonstrates the embodied and distributed dimensions of the real-time classroom interactivity that couples pedagogic subjects to the affordances of their pedagogic environment. It also provides insights into the impact of pedagogic activities on the multi-scalar dynamics of the meaning-making process with reference to embodied speech–gesture coordination. The paper demonstrates the value of applying an ecologically embodied perspective to multimodal studies in classroom research and stimulates a re-thinking of some of the important aspects of classroom interactivity that have received little attention thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of identity in understanding contemporary politics has been well articulated in the social sciences literature. Employing the theory of threat, this study examines the effects on Taiwanese citizens' identity of Beijing's repressive measures in Hong Kong and its military intimidation of Taipei. Using three waves of panel data collected in Taiwan between 2018 and 2020, we find that respondents shifted significantly toward identifying as Taiwanese and away from identifying as Chinese. Rather than encouraging identification with China, Beijing's repressive actions in Hong Kong and military threats toward Taiwan have only strengthened the island citizens' identity as Taiwanese. Previous scholarship has often assumed that identity is mainly a domestic issue, but we find that events beyond and across national borders can affect the dynamics of identity change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines three Sinophone cultural texts to suggest that Sinophone studies can draw from its affinities with historical and linguistic studies to question the conceptual boundary of "premodern" imperial China. Through case studies of Hou Hsiao-hsien from Taiwan and Saisai (Xi Xi) and Wong Bik-wan from Hong Kong, the article proposes "deep imperial time" as a Sinophone historical poetics and cultural strategy of deimperialization. Artists turn their Sinophone sensibilities into a historiographical method that intervenes in nation-centric history and performs a capacious form of localization. Marginality from the normative nation-state and interimperial positionality compel them to enact decentered visions of historical Chineseness and imagine anti-imperial solidarities with the margins of different imperial formations across history. The article concludes that Sinophone studies can contribute to the conceptual enlargement of decoloniality by incorporating subaltern experiences in contesting non-Western empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent impact by the COVID‐19 pandemic, nursing research has gone through unexpected changes across the globe. The purpose of this special report is to present the commonalities in the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on nursing research across four countries, including the United States, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, and one region, that is, Hong Kong, and to make recommendations for future nursing research during the immediate postpandemic period and future pandemic situations. To identify the commonalities, seven researchers/leaders from the five countries/regions had discussions through 3 days of an international workshop. The content for this discussion paper derived from: (a) the exemplars/cases of the COVID‐19 impact on the research process, (b) researchers/leaders' presentations on the COVID‐19 impact, and (c) memos from the workshop. The materials were analyzed using a simple content analysis. The commonalities included: (a) "a heavy emphasis on teaching and fluctuating productivity," (b) "increased funding opportunities and governmental support," (c) "gendered experience complicated by professional differences," (d) "delays and changes/modifications in research process," (e) "limited research settings and difficulties in getting access," and (f) "increased online dissemination activities with positive changes in the image of nursing." With all collective wisdom that nurse researchers have obtained during the COVID‐19 pandemic, nursing research will evolve again for the successful future of the nursing discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The proportion of hospital deaths has declined in the past few decades, while the proportions of nursing home deaths have increased. This trend of increasing deaths in long-term care facilities underlines the importance of improving end-of-life care provisions in these settings to meet individual preferences and needs. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive understanding of end-of-life care preferences in local nursing home residents can help healthcare professionals and policymakers develop strategies to increase the advance directive completion rate and quality of care. This study aimed to explore and compare advance directive and end-of-life care preferences of nursing home residents in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed by the research team to investigate advance directive and end-of-life care preferences in older Chinese nursing home residents. Nursing home residents with frail or pre-frail status and over the age of 64 were invited to participate in the study, and information on demographics, functional status, advance directive experiences, and end-of-life care expectations was collected through questionnaire interviews. Results: A total of 325 eligible participants from 32 facilities completed the survey, including 238 older residents in Hong Kong and 87 in Taiwan. A significantly lower proportion of the Hong Kong residents had completed an advance directive compared with the Taiwanese (3 vs. 13%, p = 0.001). Among participants who did not have an advance directive, 46% of the Taiwanese participants said they would consider completing one in the future, compared with 20% of the Hong Kong participants (p < 0.001). A total of 79% of the Hong Kong participants and 80% of the Taiwanese participants responded that prolonging life in the given hypothetical dying scenario was "not important" (p = 0.76). Only 14% of participants in Hong Kong and 18% of participants in Taiwan reported prior occurrence of end-of-life care discussions with family members or health professionals (p = 0.37). Conclusions: This paper adds evidence in support of improving end-of-life communication and the advance directive completion rate in nursing homes in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Further research is necessary to explore cross-cultural differences in end-of-life preferences and its applications in predicting decision-making and the quality of end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of single-item measures of self-rated mental health (SRMH) has been increasingly valued in epidemiologic research. However, little is known about the reliability and mental health correlates of SRMH in Chinese populations. This study examined the reliability and mental health correlates of SRMH in three Chinese samples. We analyzed data collected from two convenience samples of Chinese adults from Hong Kong and/or Taiwan (Sample 1: N = 205; Sample 2: N = 377), and a random sample of Taiwan psychiatric inpatients (Sample 3: N = 100). Our results showed that the single-item measure of SRMH had moderate to good test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.75) in Sample 1 and acceptable reliability between the self-report and interviewer-administered versions (ICC = 0.58) in Sample 3. It had a high positive correlation with self-esteem and a moderately high negative correlation with depression. It also had a consistently negative correlation with borderline personality disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The SRMH score was also associated with psychiatric service usage. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the use of a single-item measure of SRMH to assess overall self-perceived mental health in Chinese communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Quarterly is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous research has shown that enthusiastic responses to personal good news are associated with positive relationship qualities, whereas more muted or ambivalent responses tend to have negative effects on relationships. This process, called capitalization, has been studied almost exclusively in Western cultures. The present research examined capitalization in three East Asian cultural groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), as well as in the United States. Whereas enthusiastic responses were associated with positive relationship outcomes in all groups, muted and critical responses showed significant moderation by culture. In three North American samples, these responses were negatively associated with relationship qualities. However, muted and critical responses revealed strong and positive correlations with relationship outcomes in Mainland China, non-significant associations in Hong Kong, and significant negative (but still weaker than in North America) associations in Taiwan. These findings point to the importance of examining relationship processes in the context of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the cocoons and possibly host of Rhysipolis taiwanicus Belokobylskij, 1988 (Braconidae, Rhysipolinae) are presented for the first time. Their peculiar cocoons found on the upper surface of a leaf of Rhaphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl. are described and illustrated. The species is new for Hong Kong and the second record after its description from Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study aimed to explore and compare stress, coping, professional identity and work locus of control of new graduate nurses among Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei. Background: The transition from a student to a staff nurse role is recognized as a stressful experience and can be a rough journey. Many newly graduated nurses find it challenging to cope with their new roles in their first few months. Methods: A cross‐sectional research was used in the study. This study was completed in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei with newly graduated nurses working in hospitals. A total of 591 graduate nurses who had worked within 1 year in hospitals were recruited using convenient sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including demographics, the occupational stress scale, the Chinese trait coping style questionnaire, the nurse professional identity scale and the work locus of control scale (Chinese version). Results: The newly graduated nurses in Shanghai had significantly lower (p < 0.05) work stress score (2.65 ± 0.67) compared with their counterparts in Hong Kong (2.99 ± 0.69) and Taipei (2.94 ± 0.60). Newly graduated nurses in Shanghai tended to choose positive coping to deal with stressful situations, whereas those in Hong Kong would be more likely to adopt negative attitudes (p < 0.05). The newly graduated nurses in Taipei had the lowest level of professional identity (3.25 ± 0.55, p < 0.05), and their work control tended to be external (46.13 ± 6.20). In contrast, those in Shanghai (52.75 ± 6.04) and Hong Kong (59.41 ± 7.29) tended to be controlled internally. Conclusions: The study findings revealed the differences among newly graduated nurses in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Taipei with their level of stress, coping, professional identity and work locus of control. Proper leadership, mentoring for newly graduated nurses, and emphasis on first aid nursing training, emotional management and management of stress in newly graduated nurse transition programmes were suggested. Implications for Nursing Management: By comparing the results in the three regions, we recommend that nursing managers promote the right leadership style. In addition to coaching, nursing managers can assign additional mentors to newly graduated nurses to help them supplement their clinical knowledge and skills with psychological support. These mentors can come from senior nurses or nursing managers working on less demanding tasks. In addition to the existing post transfer training programmes, new graduate nurses should also focus on emergency nursing training, emotional management training and stress management training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cognitive‐behavioural therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in improving mental health outcomes for sexual minority young people (SMYP), existing interventions are primarily designed and evaluated in Western contexts, and their acceptability and responsiveness to culturally relevant issues in the Chinese contexts is uncertain. This study aimed to address this gap by exploring how a manualised community‐based cognitive‐behavioural intervention (AFFIRM) could be culturally reconsidered for SMYP in Taiwan and Hong Kong and suggest recommendations for future adaptation. Following an empirical, community‐based participatory approach, qualitative data were collected between August and September 2018 through five focus groups with 15 SMYP and 18 frontline practitioners in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Thematic analysis revealed that at the surface structural level, translation and examples, and promotion strategies can be fine‐tuned to better fit the Chinese context. On the deep structural level, self‐differentiation and a pragmatic plan to come out to parents were identified as two concerns of cultural importance for Chinese SMYP. This study exemplifies an empirical, collaborative approach to identifying areas of cultural adaptation for mental health intervention for SMYP in the Chinese cultural milieu. The rationale and strategy for adapting existing intervention protocols to accommodate divergent cultural values are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To describe a nurse‐led multicentre randomized controlled trial protocol developed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of a Chinese iSupport for Dementia program in Australia and Greater China including mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. Design: A multicentre randomized controlled trial following the SPIRIT checklist. Methods: Participants in the study will be recruited from Australia and Greater China and will be randomly assigned to the intervention group or the usual care group. Interventions will include self‐learning of the iSupport program, virtual peer support and nurse program facilitator support for 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be the 12‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey. Secondary outcome measures will include: Revised Scale for Caregiving Self‐efficacy; Quality of Social Support Scale; Revised Memory and Behaviour Problem Checklist; the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease‐Proxy; usages of care services; and cost‐effectiveness of the intervention. Outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 months and 9 months from the baseline. Caregivers' experiences of the peer support will be explored. This project was funded by the National Foundation for Australia‐China Relations, Australian Government (Project ID: NFACR216). The total amount is $440,000 Australian dollars (or £ 236,231). Discussion: Approximately, 20% of people living with dementia in the world live in Australia and Greater China. Older Chinese are usually cared for by family caregivers at home due to the influence of Confucianism. However, free and online psychoeducation programs for this large cohort of caregivers are not available or accessible. The World Health Organization iSupport for Dementia is an evidence‐based online psychoeducation program for caregivers. Implementing a culturally adapted Chinese iSupport program will address this gap in supporting caregivers. Impact This study will provide research evidence on effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of an online psychoeducation program for caregivers. Findings will inform policy and practice development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the New Taiwan Series (NTS), a journal published between 1947 and 1948 in Hong Kong by Taiwanese socialists who fled the island following the 228 Uprising. It does so to intervene in ongoing debates in the field of Sinophone studies. While two major theorizations of the Sinophone exist—one that sees the field as a network of minoritized sites that operate against China-centrism, and the other grounding the Sinophone in a lyrical negotiation with cultural China—neither framework is sufficient for understanding the complex subject positions taken by Taiwanese socialists during these years. For the NTS, social activism was not a flattened binary of either ethnic identification with or resistance to a "China" articulated in terms devoid of political-economic analysis. Rather, politics had to dialectically integrate minoritarian aspirations (Taiwanese sovereignty) with majoritarian projects (the Chinese Revolution). The NTS thus encourages us to reimagine the Sinophone in socialist terms, where two analytical lenses—one grounded in the endogenous local and the other in the exogenous revolutionary center—are dialectically intertwined. The NTS navigated the resulting tensions of such a dialectical stance, making it a critical archive of Taiwanese socialist thought before the 1949 rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phase 4 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M) in patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand. This was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label study with patients aged 18–75 years with T2DM and essential hypertension and on stable treatment for T2DM. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension were treated with AZL-M 40 mg daily, with the option to uptitrate to 80 mg at 6 weeks. In all, 380 of the 478 patients screened in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand were enrolled. At week 6, 97 patients (25.5%) were titrated up to AZL-M 80 mg based on BP readings. At 12 weeks, 54.8% of patients reached the blood pressure (BP) goal of <140/85 mm Hg by trough sitting clinic BP (primary endpoint), and 62.8% and 27.0% achieved a BP of <140/90 mm Hg and <130/80 mm Hg, respectively. The efficacy of AZL-M over 12 weeks was also seen in different age and body mass index groups. The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 12.9% before 6 weeks and 16.1% after 6 weeks, and they were mostly mild in severity. The most frequent TEAE was dizziness (4.7%). The incidence of TEAEs leading to study drug discontinuation (4.5%) and drug-related TEAEs (5.0% before 6 weeks; 3.9% after 6 weeks) was low. In patients with essential hypertension and T2DM in Asia, treatment with AZL-M indicated a favorable efficacy and safety profile in achieving target BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a major global public health concern. Few studies, however, have examined profiles of TDV in Chinese societies and how these profiles might be associated with teens' mental health. The current study analyzed a sample of 891 middle and high school students with dating experience in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. Latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logit regression analysis were performed in an attempt to identify profiles of TDV and then investigate possible associations between class membership and self-reported depression. The results of LCA suggested that a four-class model was the best fit for the data: Severe/Multi-Type TDV (5.51%), Controlling Behavior (13.08%), Non/Low TDV (64.50%), and Physical Violence (16.91%). The best-fit model suggested bidirectionality, meaning among teen partners in an abusive relationship, both tended to participate in violent acts and controlling behaviors. The results of the multinomial regression showed that, compared with the Non/Low TDV class, teens in the Severe/Multi-Type TDV class or Controlling Behavior class had greater odds of screening positive for depression. There was no significant difference in the risk of depression between the Physical Violence class and the Non/Low TDV class. Implications for future research and practice are also discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Should police be checked by the police or by representatives with public mandates? This article aims to respond to this frequently asked question by comparing two sets of institutional arrangements in police oversight mechanisms under three Asian regimes with different levels of democratization: Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. "Professionalism" and "transcendency" are often prioritized by the Hong Kong authorities as the merits of the internal affairs model, over independent investigation capacity or elected appointees. Paradoxically, its police oversight counterparts under two neighbouring constitutionally democratic Asian jurisdictions still face critiques, given their institutional proximity with the civilian control model prevailing in the Western countries. What kind of institutional setting better oversight the police? We conducted a historical-institutional analysis by making use of publicly accessible documents, examining the evolution, reviewing the missions and format of empowerment, and weighing the strength and key insufficiencies of these three police oversight mechanisms. Our study primarily finds that historical conjunctures and regime values appear decisive in the evolution of these bodies. The police oversight mechanisms in Japan and Taiwan place more emphasis on public representation and legal empowerment to check police power, which provides longer institutional stability than that of Hong Kong, which was credited on personnel capability or transparency of the investigation process. The study also finds that the competence of personnel and the transparency of the investigation process appear not comparable to the importance of the public representation and legal authorization of the oversight agencies in determining public trust towards the oversight mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to conduct a preliminary comparative study on different models of citizens' participation in Chinese societies. In examining citizen policing in Chinese societies, this article covers the major geographical locations in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. By using thematic analysis, this article has identified three main themes to assess volunteer policing in three Chinese societies, which all connect to the concepts of institutions and social capital: institutional development, institutional impact, and Guanxi as a common socio-cultural challenge. The role of citizens in law enforcement work is contextualized in the different forms of governments in these three societies. In China, there is a lack of legislature at the central level to regulate auxiliary police forces. The local governments developed various forms of auxiliary police systems monitored by public security authorities. Hong Kong, due to its former status as a British colony, has developed a well-established model of the modern auxiliary police system. In Taiwan, the auxiliary police system was influenced by both Chinese institutional development and the Japanese colony; however, a lack of detailed legislature at the local level is found, which has impacted the implementation of volunteer policing. Despite the difference, three of them all have faced the common challenges affected by Guanxi, which is the rudimentary dynamic in personalized social networks of power and is a crucial system of beliefs in Chinese culture. The author concludes that the institutional factors and Guanxi are important determinants of successful implementation of volunteer policing in three Chinese societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the labor migration subjective meanings of the experiences of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) in Taiwan and Hong Kong and their families. Like previous studies, it shows that the main driver of labor migration is a better life for both the OFW and their loved ones left behind, citing the sending country's lack of better income opportunities, along with the receiving countries' better pay scales and lower tax schemes. This hews to the dominant literature on migration research, which has examined such reasons as the primary push-and-pull factors. However, modifying this standard model, the study reveals that mediating factors (between the push and the pull) are equally important. On the one hand, facilitative mediating factors refer to the presence of OFWs' relatives in the receiving country, high regard for overseas work, and the education of the OFWs' children. On the other, constraining mediating factors include illness or disability of the worker, economic downturns, and restrictive labor policies in the receiving country. Finally, the study illustrates some facets of the labor migration experience and its implications on national development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]