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The paper explores the activities offered by local governments in the entrepreneurial ecosystem concept perspective. This paper aims to determine the role of the local governments' assistance in the dependencies between institutions supporting entrepreneurship and new enterprises. The activities, such as (i) intentional activities, (ii) favourable conditions for the local entrepreneurial environment, and (iii) the local governments' relations with local entrepreneurs have been distinguished. To confirm the theoretically assumed three-factor structure, confirmatory factor analysis was performed. In the course of the study, the Spearman's correlation and structural modelling methods were applied. The results showed the relation between the local governments' activities and the entrepreneurship indicators at the local level. Additionally, the impact of the institutions supporting entrepreneurship on the number of newly registered entities, with a mediating role of favourable conditions for the local entrepreneurial environment and the local governments' relations with local entrepreneurs, was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The development of digital technology is one of the most important factors driving changes in consumer behavior in the 21st century. Today, the sharing economy covers more and more areas of consumers' daily lives. Using online apps to exchange, sell, buy or rent clothes has become one of the most popular ways of consuming fashion around the world. The main objective of this paper is to assess the importance and estimate the impact of the determinants (motives and unpleasant user experience) of providers' engagement in collaborative fashion consumption (CFC). Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted using an online survey with 420 respondents in Poland – users (providers) of CFC platforms. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation model (SEM) was performed using AMOS 21.0 version. The conducted research allowed to identify the importance and to determine the influence of examined factors on attitudes toward CFCs and willingness to use CFC apps in the future. Findings: Economic motives did not outperform non-economic motives to participate as a provider in CFC. Pragmatic motives were by far the most important determinants of fashion sharing. Environmental factors are an important reason for providers to participate in CFC but they may not be a direct motivation for CC participation. Social motives recorded the lowest average importance rating in the context of participation in CFC. Unpleasant user experience negatively influence both the attitudes toward using CFC apps and the willingness to use them in the future Research limitations/implications: The research was conducted only on Polish users, so due to cultural differences, the meaning and impact of the motives of using these apps may be different in other countries. Due to the method of sampling and sample size, the results cannot be treated as representative for the population of Polish users of CFC platforms. Future research could include conducting cross-country research and one may attempt to broaden the scope to include other categories of motives. Future research could also extend the scope of unpleasant user experience with other factors. Practical implications: The results of research on the motives of users' use of CFC apps should be useful for enterprises in the context of designing activities in the field of marketing communication. Originality/value: The paper fills a research gap in the field of research on the determinants of polish providers' engagement in collaborative fashion consumption (CFC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is an instrument with good psychometric properties that is widely used to assess alcohol craving. Based on the assumption that the experience of craving is independent of substance type, the Polish version of the PACS was modified to measure drug craving, thus creating the Penn Drug Craving Scale (PDCS). The analyses presented in the paper aim to verify the hypothesis that the PDCS has a unidimensional structure, is highly reliable and features longitudinal measurement invariance. Methods: The research was conducted in 14 inpatient and 13 outpatient randomly selected facilities that provide psychosocial therapy to people with substance use disorder (SUD) in Poland, during June 2018 –July 2019. The data used for the analyses came from 282 patients diagnosed on the basis of ICD-10 criteria (F11.2-F19.2). The paper presents analyses with the application of: [1] confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) conducted on the basis of a polychoric correlation matrix and the WLSMV estimator; [2] a reliability estimate using Cronbach's alpha and coefficient omega; [3] verification of longitudinal measurement invariance between the beginning and end of therapy; [4] evaluation of criterion validity; [5] normalisation of the raw scores. Results: The CFA results confirmed a unidimensional PDCS structure (RMSEA = 0.047, 95% CI: 0.000–0.103; CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.999) and a high reliability of the scale (ω = 0.93). Moreover, a strict longitudinal measurement invariance of the instrument was confirmed. Conclusions: Accurate assessment of craving is possible only with valid and reliable instruments. Therefore, the psychometric properties of the PDCS were verified based on the latest statistical approaches. The scale is a valid and highly reliable tool featuring longitudinal measurement invariance and can be usefully used for research and clinical purposes. Thus, the Polish version of the PACS has been modified and successfully applied to the population of people with SUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Over the past two decades, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been increasingly investigated. Recently, a new revision version of the ORTO-15, namely ORTO-R, was used. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of Polish version of the ORTO-R for evaluating ON thoughts and behaviors. Method: In three studies, a total of 3081 participants was selected by random sampling through several universities and companies. In Study 1, we used original items of ORTO-15, in Study 2 we used both, the ORTO-15 items and the revised items from ORTO-R, and in Study 3 we used only the items from the ORTO-R. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for determining the factorial structure of the Polish version of the ORTO-R. We also assessed internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the ORTO-R. Results: The model composed of the revised items (ORTO-R) was characterized of good convergent and criterion validity. Furthermore, ORTO-R appeared to be more internally consistent as compared to ORTO-15. Conclusion: The 6-item ORTO-R is valid and reliable method to assess orthorexic thoughts and behaviors among Polish-speaking population and could be applied in future research. Using revised version of the items is strongly preferred to using the items in their original ORTO-15 form. Plain English Summary: Over the past two decades, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been increasingly investigated. Recently, a new revision version of the ORTO-15, namely ORTO-R, was used. We attempted in this paper to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the ORTO-R. The Polish version of the ORTO-R is valid and internally consistent method to investigate ON and could be used in research and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The increase in the innovativeness of enterprises is conditioned by many external and internal factors. One of the internal factors on which an enterprise has significant influence is the management of the company. The objective of this paper is to identify the strategic management-related factors of enterprise innovativeness, understood as the most important internal factors in the area of management, which positively impact the innovativeness of enterprises in the strategic perspective. Design/methodology/approach: Empirical studies were conducted on a purposive sample of N = 180 small and medium-sized innovative manufacturing enterprises in Poland. The Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) technique was employed. Data analysis was performed using exploratory factor analysis within the confirmatory factor analysis framework (E-CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings: In light of the results of the research - the identified strategic factors of enterprise innovativeness in the area of management are the managerial competencies of the company's executives in the implementation of innovation strategies, human resource management and building trust-based relationships, as well as openness to innovation. Research limitations/ implications: A limitation of the study is the purposive selection of the research sample, preventing the generalization of the results. Further research should focus on the identification of strategic factors of enterprise innovativeness in the area of management in the age of development of Industry 4.0. Practical implications: The results of the research serve as recommendations for leaders/managers interested in increasing the level of innovativeness of their enterprises. Social implications: The inclusion of recommendations by leaders/managers should result in an increase in the innovativeness of enterprises. Originality/value: The research results have cognitive value for the expansion of knowledge in the studied area. The presented procedure of empirical research is recommended for use by researchers in further scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the unique role of small farms in providing their own food and nutrition security, the classic three-dimensional approach to sustainability evaluation is not exhaustive. In addition to the socio-economic and environmental dimensions, the question of sustainable development should be extended to the dimension of food and nutrition security. But yet the relations among the different sustainability dimensions at the farm level are not obvious. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to assess the interactions between food and nutrition security and the socio-economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability in small-scale farms. The study is based on surveys conducted in 2018 on a sample of 710 small-scale farms in Poland. By applying structural equation modeling with simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis, the study found a positive relationship between the socio-economic and food and nutrition security dimensions of sustainability, but there was a lack of synergy between the environmental component and the other dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise innovation is currently becoming a recognized factor of the competitiveness, survival, and development of companies in the market economy. Managers still need recommendations on ways of stimulating the growth of innovation in their companies. The objective of this paper is to identify the strategic factors of enterprise innovativeness in the area of technology, defined as the most important internal factors positively impacting the innovativeness of enterprises in a strategic perspective. Empirical studies were conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method on a purposive sample of N = 180 small and medium-sized innovative industrial processing enterprises in Poland. Data analysis was performed using Exploratory Factor Analysis within the Confirmatory Factor Analysis framework (E-CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Empirical research shows that the strategic factor of enterprise innovativeness in the area of technology is technological activity. A technologically active company should (1) possess a modern machinery stock, (2) conduct systematic technological audits, and (3) maintain close technical cooperation with the suppliers of raw materials, consumables, and intermediates. The implementation of the indicated recommendations by managers should lead to increased innovativeness of small and medium-sized industrial companies. The author recommends the use of the presented research procedure and data analysis methods in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to investigate the relationship between subjective quality of life (QoL) measured by life satisfaction and two domains: material and non-material. Additionally, the aim is also to compare the effect of these two dimensions on subjective QoL among females and males. The study was conducted based on a representative sample of adult inhabitants of Poland (N=1067) in December 2021. The question regarding the quality of life consists of eight items that were focused on the following aspects of quality of life: work, level of living, income, family life, work-life balance, health, access to infrastructure (sports, cultural), and access to healthcare. These items encompass two dimensions of quality of life: material (level of living, income) and non-material (the other items). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis were used in the study. The data do not follow the normal distribution. Therefore, the estimation method was WLSMV (robust weighted least squares). Based on confirmatory factor analysis, it can be stated that two constructs (dimensions: material and non-material) are correlated at an acceptable level. Eight manifested variables are valid and the two constructs are reliable. Structural equation models in the pooled sample and based on gender are at an acceptable level according to the majority of fit indices. Two dimensions – material and non-material – affect positively subjective QoL and are statistically significant. The strength of the influence of two dimensions on subjective QoL is very similar but there are significant differences among women (higher effect of material dimension) and men (higher effect of non-material dimension). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) was developed by Robert B. Shochet, Jorie M. Colbert and Scott M. Wright of the Johns hopkins university school of medicine and consists of 28 items used to evaluate perception of the academic environment. The objective was to translate and adapt the JHLES to Polish cultural conditions and to validate the Polish version of the tool. The JHLES questionnaire was completed by students of all years (first–fifth) of the faculties of dental medicine at the Medical University of Lublin and the Medical University of Gdańsk. The total surveyed population consisted of 597 students. The overall reliability of the tool was excellent. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed in order to confirm structural consistency with the original JHLES tool. Consequently, all indices had acceptable values (close to 1 or 0, depending on the case), and there was consistency in the results, which shows that the JHLES model is supported by the data. In the present study, the JHLES has been validated in a sample of dental students for the first time in Poland and Europe. Our study provided good evidence for the reliability and validity of the Polish version of the JHLES. In conclusion, the Polish-language version of the JHLES questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for analysing the learning environment for students, and its factor structure is supported by the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to analyze determinants that influence the attitude of students who use social media for emergency remote teaching. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out on a sample of 465 students from various universities in Poland. The confirmatory factor analysis and then the regression method were used for the purpose of conducting the study. Findings: The results pointed to the ease of social media use and their clear impact on improving emergency remote teaching. The vast majority of respondents also indicated an increased use of social media in relation to the pre-COVID period, which confirmed the thesis that the use of social media for emergency remote teaching during the pandemic was helpful. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of the research carried out were the low diversity in the fields of study. Most of the respondents were students of economic, sociological, and technical departments. Students of medical and artistic faculties participated in the study to a small extent only, which is also an important premise and direction to be taken into account while organizing further research on a wider group of students. Originality/value: The study brings new conclusions regarding the educational use of social media. The results provide important conclusions for universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer patients may experience a decrease in cognitive functioning before, during and after cancer treatment. So far, the Quality of Life Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLG) developed an item bank to assess self-reported memory and attention within a single, cognitive functioning scale (CF) using computerized adaptive testing (EORTC CAT Core CF item bank). However, the distinction between different cognitive functions might be important to assess the patients' functional status appropriately and to determine treatment impact. To allow for such assessment, the aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate separate item banks for memory and attention based on the EORTC CAT Core CF item bank. Methods: In a multistep process including an expert-based content analysis, we assigned 44 items from the EORTC CAT Core CF item bank to the memory or attention domain. Then, we conducted psychometric analyses based on a sample used within the development of the EORTC CAT Core CF item bank. The sample consisted of 1030 cancer patients from Denmark, France, Poland, and the United Kingdom. We evaluated measurement properties of the newly developed item banks using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory model calibration. Results: Item assignment resulted in 31 memory and 13 attention items. Conducted CFAs suggested good fit to a 1-factor model for each domain and no violations of monotonicity or indications of differential item functioning. Evaluation of CATs for both memory and attention confirmed well-functioning item banks with increased power/reduced sample size requirements (for CATs ≥ 4 items and up to 40% reduction in sample size requirements in comparison to non-CAT format). Conclusion: Two well-functioning and psychometrically robust item banks for memory and attention were formed from the existing EORTC CAT Core CF item bank. These findings could support further research on self-reported cognitive functioning in cancer patients in clinical trials as well as for real-word-evidence. A more precise assessment of attention and memory deficits in cancer patients will strengthen the evidence on the effects of cancer treatment for different cancer entities, and therefore contribute to shared and informed clinical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presenteeism has often been considered as the correlate of absenteeism and associated to productivity loss. This study sought to re-examine the psychometric properties of the 6-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6), a popular measure which has been translated in a number of languages. The study adopted a cross-sectional design with 268 participants aged 18 - 65 working in a multinational IT company with headquarters based in Poland. The respondents participated willingly in an online questionnaire on a presenteeism health-related productivity measure (SPS-6), job resources (peer support), job demands (workto-family conflict), engagement and burnout. Their responses were subjected to statistical analyses. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the SPS-6 is better represented by two singular and independent components, namely completing work and avoiding distractions, rather than an aggregated measure of healthrelated productivity. In fact, the aggregated measure had convergent and discriminant validity issues. We also assessed, via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the explanatory role of the SPS-6 within the wider well-being discourse by subjecting its' factors as outcomes using the JD-R framework. Here, burnout was better at explaining its relationship to avoiding distractions and completing work compared to engagement, while avoiding distractions was more dominant than completing work in explaining indirect pathways. Given the convergent and discriminant validity of its two-dimensional measures, we argue that the SPS-6 is a better assessment of health-related productivity in the light of presenteeism when keeping both components separate rather than adding the scores from both dimensions to provide a global score as has been the practice so far. In addition, the SEM findings suggest that both SPS-6 components may require different theoretical explanations. This study supports a growing chorus of scholars who argue the need to look deeper into the presenteeism phenomenon, not least its measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the nexus of contracts, derived from transaction cost economics (TCE), provides a holistic view of the production entity in agriculture from the perspective of a whole food system. TCE has been criticized, however, because it focuses exclusively on cognitive limitations of rationality that may prevent a transaction from occurring. An extended approach to human capital (HC), which includes so-called hidden HC, can address the doubts raised by the critiques. This study attempts to answer the question of how to shape environmentally sustainable nexus of contracts (SNC) in small-scale farming. The main objective is to assess the relationship between HC, including hidden HC, and a sustainable nexus of contracts under the influence of the European Union's common agricultural policy (CAP). The proposed SNC comprises operations eco-management, contractual integration (hierarchy), and management of resources (labor, capital) with regard to their intensity. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using ordinal variables was applied. The study is based on surveys performed in 2018 in Poland on a representative sample of 674 small-scale farms. It was hypothesized that the extended notion of HC is decisive for the development of SNC. This hypothesis has been confirmed, revealing the dominant role of training and participation in cultural/social events (which extend the perceptual boundaries of farmers) and indicating an almost negligible role of the length of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to adapt the Multisource Assessment of Social Competence Scale for the Polish population. The population examined in the study included only Polish participants of European (Caucasian) ancestry. The tool is composed of two scales, Prosocial and Antisocial, and four subscales. For the purpose of adaptation, children's social competence was evaluated based on their own and their parents' perspective. The sample consisted of children aged 9–15 (n = 253) and their parents (n = 248), with boys and girls accounting for 43% (n = 109) and 57% (n = 144) of child participants, respectively. All the participants originated from the western-central Greater Poland Voivodeship. The data analyzed in this study were collected in 2019. Internal consistency of the subscales and correlation between them were measured using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient and Spearman's correlation coefficient, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for both groups (children and parents) in two-, three- and four-factor models. The confirmatory factor analysis for both groups (children and parents) attributed the four-factor model with the highest goodness-of-fit, fulfilling the criteria of a good-fitting model. The results show that the Multisource Assessment of Children's Social Competence Scale is an appropriately adapted tool for the evaluation of the social competence of children in Poland, taking different rater perspectives into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives of the research: Social and emotional competencies are crucial predictors of effective human psychosocial functioning. Although research on social and emotional competencies has been carried out for many years almost worldwide, in the current era of rapid social changes, further research is necessary. Thus, it is still essential to validate international questionnaires to measure social and emotional competencies in different geographic areas, including Poland. This would make it possible to study the dynamics of the development of these competencies and to conduct comparative studies between different countries. Therefore, the aim of the study was to validate the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) in Poland. Research methods: This study was conducted with the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q). A short description of the context of the issue: The Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) was completed by 1,052 students aged 9 to 16. The psychometric properties of the SEC-Q were tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Research findings: The results showed that the SEC-Q has good psychometric properties and, as in its original version, it includes four components: self-awareness, self-management and motivation, social-awareness and relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. Conclusions and recommendations: Validation of the SEC-Q will allow for more research on social and emotional competencies in Poland, including an evaluation of programs for increasing social and emotional competencies and international comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: The use of a validated scale, Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale (SSCRS) to measure nurses' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyse selected psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SSCRS, among them the applicability of the dimensions of spiritual care in nursing, ie, spirituality, spiritual care, religiosity and personalized care, to Polish conditions. Methods: Poland-wide multicentre study with a cross-sectional validation design. The study was conducted between March and June 2019. Seven Polish Nursing Faculties accepted the invitation to participate in the study. A representative sample of 853 nurses enrolled in MSc (postgraduate) programs in nursing participated. After translation and cultural adaption of the SSCRS, the instrument underwent a full psychometric evaluation of its construct validity using (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha and correlation analysis), reliability (test−retest analysis), known-group validity (Student's t-test) analysis. Results: The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the Polish version of the SSCRS was a three-factor model with "Activity-centred spiritual care" (9 items), "Emotional support-centred spiritual care" (5 items) and "Religiosity" (3 items) domains. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0.902, and the alpha values for the individual domains were 0.898, 0.873 and 0.563, respectively. The three domains mentioned above seemed to provide a comprehensive understanding of spiritual care perceived subjectively by Polish MSc in nursing students. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a substantial degree of similarity in the selected psychometric characteristics of the Polish version of SSCRS and the original scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alexithymia is a trait involving difficulties identifying feelings, difficulties describing feelings, and an externally orientated thinking style. It is an important risk factor for a range of psychopathologies, and its assessment is therefore important in research and clinical settings. Originally created in English, the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire-Short Form (PAQ-S) is a brief 6-item self-report measure of alexithymia. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the first Polish version of the PAQ-S and to provide norms to help facilitate the interpretation of PAQ-S scores. Our sample was 1115 Polish-speaking adults (661 females, 438 males, and 16 non-binary gender) aged 18-72 from the general community in Poland. The PAQ-S's factor structure and measurement invariance was explored with confirmatory factor analysis, and the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire was assessed via relationships with psychopathology symptoms and well-being. As expected, the Polish PAQ-S demonstrated strong factorial validity and was invariant across age and gender. Convergent and divergent validity was also empirically supported, and internal consistency reliability was good. Overall, the Polish PAQ-S therefore appears to have strong psychometric properties much like the original English form, with its brief format being promising for allowing robust alexithymia assessments in a range of settings. Percentile rank norms and high alexithymia cut-off scores for Polish adults are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most significant human qualities is the ability to develop, implement, and flexibly maintain planned behaviour in order to achieve one's goals. Self-regulation has become a relatively well-researched area in the field of psychology and pedagogy. However, empirically valid and reliable instrument is still missing across European context. The primary goal of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-CZ) among adult learners from Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the SRQ-CZ validated in the Czech educational context in a multi-cultural sample. Methods: A total of 1711 adult learners from European countries including Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic completed the SRQ-CZ. The first step to reviewing the validity of the SRQ-CZ included testing face validity. Furthermore, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on half the sample and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the other half. Measurement invariance was conducted across gender, age, and country followed by the evaluation of the reliability of the final instrument. Results: EFA showed that a three-factor structure best fit the data. The originally proposed Impulse Control and Self-Direction are merged into one distinct factor, while Decision Making and Goal Orientation comprise the other two. Goodness-of-fit statistics yielded from CFA showed a good fit for the model, introducing a reliable and measurement invariant instrument. Conclusion: The present study used a diverse multi-cultural sample to explore the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the SRQ-CZ. A three-factor model was obtained as the result of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Further analysis aiming at measurement invariance, comparing the sample according to gender, age, and country, led to satisfactory results. The only exception was a lack of model fit in the case of Serbia. Although further psychometric evaluation of the SRQ-CZ is still needed, the presented results constitute significant findings, confirming instrument validity and utility as a measure of generalized self-regulation capacity across adult learners in European educational context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parentification is defined as a pattern of family interactions in which children and adolescents are required to engage in adult-like roles and responsibilities typically reserved for parents. Parentification can interfere with child and adolescent development resulting in harmful outcomes in childhood and later in adulthood. Unfortunately, few measures exist for investigating and assessing parentification, with only a few measures developed and validated among Polish populations. In the current article, we report on two studies that explore the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Parentification Inventory (PI) designed to assess caregiving among individuals who experienced varying degrees of parentification in their family of origin. The current article presents results from two non-overlapping samples (N = 693 [Study 1]; N = 252 [Study 2]) comprised of Polish emerging adults. In Study 1, the results from exploratory and confirmatory analyses demonstrated the adapted three-factor Polish version of the PI produced scores that are reliable and valid, although with significantly fewer items (22 vs. 12) than the original PI. In Study 2, the results confirmed the adapted Polish version of the PI scores were related to constructs (self-esteem and parent conflict) in theoretically expected ways. We conclude parentification is likely a culture-bound family systems construct that demands careful consideration by international researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The psychometric properties of scores derived from the PI confirmed the multidimensional model proposed by Hooper (2009) and validated in US samples. The current studies also confirmed the PI—although with 12 items—is a suitable measure to be used with Polish families. Highlights: The Parentification Inventory is a reliable measure to assess for family caregiving. Parentification is correlated with constructs similarly in both US and Polish emerging adults. The Parentification Inventory is a sound option to be used in Polish families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article presents research on enterprises from various economic environments, namely the mature Finnish market and the Polish post-transformation one. Thus, our study examined how the external (international) environment affected the internationalization and business opportunities of Polish and Finnish SMEs. Methodology: Data for the Polish sub-sample was collected from January to February 2021 using the mixed CATI/CAWI method. We used multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to check for measurement invariance, and chi-square independence test and logistic regression to verify the hypothesis. Findings: Perceiving the environment as hostile hinders internationalization for Poland only and not for Finland. According to theoretical premises and earlier studies, entrepreneurial marketing orientation (EMO) increases the probability of internationalization in both countries. However, countries differ in terms of which EMO dimensions -- and to what extent -- influence internationalization. Implications: In turbulent times, such as a pandemic, respondents might take the worst moment of turbulence as a reference point while assessing environmental hostility and appraising it as favorable. Perceiving the environment as hostile hinders internationalization in some sets only. In a mature economy, resources such as human capital, managerial experience, and access to finance may help to mitigate the negative influence of environmental hostility on internationalization. Respondents in both countries perceived the EMO dimensions in a similar way, so the EMO scale proved to be invariant and useful in a different country setting. Nevertheless, the EMO dimensions that are the main drivers of internationalization were country specific. Originality: The article presents a study on the influence of environment characteristics on the internationalization of enterprises from various economic environments, i.e. the mature Finnish market and the Polish post-transition one. Thus, the article fills the literature gap regarding comparative studies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) acting in different country sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Benign and Malicious Envy Scale is a promising self-report measure forming a counterpoint to the unidimensional approach to the assessment of dispositional envy. The goals of the present study were to examine the reliability, structure, and measurement equivalence of the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale across four independent groups from the United States, Germany, Russia, and Poland. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the structure of the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale is two-dimensional and its measurement is reliable. Moreover, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, supplemented by alignment optimization, revealed that the scale is invariant by country across all factors regardless of whether a linguistic distinction between the two envy types in the respective language exists. The results speak to the current debate about whether envy should be conceptualized as unitary or as an emotion that occurs in two distinct forms, supporting the latter view. Additionally, country-level differences in envy point to cultural differences which merit further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Poland, individuals enter marriages and relationships increasingly to derive personal fulfillment, creating high expectations that may elevate individuals' risk for romantic disillusionment (the perception that the relationship has not lived up to expectations and has deteriorated). Given these dynamics in Poland, a Polish‐language measure of disillusionment would open up new research opportunities. Three studies, therefore, examined psychometric properties of a new Polish‐Language Relationship Disillusionment Scale (RDS‐PL), which was translated and back‐translated with an established English‐language measure. Study 1 (pilot study) administered the English‐ and Polish‐language RDS versions 2 months apart to 19 bilingual Polish university students, yielding cross‐language test–retest reliability of 0.61. In Study 2, 214 individuals completed the RDS‐PL and other Polish‐language measures. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a one‐factor RDS‐PL structure, and significant correlations of the RDS‐PL with relationship satisfaction, forgiveness, and resentment provided convergent validity. Study 3 (N = 280) supported the RDS‐PL's convergent validity with English and Polish‐language relationship measures. Studies 2 and 3 also partially supported its discriminant validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we focused on the methodological insights, the measurement and evaluation of compulsive buying tendencies among young consumers in Poland. We administered the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) developed by d'Astous et al. (in: Goldberg, Gorn, Pollay (eds) Advances in consumer research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, 1990) for North America and adapted it to the Polish population. Then used the data to develop a Polish version of the Compulsive Buying Scale (P-CBS). The study extended previous methodological work on new consumers' culture, and more importantly, investigated the compulsive buying in two groups of consumers: compulsive- and non-compulsive buyers. The sample comprised 504 young Polish citizens, aged between 17 and 25 years. In the complex analytical process, we replicated the three-dimensional structure of the CBS scale (d'Astous et al. 1990): the 'Tendency to Spend', a 'Reactive Aspect' of compulsive buying, and 'Post Purchase Guilt'. This process included the following steps: the translation of the items, an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, based on latent variables theory, and a reliability and validity analysis. Data analyses indicated a satisfactory reliability and validity of the P-CBS. Research findings are presented across the sample and the subsamples of compulsive buyers and non-compulsive buyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS) has been used in different socio-cultural contexts, no study has tested the measurement invariance across countries. Because previous research did not agree on the dimensionality of the scale, we primarily investigated the factorial structure of the IHS, comparing the one-factor model to three-factor, second-order, and bifactor models. We also evaluated the applicability of the IHS to Italian (N = 290) and Polish samples (students: N = 253; community: N = 241) using a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. We investigated also whether the scale measures an aspect of happiness different from satisfaction with life. The bifactor model fitted the sample data better than alternative models in all samples. The general factor accounted for over 90% of the reliable variance in the total IHS score for all samples. Our study supported the configural and metric invariance of the bifactor model in the Italian and Polish versions of the IHS, ensuring the comparability of correlations involving the IHS scores in the two different cultures and samples. We showed that IHS is not redundant with the SWLS, although the two concepts are deeply intertwined. Our findings provided support for a conceptualization of interdependent happiness as a hierarchically organized construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]