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Industrial waste locks are used as raw materials to reduce harmful effects on the environment and improve environmental performance. Marble clay powder can be used as a filling aid and can fill voids in concrete structures. This article will show you how to use a maximum natural sand alternative in concrete with marble powder and quarry dust. The challenge of the 21st century is to change to a new form that can support the natural system. This necessitates a radical rethinking of how to give the community infrastructure and housing. Making a concerted effort to develop novel, innovative, and alternative construction materials may be necessary. Jungles of concrete around cause's impact on the Environment and it would result in climate change. Mankind must avoid the use of things that are detrimental to the environment. So in this paper, it is decided to address the issue by adopting the use of the green concrete concept which is environmentally friendly. Green concrete is concrete made up using industrial wastes such as marble powder, quarry dust, wood ash, paper pulp, etc. Green concrete, which is capable of sustainable development, helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources, energy use, and environmental pollution. Green concrete is more cost‐effective than ordinary concrete and reduces the cost of resultant concrete by 14%–20%. It is also observed that the alkali‐aggregate reaction and sulfate attack resistance of concrete are both significantly improved. Green concrete is a useful tool for lowering environmental pollution and enhancing concrete's resistance to harsh conditions. All stages of infrastructure construction and rehabilitation will follow this trend of using new cement and techniques. Green concrete's adaptability and its performance derivatives will meet a variety of future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper industry is one of the biggest sources of trash and stands out for its effects on both human health and ecological harmony. However, these waste could also help the building sector become more ecologically friendly. Beyond ecological considerations, modern construction often requires materials to make concrete durable, resisting heavy loads and less harmful environmental influences. This creates opportunities for waste management and practical application. This review provides a detail overview of eco-friendly construction ideas that deal with the practical use of materials that are often discarded (paper pulp ash). The impact they had on the characteristics of the construction material, the best mixture composition, and a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of the “green” addition received the majority of the attention (paper pulp ash). The essential concrete properties such as consistency, setting time, flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength are reviewed. Furthermore, the cost benefits and environmental benefits of paper pulp ash as construction materials are also discussed. The study concludes by suggesting a line of inquiry for the creation of an environmentally friendly structural material for a sustainable future.

Abstract This research uses WP to investigate the effect of two types of Shredded Waste Paper (SWP) comprising Shredded Copier Waste Paper (SCPWP) and Shredded Cardboard Waste Paper (SCBWP) as additives on the properties of concrete and the structural behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam (RCB). The slump, compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths increase by 4–13% for 5–10% addition of SCPWP and decrease by 16–23% for 15% addition of SCPWP compared to 0% addition. For SCBWP, the slump, compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths increase by 10–23% for 5–10% addition and decrease by 15–21% for 15% addition compared to 0% addition. 15% of SCPWP and SCBWP addition records the highest effect in water absorption and efflorescence, showing 11% and 10.28% increases with 15% addition of SCBWP and SCPWP. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveals that the crack is repaired, and the presence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) links enhances the concrete strength. The addition of 10% SCPWP and 10% SCBWP in the concrete mixtures improves the structural behaviour of RCB with stirrup spacing (SS) = 100 mm (full), 150 mm and 200 mm (reduced) by increasing the load and reducing the deflection. Apart from that, the concrete bending and shear strains also increase by 44.17% and 34.9%. The failure mode of the RCB changes from shear to bending. This study indicates that SCPWP and SCBWP can be used as additives in concrete at 5% and 10%, and 10% for RCB with significant strength and structural improvement.

Paper crumb (PC) is a type of paper sludge residue from the wastepaper recycling industry. It is a by-product from the various fiber purification stages that is particularly composed of short cellulose fibers, lignin, organic compounds and inorganic filler residues. Despite representing a reject material for the paper recycling sector, this feedstock can be turned into a bioresource to enable cross-sector industrial symbiosis in the form of a more sustainable concrete, hence an opportunity for novel Net Zero supply chains. This study sought to valorise the PC by the sequential anaerobic digestion to produce methane (CH 4) from the organic compounds, followed by utilization of the digestate as a water replacement in concrete. The 21-day digestion of PC yielded 163 ml CH 4 per gram volatile solids and the resulting digestate improved concrete compressive strength up to 50% water replacement grade, meeting the requirements for structural grade (C32/40) applications with substitution grades up to 50% and 25%, with and without the addition of plasticiser respectively. In a minor capacity, the digestate reduced workability of the concrete mix, however we demonstrate this issue can be resolved by the addition of plasticiser or increased water to cement ratios. The admixture addition is important to facilitate pumpability on site and ensure satisfactory compaction. This study highlights the potential of anaerobic digestate as a concrete supplement (additive), which would improve the sustainability of both the construction and the paper sector. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental aspects of sustainable development in the construction industry involve the utilisation of secondary raw materials in the design and construction of new structures. This study aims to conduct a critical review of previous literature on the use of olive waste ash (OWA). The use of OWA in concrete helps create and maintain sustainable and greener development. Published literature has confirmed the huge potential of using olive biomass ash (OBA) as replacement for a small portion of natural fine aggregate as admixture or reinforcement. The main goal of this development is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which cause environmental pollution and climate problems, and support the reuse and exploitation of the waste concept. This study also aims to examine the effect of OBA on concrete properties, such as workability, setting times, soundness, compressive strength, flexural strength, shrinkage and durability, as well as its impact on sustainability. Furthermore, information regarding microstructure in terms of scanning electron microscopy is provided in this work. This study is considered the first review paper to investigate the utilisation of olive-stone biomass ash on construction materials. It also contains recommendations and observations for future research in this field. This study is important for international research as it provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of using OWA as a sustainable alternative in the construction industry and can inform future developments in this area.

Aggregate, sand, water and cement are the mixtures for concrete. Waste paper concrete (WPC) incorporates waste paper (WP) in a concrete mixture. Each year, WP production increases gradually. As a result, additional places are required for landfills, which consume energy, deplete natural resources and increase environmental pollution. The environmental pollution could be lessened by using WP in concrete. So, this comprehensive paper reviews the potential of WP by adding or substituting with fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement in concrete at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. This paper also reviews the WP's structures, physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the fresh, structural and durability properties of WPC, such as slump, modulus of elasticity, stress-strain and water absorption, are also reviewed in this paper. From this review, the concrete's fresh, structural, and durability properties increase with the incorporation of WP at 5% and 10% and decrease at more than 10%. There are some hydrated cement particles, as observed through the SEM. At 10% WP addition, the hydrated cement particles tend to increase the concrete strength more than the strength at 5% WP addition. It is apparent that the incorporation of WP brings significant desirable characteristics compared to ordinary concrete, which has no waste paper contents. WP can potentially have favourable properties to be used in concrete production by improving its properties and performance.

An investigation was conducted to study the viability of using waste paper pulp ash as an alternative material applied as a partial replacement of cement in the manufacturing of concrete and its effect on the properties of concrete, and also, the cost and environmental advantage of using waste paper were examined. Four concrete mixes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% waste paper pulp ash replacement of OPC and PPC for 25 MPa concrete were prepared. Based on the results obtained from the research, the highest compressive strength obtained at all test ages, i.e., 3, 7, and 28 days, were, 24.36, 28.35, and 36.83 MPa, respectively, with 5% replacement of waste paper pulp ash for OPC, and for PPC, all percentage replacements showed reduction in compressive strength than the control mix. The water absorption of concrete was increased with increasing the percentage of waste paper pulp ash than control concrete. The control concrete clearly has the lowest resistance to 2% sulfuric acid solution compared to blended concrete of OPC-WPPA and PPC-WPPA. The cost comparison indicates that the incorporation of waste paper pulp ash decreases the cost of concrete and WPPA and saves raw materials used in cement and concrete production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Use of rice husk in concrete loading has been widely carried out, the function of rice husk ash varies, there is a concrete mixture added, and there is also a partial replacement of SCM (Supplementary Cementitious Material). Rice husk has a very dominant chemical content of SiO2, as we know in the chemical content of cement SiO2 and CaO are very important. In this study combining rice husk ash and paper waste ash, paper waste ash has a dominant chemical content, namely CaO. This study wanted to conduct an experiment on the Use of rice husk ash and paper waste ash as a substitute for the designation of SCM cement. This study combines rice husk ash and paper waste ash, with various types of compositions of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of two materials made of cylindrical concrete specimens of 150 mm x 300 mm size with a compressive strength plan at the age of 28 days to 25 MPa, and made from 0% specimens (without ash) from the compressive strength test results obtained compressive strength results of a mixture of rice husk ash and paper ash at a composition of 7.5% obtained compressive strength results in 27.8 MPa, and 27.2 MPa, while the comparative test object 0% obtained 25.1 MPa, rice husk ash, and paper ash can be used as an alternative substitute for part of SCM cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the potential use of discarded plasterboard paper as fibers from buildings to reinforce concrete. Various concentrations of wastepaper fibers (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% by weight of the binder) were investigated in this research. To mitigate the water absorption effect of the paper fibers, metakaolin was employed as a partial cement replacement. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of the wastepaper fiber enhances the mechanical and durability performance of the concrete. The optimal fiber proportion was identified as 1%, leading to a 29% increase in the compressive strength, a 38% increase in the splitting tensile strength, a 12% decrease in the water absorption, and a 23% decrease in the drying shrinkage with respect to the concrete containing 20% metakaolin. However, exceeding this optimal fiber content results in decreased mechanical and durability properties due to the fiber agglomeration and non-uniform fiber distribution within the concrete matrix. Based on the microstructural analysis, the improved performance of the concrete is ascribed to decreased porosity, more refined pore structure, and reduced propagation of microcracks within the concrete matrix in the presence of wastepaper fiber. According to the results, concrete containing 20% metakaolin and 1% wastepaper fiber exhibits durability and mechanical properties comparable to those of the traditional concrete. This finding highlights the significant promise of reducing dependency on conventional cement and incorporating suitable recycled materials, such as discarded plasterboard, and secondary by-products like metakaolin. Such a strategy encourages the preservation of resources, reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and a decrease in the ecological footprint resulting from concrete production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasterboard, a commonly utilized construction material, comprises a gypsum core nestled between two paper layers. Gypsum after demolition of plasterboards is a recyclable waste that has been reused into new plasterboard or other purposes such as agricultural products. However, there is a lack of understanding on the potential for recycling the paper layers. This study investigates the use of wastepaper fibers, obtained from the paper layers, as a reinforcing material and metakaolin as a partial cement replacement material in concrete. This study demonstrates the ability of the paper from waste plasterboard for reinforcing concrete. Wastepaper fibers were used at different concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.5% by weight of binder. Bending test was conducted for assessing fracture behavior of concretes, including load bearing capacity, modulus of rupture, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) at the load bearing capacity, fracture toughness, and fracture energy. Slump, axial compression, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also conducted on the concretes. It is found that incorporating wastepaper fiber by up to an optimum content of 1.5% results in an increase in the compressive strength (57%), flexural load bearing capacity and modulus of rupture (31%), CMOD displacement at load capacity (14%), fracture toughness (37%), and fracture energy (73%) of the metakaolin‐based concrete. However, further increase in the wastepaper fiber content results in decreased mechanical properties of the concrete, which is due to the fiber agglomeration and non‐uniform distribution within the concrete matrix. Based on the results, the concrete with 20% metakaolin and 1.5% wastepaper fiber experiences similar mechanical properties to the conventional concrete. The results of this study underscore the substantial potential of leveraging waste materials such as wastepaper and by‐products like metakaolin to diminish reliance on conventional cement. This approach not only enhances the mechanical properties of concrete but also fosters sustainable building practices by promoting the recycling of waste materials, reducing carbon footprint, and mitigating the environmental impacts inherent in traditional concrete production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the early age strength and hardening of concrete plays a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity and durability of concrete structures. Ultrasonic guided waves have emerged as a promising nondestructive testing technique for assessing concrete properties. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the utilization of ultrasonic guided waves for the early age assessment of concrete strength and hardening. The paper begins by discussing the fundamental principles of ultrasonic guided waves and their interaction with concrete materials. It highlights the advantages of using guided waves, such as their ability to propagate over long distances and penetrate through concrete structures. The review then explores various techniques employed for generating and detecting guided waves, including piezoelectric transducers, air-coupled transducers, and laser-ultrasonics. Furthermore, the paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the different parameters that can be extracted from ultrasonic signals to assess the early age strength and hardening of concrete. These parameters include wave velocity, attenuation, reflection, and scattering characteristics. The influence of various factors, such as moisture content, temperature, and mixture proportions, on the ultrasonic response of concrete is also discussed. Moreover, the review discusses the challenges and limitations associated with the application of ultrasonic guided waves in early age concrete assessment. It addresses issues such as signal interpretation, wave dispersion, and the presence of air voids. Additionally, recent advancements in signal processing techniques and data interpretation methods are highlighted. In conclusion, the utilization of ultrasonic guided waves for the early age assessment of concrete strength and hardening shows great promise. This review paper provides valuable insights into the current state-of-the-art in this field and offers recommendations for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of application for lignin, a byproduct of paper and pulp production, as a partial replacement for cement in producing mortars and concretes is presented. Initially, mortars were prepared with substitution rates ranging from 0.0% to 50.0% to determine the best rates for subsequent application in concretes. Statistical analysis showed that the rates with the highest potential for application in concretes were 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%. After preparing the concretes, test specimens were molded and subjected to axial compression, splitting tensile strength, water absorption by immersion, void ratio, and capillary water absorption tests after the curing period. The results showed that lignin, in rates higher than 5.0%, led to decreased mechanical strength; however, all concretes with lignin significantly reduced capillary water absorption, which can lead to greater material durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste valorisation as secondary or alternative raw materials in several sectors products and processes has been an important way to implement a more sustainable and circular way to manage the efficient use of natural resources. This action contributes not only to save natural resources but also to prevent sending large amounts of wastes, some of them dangerous, to landfill disposal, creating a major environmental, economic and social impact. To promote circular economy, this work attempts to demonstrate the environmental gains in a competitive way, by bringing together in an industrial symbiosis action, two large producing sectors (the pulp and paper industry and concrete construction sector), which are also able to consume significant amounts of resources and to generate large amounts of wastes. A sustainability evaluation based on a life cycle and circular approach is presented and discussed using a simple case study performed at real industrial scale. The lime ash waste from the pulp and paper industry is used to replace 100% of the natural filler used in precast concrete production and the impacts and benefits from the technical, environmental, economic and social level were assessed. It was demonstrated that this simple action causes positive impacts in the evaluated dimensions of sustainability without causing any changes in production time and causes no degradation on relevant concrete properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze the problem of rationally selecting a procedure for determining the chloride ion contect in concrete and reinforced concrete structures, since the presence of chlorides affects the rate of corrosion of reinforcing steel. A review of the standardized and certified methods of the quantitative chemical analysis for determining the chloride ion content in concrete and reinforced concrete structures is given. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the procedures, commonly used in the construction industry, which are based on argentometric, phototurbidimetric, and potentiometric (ionometric) methods using the following criteria: "Purpose and scope of the analytical procedure," "Analytical method," "Measurement instruments and reagents," "Preparation for analysis," "Conducting analysis," and "Processing measurement results." A relevant for the construction businesses selection of the rational procedure of quantitative chemical analysis based on the complex quality indicator (cost of the procedure) has been proposed. A justification was provided for the construction companies to use the procedures based on the argentometric and potentiometric methods, if the mass fraction of chloride ions in concrete is greater than or equal to 0.5 or 0.05%, respectively. The proposed approach to selecting a rational analytical procedure can be used in practice to optimize the process of studying characteristics of construction materials, including for the purpose of ensuring safety of buildings and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue covers the latest research on fatigue, performance, and damage assessments of concrete. Concrete fatigue is known as a phenomenon characterized by the repetition of loads. The fatigue-based performance of concrete may be affected by a combination of diverse loads, mechanical strength properties, and environmental changes. These factors eventually lead to poor concrete performance. In this Special Issue, nine papers were accepted, divided into three subgroups: two papers on fatigue, two papers on performance, and five papers on damage assessment. Unlike articles published in past Special Issues, our Special Issue contains papers that address concrete performance in concrete pavement applications. In particular, six of the articles contained in this issue concentrate on pavement performance and damage assessments, especially in terms of the Pavement Condition Index. Together with a brief introduction, the keywords, research significance and potential impacts of each article are summarized in this Editorial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Smart fiber reinforced concretes (FRC) are good in intelligent environmental response. With the smart FRC being used in buildings such as bridges and tunnels, the real-time online distributed monitoring of concrete state can be realized. It provides an excellent solution to reduce the emergencies caused by the accumulation of damages, resistance attenuation, etc. This paper analyzes smart FRC's self-sensing and self-healing response characteristics under different environmental response fields. Furthermore, the intelligent response mechanism of smart carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC), optical fiber reinforced concrete (OFRC), glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), and nanofiber reinforced concrete (NFRC) would be summarized. The response fields include the stress field, temperature field, electromagnetic field, chemical field, and humidity field, among which the field response mechanism of smart NFRC is classified and summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages, the intelligent response parameters, and the applications of smart FRC under different environmental fields are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating global plastic waste crisis has prompted a search for sustainable solutions, particularly in the construction industry. Recycling plastic waste to create sustainable construction materials, such as concrete, has emerged as a promising approach. This paper explores the potential of utilizing plastic waste in concrete to mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing construction practices. The study emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable practices in response to increasing plastic consumption and waste generation. By recycling plastic waste into concrete, the construction industry can reduce dependence on natural aggregates and minimize environmental pollution. The paper also highlights the economic feasibility and long-term performance of plastic-containing concrete, addressing key challenges and limitations. Through a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and technical aspects, this paper aims to provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of plastic waste in concrete construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of externally bonded composite systems is recognized as an effective solution for strengthening existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Steel-reinforced grout (SRG) is an attractive option, because of its compatibility with the concrete substrate and mechanical properties. However, a critical aspect is the delamination that might affect the steel textile–mortar and the mortar–concrete substrate interfaces. An experimental and theoretical investigation of the SRG–concrete bond is reported in this paper. In particular, the bond performances of SRG-to-concrete joints, which varies the width of the SRG fabric, the displacement rate, and the applied load eccentricity, are analyzed for the stress that is associated with the bond capacity, slip, and failure modes based on the results that are obtained by direct single-lap shear tests. To assess a data set for model calibration, the findings of this paper and those in the technical literature are collected. Therefore, a machine learning (ML) approach that is based on an artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithm is implemented, and a new analytical formulation for the prediction of the SRG-to-concrete bond capacity is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]