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Summary This Good Practice Paper provides recommendations for the baseline investigation, risk stratification and use of prophylactic interventions for patients with large B‐cell lymphoma at risk of central nervous system relapse. Recent evidence which has questioned the role of high‐dose methotrexate in this clinical scenario is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study conducted by Alexandre Dumoulin and Esther Stoeckli on the role of primary cilia in neurodevelopment disorders called ciliopathies. The study focuses on the role of primary cilium-mediated sonic hedgehog signaling in commissural axon guidance in mice and chick embryos. The researchers used in vivo and ex vivo approaches to study neural circuit formation and axon guidance. The findings of the study provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders and the cognitive problems associated with ciliopathies. The researchers emphasize the importance of studying different perspectives and using animal models to understand the contributions of genes to neurodevelopmental disorders. [Extracted from the article]

Myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS), such as microglia, CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs), dendritic cells and monocytes, are vital for steady-state immune homeostasis as well as the resolution of tissue damage during brain development or disease-related pathology. The complementary usage of multimodal high-throughput and high-dimensional single-cell technologies along with recent advances in cell-fate mapping has revealed remarkable myeloid cell heterogeneity in the CNS. Despite the establishment of extensive expression profiles revealing myeloid cell multiplicity, the local anatomical conditions for the temporal- and spatial-dependent cellular engraftment are poorly understood. Here we highlight recent discoveries of the context-dependent mechanisms of myeloid cell migration and settlement into distinct subtissular structures in the CNS. These insights offer better understanding of the factors needed for compartment-specific myeloid cell recruitment, integration and residence during development and perturbation, which may lead to better treatment of CNS diseases., (© 2023. Springer Nature America, Inc.)

We revisit the concept of synergy based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai Bernstein (On the construction of movements, Medgiz, Moscow 1947; Latash, Bernstein's Construction of Movements, Routledge, Abingdon 2020b) and progress in understanding the physics and neurophysiology of biological action. Two aspects of synergies are described: organizing elements into stable groups (modes) and ensuring dynamical stability of salient performance variables. The ability of the central nervous system to attenuate synergies in preparation for a quick action-anticipatory synergy adjustments-is emphasized. Recent studies have demonstrated synergies at the level of hypothetical control variables associated with spatial referent coordinates for effectors. Overall, the concept of synergies fits naturally the hierarchical scheme of control with referent coordinates with an important role played by back-coupling loops within the central nervous system and from peripheral sensory endings. Further, we review studies showing non-trivial changes in synergies with development, aging, fatigue, practice, and a variety of neurological disorders. Two aspects of impaired synergic control-impaired stability and impaired agility-are introduced. The recent generalization of the concept of synergies for non-motor domains, including perception, is discussed. We end the review with a list of unresolved and troubling issues., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction and aim. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition with motor (e.g. tremor, rigidity, balance disorders, etc.) and non-motor (e.g. cognitive dysfunction, sensory disturbances, etc.) symptoms. According to the WHO, disability due to PD is growing much faster than for other neurological disorders. The incidence has doubled in the last 25 years. In 2019, there were nearly 8.5 million Parkinson's patients worldwide. Although the mechanism of PD is not fully understood, the relationship between alpha-synuclein accumulation in central nervous system and the pathogenesis of this disease (as well as other synucleinopathies) has been strongly confirmed. The aim of this study will be to discuss the influence of alphaSyn on microglia and thus inducing an inflammatory response, as well as the recent discoveries regarding anti-alpha Syn antibodies, such as BIIB054 and PRX002. Material and methods. Review paper based on scientific articles published in different medical database. Analysis of literature. alphaSyn is found in neuronal cell bodies, synapses or glial cells. Their damage may contribute to release of alphaSyn which then is accumulated and invokes the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes in microglia. NLRP3 inflammasome promotes activation of caspase-1, which in turn mediates maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta and Il-18. Surprisingly, the studies show that alpha Syn-antibody complexes enhances Il-1 beta secration rather than suppresses which closes ways of treatment. Conclusion. These findings set new ways to diagnose PD and are critical to the development of new treatments for the disease. The study will present both clinical and preclinical findings, which may represent promising strategies for the treatment of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a significant disability and death cause worldwide and is conventionally defined as a neurological impairment relating to the intense focal harm of the central nervous system (CNS) by vascular causative components. Although the applicability of robotic rehabilitation is a topic with considerable practical significance because it has produced noticeably higher improvements in motor function than regular (physical and occupational) therapy and exempted the therapists, most of the existing bibliometric papers were not focused on stroke survivors. Additionally, a modular system is designed by joining several medical end-effector devices to a single limb segment, which addresses the issue of potentially dangerous pathological compensatory motions. Searching the Web of Science database, 31,930 papers were identified, and using the VOSviewer software and science mapping technology, data were extracted on the most prolific countries, the connections between them, the most valuable journals according to certain factors, their average year of publication, the most influential papers, and the most relevant topical issues (bubble map of term occurrence). The most prolific country in the analyzed field and over the entire period evaluated (1975–2022) is the United States, and the most prolific journal is Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, observing a marked increase in the three periods of scientific interest for this field. The present paper assesses numerous scientific publications to provide, through statistical interpretation of the data, a detailed description of the use of robotic rehabilitation in stroke survivors. The findings may aid scientists, academics, and clinicians in establishing precise goals in the optimization of the management of stroke survivors via robotic rehabilitation, but also through easier access to scientifically validated literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified in almost all tissue of the human body. It has been demonstrated that they are capable of immunomodulation, self-renewal, and differentiation. As a result, they have been used in cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Material and methods. Review of the current literature was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Analysis of literature. A wide variety of immunomodulatory and neurotrophic factors are produced and released by MSCs. There is growing evidence that they are effective at repairing damaged tissues within the nervous system. The growth factors released by MSCs, such as IGF and VEGF, are likely to limit the apoptosis of neurons and increase the proliferation of progenitor cells. Additionally, they are more frequently used in regenerative medicine because of their adaptive potential. Conclusion. Mesenchymal stem cells affect neuroprotection and neuroregeneration through their immunomodulatory properties. Cellular interactions and trophic factor release make them valuable tools in clinical therapy. It is believed that MSCs may show therapeutic potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system, as well as structural damage to the nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), foods high in tryptamine may cause foodborne diseases and abnormal activity in the central nervous system (CNS). The real-time monitoring of tryptamine levels is an emphasized topic among scientific community. In the present work, we report a cost-effective fluorescent paper strips-based methodology impregnated with self-assembled dipeptide-modified (DM1) zinc oxide (ZnO) i.e. DM1@ZnO for the real-time monitoring of tryptamine levels. It is based on an organic-inorganic nanohybrid material of self-assembled N -functionalised dipeptide molecule coated over the surface of ZnO thus tailoring its properties for the detection of tryptamine employing spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. The designed material exhibited a noteworthy response towards tryptamine irrespective of the presence of other biogenic amines (BAs). It selectively displayed blue fluorescence under the 365 nm UV light. On top of that, the detection of tryptamine was also corroborated by its transition to 2-oxytryptamine, as deduced from its electrochemical route. Thus, the proposed paper strip-based methodology unbolts a realistic platform for the efficient recognition of varying levels of tryptamine thus tackling the prima facie reasons for foodborne diseases. [Display omitted] • Fabrication of self-assembled dipeptide-based nanohybrid material. • Spectroscopic and electrochemical recognition of tryptamine. • Interaction of DM1@ZnO with tryptamine and its electrochemical conversion to 2-oxytryptamine. • Fabrication of DM1@ZnO grafted fluorescent paper strips. • Realistic platform for the efficient recognition of tryptamine thus tackling the prima facie reasons for foodborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, presents a diagnostic conundrum due to its rare and often nonspecific clinical manifestations. This paper aims to unravel the diagnostic mystery surrounding NCC, shedding light on its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and the challenges encountered in its diagnosis. Despite being considered a rare disease, NCC is the leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, underscoring its clinical significance. The complexity of NCC diagnosis lies in its diverse clinical presentations, which can range from headaches, dizziness, and seizures to more severe neurological cognitive deficits. This diversity often leads to misdiagnosis. Furthermore, the limitations of current diagnostic methods, including serological tests and neuroimaging, contribute to the diagnostic dilemma. This paper emphasises the need for improved diagnostic criteria and novel diagnostic tools to enable early and accurate detection of NCC. By enhancing our understanding of NCC, we can pave the way for better management strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes in this under-recognised disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A (BoNT-A) injections using Ultrasound (US) guidance have led to research evaluating changes in muscle architecture. Controversy remains as to what constitutes increased Echo-Intensity (EI) in spastic muscles and whether this may affect outcomes. We aim to provide a narrative review of US muscle architecture changes following Central Nervous System (CNS) lesions and explore their relationship to spasticity. Medline, CINAHL, and Embase databases were searched with keywords: ultrasonography, hypertonia, spasticity, fibrosis, and Heckmatt. Three physicians reviewed the results of the search to select relevant papers. Reviews identified in the search were used as a resource to identify additional studies. A total of 68 papers were included. Four themes were identified, including histopathological changes in spastic muscle, effects of BoNT-A on the muscle structure, available US modalities to assess the muscle, and utility of US assessment in clinical spasticity. Histopathological studies revealed atrophic and fibrofatty changes after CNS lesions. Several papers described BoNT-A injections contributing to those modifications. These changes translated to increased EI. The exact significance of increased muscle EI remains unclear. The Modified Heckmatt Scale (MHS) is a validated tool for grading muscle EI in spasticity. The use of the US may be an important tool to assess muscle architecture changes in spasticity and improve spasticity management. Treatment algorithms may be developed based on the degree of EI. Further research is needed to determine the incidence and impact of these EI changes in spastic muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, mainly affecting the elderly. Symptoms usually appear around the age of 60, before the age of 50 it is rare, while beyond this age the risk of the disease increases by 9% with each decade. The clinical picture is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, postural instability, gait disturbance, and extra- articular symptoms such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, sleep disturbance, salivation, dysphagia. Description of the case. The case report includes a 46-year-old female patient referred to the Neurology Department with suspected Wilson's disease. An ophthalmologic examination prior to hospitalization revealed the presence of a Kayser-Fleischer ring. The woman had been complaining of motor deterioration, fluctuating tremors of the right upper and lower limbs for about 2 years. Physical examination also revealed unsteady increased tension in the right upper limb. Genetic testing and expanded laboratory diagnostics excluded Wilson's disease. An MRI of the head was performed, which detected areas of nonspecific demyelination in periventricular and subcortical locations. Further diagnostics included a DaTSCAN imaging, which confirmed Young -- Onset Parkinson's Disease (YOPD). Conclusion. The differential diagnosis should consider dementia with Lewy bodies, Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), Wilson's Disease (WD), Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), spontaneous tremor and secondary Parkinsonian syndromes. The presented case demonstrates the need to carefully analyze the various symptoms presented by the patient regardless of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Depressive disorders are a serious mental disorder, the incidence of which is constantly increasing, and thus the socio-economic cost of the disease. Research conducted since the 1960s on depression has not provided either comprehensive information on the mechanisms of the disease or provided highly effective and safe antidepressants. Recent evidence links the dysfunction of the bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system (known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis) to depressive disorders. Alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microflora are observed in patients with depression. The aim of this study is to review the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathomechanism of depressive disorders and to discuss potential therapeutic implications. We will explore the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other nutritional interventions, as well as the development of psychobiotics and other novel pharmacological agents targeting the gut microbiota, for the treatment of depressive disorders. Material and methods. Literature search: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The search was conducted using keywords such as "microbiota-gut-brain axis", "depressive disorders", "probiotics", "prebiotics", "psychobiotics" and "pharmacological agents targeting the gut microbiota". Study selection: Studies were included in this review if they investigated the association between the microbiota- gut-brain axis and depressive disorders. Only articles published in English and peer-reviewed were included. Data extraction: Data were extracted from the included studies, including study design, sample size, age range of participants, diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders, methods for assessing gut microbiota, and results. Analysis of literature. The results of the studies were analyzed and synthesized to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathomechanism of depressive disorders. Results. The findings of the studies were discussed in the context of potential therapeutic implications. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other nutritional interventions, as well as the development of psychobiotics and other novel pharmacological agents targeting the gut microbiota, were explored for the treatment of depressive disorders Conclusion. The war negatively changed lifestyle of Ukrainian student via forced relocation and disability to continue education in universities. Among students were detected severe and extremely severe depression, low level of QL due to changes in mental health during war in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Sleep is a functional state of the CNS, which appears cyclically in the circadian rhythm. The amount and quality of sleep has a strong impact on mental health, cognitive function (like learning or concentration) and libido. This study aims to show what is the knowledge about the importance of sleep among young people and the impact of sleep deprivation on various aspects of their lives. What's more, we want to show how to improve sleep quality. Material and methods. A literature review was performed by analyzing randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews from PubMed/MEDLINE published in the last five years. For the literature search, following keywords: Sleep quality*, mental health* and libido* were used. Regardless of this, the authors conducted a survey (23 questions) in 555 people (including 404 women and 151 men) aged 15-30. Analysis of literature. Literature review has shown decreased amount of sleep leads to increase susceptibility to irritability, lowered mood, cognitive functions and libido. Also 88% of our respondents noticed an increase in irritability with reduced sleep. Respondents rated their mood higher on days when they slept more, 44% of respondents indicated a decrease in libido with a reduced amount of sleep (34% of people had no opinion). Survey research also shown that 99% of respondents believe that sleep has a significant impact on health. Conclusion. Sleep has a significant impact on various aspects of life. The awareness of young people about the importance of sleep is at a high level, however, this knowledge is not always practical. Therefore, young people should be made aware of the importance of sleep hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasal administration is a non-invasive method of drug delivery that offers several advantages, including rapid onset of action, ease of use, no first-pass effect, and fewer side effects. On this basis, nose-to-brain delivery technology offers a new method for drug delivery to the brain and central nervous system, which has attracted widespread attention. In this paper, the development status and trends of nasal drug delivery and nose-to-brain delivery technology are deeply analyzed through multiple dimensions: literature research, questionnaire surveys, and patent analysis. First, FDA-approved nasal formulations for nose-to-brain delivery were combed. Second, we collected a large amount of relevant information about nasal drug delivery through a questionnaire survey of 165 pharmaceutical industry practitioners in 28 provinces and 161 different organizations in China. Third, and most importantly, we conducted a patent analysis of approximately 700+ patents related to nose-to-brain delivery, both domestically and internationally. This analysis was conducted in terms of patent application trends, technology life cycle, technology composition, and technology evolution. The LDA topic model was employed to identify technological topics in each time window (1990–2023), and the five key major evolution paths were extracted. The research results in this paper will provide useful references for relevant researchers and enterprises in the pharmaceutical industry, promoting the further development and application of nasal drug delivery and nose-to-brain delivery technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction and aim. Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare, clinically aggressive tumour of the lymphatic system localising 80-90% to the cerebral hemispheres. The rest are located in the spinal cord, cranial nerves or eyeballs. More than 90% of PCNSL cases originate from B lymphocytes. The incidence of the tumour has increased and it develops not only in immunocompromised, but also in immunocompetent individuals. Description of the case. A 47-year-old female patient presented to the Department of Neurology with sudden speech, behaviour and orientation disturbances preceded by severe headaches. The investigations performed indicated a multifocal brain injury of unknown aetiology, most likely inflammatory. After one month, the patient's condition deteriorated despite treatment and she was readmitted to the neurology department. Brain MRI and spectroscopy performed at the beginning of her hospitalisation revealed progression of previous lesions, however, the perfusion result did not indicate a neoplastic process. The investigations suggested acute haemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. Overnight, the woman's neurological condition worsened and there was a significant progression of poor general condition - inertia and increased muscle tone in the left limbs were demonstrated and the patient needed oxygen therapy and catheterisation. 2 weeks after the start of hospitalisation, lesions present on MRI raised the suspicion of lymphoma/glioma. A biopsy was recommended, which revealed PCNSL, an intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion. Primary CNS lymphoma is associated with a poor prognosis. Its correct diagnosis is associated with major diagnostic problems and therapeutic difficulties. The course of PCNSL is usually aggressive and the results of treatment are unsatisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic outcomes of local biomolecule delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) using bulk biomaterials are limited by inadequate drug loading, neuropil disruption, and severe foreign body responses. Effective CNS delivery requires addressing these issues and developing well-tolerated, highly-loaded carriers that are dispersible within local neural parenchyma. Here, we synthesized biodegradable trehalose-based polyelectrolyte oligomers using facile A2:B3:AR thiol-ene Michael addition reactions that form complex coacervates upon mixing of oppositely charged oligomers. Coacervates permit high concentration loading and controlled release of bioactive growth factors, enzymes, and antibodies, with modular formulation parameters that confer tunable release kinetics. Coacervates are cytocompatible with cultured neural cells in vitro and can be formulated to either direct intracellular protein delivery or sequester media containing proteins and remain extracellular. Coacervates serve as effective vehicles for precisely delivering biomolecules, including bioactive neurotrophins, to the mouse striatum following intraparenchymal injection. These results support the use of trehalose-based coacervates as part of therapeutic protein delivery strategies for CNS disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Timothy O’Shea reports financial support was provided by Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The choroid plexus (CP) plays central roles in regulating the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and controlling its composition. A monolayer of epithelial cells of CP plays a significant role in forming the blood–CSF barrier to restrict the movement of substances between the blood and ventricles. CP epithelial cells are equipped with transporters for glucose and lactate that are used as energy sources. There are many review papers on glucose transporters in CP epithelial cells. On the other hand, distribution of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in CP epithelial cells has received less attention compared with glucose transporters. Some MCTs are known to transport lactate, pyruvate, and ketone bodies, whereas others transport thyroid hormones. Since CP epithelial cells have significant carrier functions as well as the barrier function, a decline in the expression and function of these transporters leads to a poor supply of thyroid hormones as well as lactate and can contribute to the process of age-associated brain impairment and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review paper, recent findings regarding the distribution and significance of MCTs in the brain, especially in CP epithelial cells, are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Diagnosing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), solitary brain metastases (SBM), and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in malignant tumors of the central nervous system using multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is significantly important in helping physicians develop treatment plans and enhance patient prognosis. In this paper, MFFC-Net is developed and validated using deep learning methods to predict these three tumor categories from multi-modal MRI without the manual region of interest (ROI). MFFC-Net first uses a multi-encoder with DenseBlocks to extract deep features from multi-modal MRI. Then, the feature fusion layer fuses the deep information between different modalities and tissues. Finally, the spatial-channel attention module suppresses redundant new information and activates tumor classification-related features. Compared with radiomics models, MFFC-Net demonstrated higher accuracy. In addition, the results in the different sequences provide important references for future clinical work on MRI image acquisition. We believe that MFFC-Net has the potential to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors in the future. (1) Background: Diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM), solitary brain metastases (SBM), and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) plays a decisive role in the development of personalized treatment plans. Constructing a deep learning classification network to diagnose GBM, SBM, and PCNSL with multi-modal MRI is important and necessary. (2) Subjects: GBM, SBM, and PCNSL were confirmed by histopathology with the multi-modal MRI examination (study from 1225 subjects, average age 53 years, 671 males), 3.0 T T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-Flair), and Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (CE-T1WI). (3) Methods: This paper introduces MFFC-Net, a classification model based on the fusion of multi-modal MRIs, for the classification of GBM, SBM, and PCNSL. The network architecture consists of parallel encoders using DenseBlocks to extract features from different modalities of MRI images. Subsequently, an L 1 − n o r m feature fusion module is applied to enhance the interrelationships among tumor tissues. Then, a spatial-channel self-attention weighting operation is performed after the feature fusion. Finally, the classification results are obtained using the full convolutional layer (FC) and Soft-max. (4) Results: The ACC of MFFC-Net based on feature fusion was 0.920, better than the radiomics model (ACC of 0.829). There was no significant difference in the ACC compared to the expert radiologist (0.920 vs. 0.924, p = 0.774). (5) Conclusions: Our MFFC-Net model could distinguish GBM, SBM, and PCNSL preoperatively based on multi-modal MRI, with a higher performance than the radiomics model and was comparable to radiologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), is able to control several important physiopathological processes through the shedding of a large number of protein substrates. Although ADAM10 plays a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS) development and function, its protein distribution in the CNS has not been fully addressed. Here, we described the regional and cellular ADAM10 protein expression in C57BL/6 mice examined by immunofluorescence 1) throughout the adult mouse brain, cerebellum and spinal cord in vivo and 2) in different cell types as neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia in vitro. We observed ADAM10 expression through the whole CNS, with a strong expression in the hippocampus, in the hypothalamus and in the cerebral and piriform cortex in the brain, in the Purkinje and in granular cell layers in the cerebellum and in the spinal cord to a lower extent. In vivo, ADAM10 protein expression was mainly found in neurons and in some oligodendroglial cell populations. However, in primary cultures we observed ADAM10 expression in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. Interestingly, ADAM10 was not only found in the membrane but also in cytoplasmic vesicles and in the nucleus of primary cultured cells. Overall, this work highlights a wide distribution of ADAM10 throughout the CNS. The nuclear localization of ADAM10, probably due to its intracellular domain, emphasizes its role in cell signalling in physiological and pathological conditions. Further investigations are required to better elucidate the role of ADAM10 in glial cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Annexins, a group of Ca 2+ -dependent phospholipid-binding proteins, exert diverse roles in neuronal development, normal central nervous system (CNS) functioning, neurological disorders, and CNS tumors. This paper reviews the roles of individual annexins (A1-A13) in these contexts. Annexins possess unique structural and functional features, such as Ca 2+ -dependent binding to phospholipids, participating in membrane organization, and modulating cell signaling. They are implicated in various CNS processes, including endocytosis, exocytosis, and stabilization of plasma membranes. Annexins exhibit dynamic roles in neuronal development, influencing differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic formation in CNS tissues. Notably, annexins such as ANXA1 and ANXA2 play roles in apoptosis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and depression, involve annexin dysregulation, influencing neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier integrity, and stress responses. Moreover, annexins contribute to the pathogenesis of CNS tumors, either promoting or suppressing tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion. Annexin expression patterns vary across different CNS tumor types, providing potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. This review underscores the multifaceted roles of annexins in the CNS, highlighting their importance in normal functioning, disease progression, and potential therapeutic interventions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Given the widespread production and use of plastics, poor biodegradability, and inadequate recycling, micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) have caused widespread environmental pollution. As a result, humans inevitably ingest MNPs through various pathways. However, there is still no consensus on whether exposure to MNPs has adverse effects on humans. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge of MNPs and the potential mechanisms of their impact on the central nervous system. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that exposure to MNPs may pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lead to neurotoxicity through impairments in oxidative and inflammatory balance, neurotransmitter alternation, nerve conduction-related key enzymes, and impact through the gut-brain axis. It is worth noting that MNPs may act as carriers and have more severe effects on the body when co-exposed with other substances. MNPs of smaller sizes cause more severe harm. Despite the scarcity of reports directly relevant to humans, this review brings together a growing body of evidence showing that exposure to MNPs disturbs neurons and has even been found to alter the memory and behavior of organisms. This effect may lead to further potential negative influence on the central nervous system and contribute to the development of other diseases such as central nervous system inflammation and Parkinson 's-like neurodegenerative disorders. There is a need further to investigate the threat of MNPs to human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Multidisciplinary Tumor Board (MTB) is a collaborative platform involving specialists in oncology, surgery, radiology, pathology, and radiotherapy, and aims to optimize diagnostics and treatments. Despite MTB's widespread benefits, limited literature addresses its application in pediatric neuro-oncology. After a literature revision on pediatric neuro-oncology MTB, our study describes our institute's pediatric neuro-oncology MTB, focuses on evaluating its impact and the neuroradiologist's role in patient-centric approaches, considering recent genetic insights into pediatric brain tumors. Materials and methods: Literature Review concerning pediatric neuro-oncology MTB from January 2002 to June 2024. Clinical Data: retrospective study of all patient files presented in the pediatric neuro-oncology MTB (pnMTB) between 2019 and 2022. Statistical analysis was mainly carried out by directly comparing the absolute or relative values of the respective parameters examined; qualitative variables compared mainly with the chi-square test, quantitative variables mainly with the t-test. Results: Literature Review: 7 papers encompass a multidisciplinary approach for the pediatric CNS tumors. Clinical data: A total of 236 discussions were analyzed representing 107 patients. Median age was 14,3 years (range: 6 months – 17 years). The requests for case evaluations primarily came from the pediatric oncologists (83%) and neurosurgeons (14.8%), and they were mainly addressed to the neuroradiologists (70.3%). Proposals during pnMTB mainly involved imaging follow-up (47.8%) and management with chemotherapy (34.7%). Changes in patient treatment (CPT) occurred in 115 cases, and pediatric neuroradiologist intervention contributed to 72.4% of these changes. Conclusion: Thanks to their multidisciplinarity, high number of cases discussed, and usual respect for their proposals, the pnMTB has made it possible to improve the coordination among specialties involved in patient management, to apply the recent protocols, and to exchange knowledge among teams managing pediatric CNS tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system resulting in progressive disability accumulation. As there is no cure available yet for MS, the primary therapeutic objective is to reduce relapses and to slow down disability progression as early as possible during the disease to maintain and/or improve health-related quality of life. However, optimizing treatment for people with MS (pwMS) is complex and challenging due to the many factors involved and in particular, the high degree of clinical and subclinical heterogeneity in disease progression among pwMS. In this paper, we discuss these many different challenges complicating treatment optimization for pwMS as well as how a shift towards a more pro-active, data-driven and personalized medicine approach could potentially improve patient outcomes for pwMS. We describe how the ‘Clinical Impact through AI-assisted MS Care’ (CLAIMS) project serves as a recent example of how to realize such a shift towards personalized treatment optimization for pwMS through the development of a platform that offers a holistic view of all relevant patient data and biomarkers, and then using this data to enable AI-supported prognostic modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain cancer that, despite recent advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis, remains incurable. GBM contains a subpopulation of cells with stem cell-like properties called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several studies have demonstrated that CSCs are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation thus representing important targets for novel anti-cancer therapies. Proton sensing receptors expressed by CSCs could represent important factors involved in the adaptation of tumours to the extracellular environment. Accordingly, the expression of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), proton-gated sodium channels mainly expressed in the neurons of peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS), has been demonstrated in several tumours and linked to an increase in cell migration and proliferation. In this paper we report that the ASIC3 isoform, usually absent in the CNS and present in the PNS, is enriched in human GBM CSCs while poorly expressed in the healthy human brain. We propose here a novel therapeutic strategy based on the pharmacological activation of ASIC3, which induces a significant GBM CSCs damage while being non-toxic for neurons. This approach might offer a promising and appealing new translational pathway for the treatment of glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects the central nervous system and is primarily characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. Early signs include tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, with later cognitive, sensory, sleep, and emotional issues. Ayurveda correlates these symptoms with Kampavata, primarily linked to Vata (bio-entities) imbalance. The prime aim of this paper is to study Panchakarma's efficacy in managing Kampavata (PD). Case Presentation: This is a case presentation of a 55-year-old male patient who has experienced tremors in the left upper and lower limbs, numbness in the left lower limb, loss of balance for 10 years, abnormal facial expression (masked face), difficulty in speech, and sleep disturbance for 5 years. The patient was treated with Panchakarma therapy for 30 days. Results: Following treatment, the patient exhibited significant improvement in symptoms, assessed using the PD composite scale, with the total score decreasing from 68 to 19, along with evaluated by specific examination, bradykinesia test, reflexes, functional activities, and clinical features also notably improved. Discussion: Panchakarma therapy, rooted in Ayurvedic principles, shows promise in managing Kampavata, associated with PD. Conservative management focuses on Vata balance, which offers substantial comfort and enhances patient quality of life. Conclusion: Panchakarma therapy presents a potential avenue for treating Kampavata, addressing symptoms associated with PD, and improving patient satisfaction and well-being. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the broader applicability of Ayurvedic approaches in neurodegenerative conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease that affects the central nervous system, resulting in a wide spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and physical deficits. The progressive course of MS poses significant challenges to patients and has a profound impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The style of coping adopted plays a critical role in determining how individuals with MS adapt to and face the challenges of the disease and their overall well-being. This paper aims to examine the impact of coping strategies on HRQoL in young adults un-/minimally impaired (<5 years, EDSS ≤ 2.5) by MS (age 18–35 years). This retrospective cross-sectional cohort study included 98 young adults (33 males and 65 females) with relapsing–remitting MS who underwent neurological assessment using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Participants completed the Italian version of the Multiple Sclerosis QoL-54 (MSQoL-54), which provides a physical and mental health score, and the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE). The results showed a significant relationship between COPE scores and physical and mental health. Subjects affected by MS who tend to use more frequent coping strategies such as active planning, personal growth, and acceptance showed a better overall well-being and quality of life. These findings are relevant to clinical practice given the need to understand the coping variable to improve HRQoL. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing effective interventions to enhance the well-being of MS subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in safeguarding the central nervous system by selectively controlling the movement of substances between the bloodstream and the brain, presenting a substantial obstacle for the administration of therapeutic agents to the brain. Recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle-based delivery systems, particularly metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), provide promising solutions for addressing the BBB. MOFs have become valuable tools in delivering medications to the brain with their ability to efficiently load drugs, release them over time, and modify their surface properties. This review focuses on the recent advancements in molecular-based approaches for treating brain disorders, such as glioblastoma multiforme, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. This paper highlights the significant impact of MOFs in overcoming the shortcomings of conventional brain drug delivery techniques and provides valuable insights for future research in the field of neurotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to screen for agents that can promote the development and/or maintenance of neuronal networks creates opportunities for the discovery of novel agents for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Over the past 10 years, advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning have paved the way for the improved implementation of live-cell imaging systems for drug discovery. These instruments have revolutionized our ability to quickly and accurately acquire large standardized datasets when studying complex cellular phenomena in real-time. This is particularly useful in the field of neuroscience because real-time analysis can allow efficient monitoring of the development, maturation, and conservation of neuronal networks by measuring neurite length. Unfortunately, due to the relative infancy of this type of analysis, standard practices for data acquisition and processing are lacking, and there is no standardized format for reporting the vast quantities of data generated by live-cell imaging systems. This paper reviews the current state of live-cell imaging instruments, with a focus on the most commonly used equipment (IncuCyte systems). We provide an in-depth analysis of the experimental conditions reported in publications utilizing these systems, particularly with regard to studying neurite outgrowth. This analysis sheds light on trends and patterns that will enhance the use of live-cell imaging instruments in CNS drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to quantitatively analyze the electromagnetic exposure dose of an inverter in a pure electric vehicle to the driver's body and assess the safety of the electromagnetic exposure, based on a real human anatomy model in the virtual home project, a real human model with several organs and tissues, including muscles, bones, a heart, lungs, a liver, kidneys, a bladder, a skull, a scalp, white matter, and a cerebellum, was constructed. The inverter of a pure electric vehicle is considered to be the electromagnetic exposure source; for this study, an equivalent electromagnetic environment model composed of a real human body, an inverter, and a vehicle body was built. The distribution of induced fields in the driver's tissues and organs was calculated and analyzed using the finite element method. The results show that the distribution of the magnetic flux density, induced electric field, and induced current density in the driver's body was affected by the spatial distance of the inverter. The farther the distance was, the weaker the value was. Specifically, due to the different dielectric properties of the different tissues, the induced field in the different tissues was significantly different. However, the maximum magnetic flux density over the space occupied by the driver's body and induced electric field in the driver's trunk and central nervous system satisfied the exposure limits of the International Commission on Non-Ionization Radiation Protection, indicating that the electromagnetic environments generated by the inverter proposed in this paper are safe for the vehicle driver's health. The numerical results of this study could also effectively supplement the study of the electromagnetic environments of pure electric vehicles and provide some references for protecting the drivers of pure electric vehicles from electromagnetic radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogens with affinity for the central nervous system (CNS) in children are diverse in their mechanisms of infecting and attacking the brain. Infections can reach the CNS via hematogenous routes, transneurally thereby avoiding the blood-brain barrier, and across mucosal or skin surfaces. Once transmission occurs, pathogens can wreak havoc both by direct action on host cells and via an intricate interplay between the protective and pathologic actions of the host's immune system. Pathogen prevalence varies depending on region, and susceptibility differs based on epidemiologic factors such as age, immune status, and genetics. In addition, some infectious diseases are monophasic, whereas others may lie dormant for years, thereby causing a dynamic effect on outcomes. Outcomes in survivors are highly variable for each particular pathogen and depend on the vaccination and immune status of the patient as well as the speed by which the patient receives evidence-based treatments. Given pathogens cause communicable diseases that can cause morbidity and mortality on a population level when spread, the burden is often the greatest and the outcomes the worst in low-resource settings. Here we will focus on the most common infections with a propensity to affect a child's brain, the pathologic mechanisms by which they do so, and what is known about the developmental outcomes in children who are affected by these infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)