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Phonological awareness is the ability to correctly recognize and manipulate phonological structures. The role of phonological awareness in reading development has become evident in behavioral research showing that it is inherently tied to measures of phonological processing and reading ability. This has also been shown with ERP research that examined how phonological processing training can benefit reading skills. However, there have not been many attempts to systematically review how phonological awareness itself is developed neurocognitively. In the present review, we screened 224 papers and systematically reviewed 40 papers that have explored phonological awareness and phonological processing using ERP methodology with both typically developing and children with reading problems. This review highlights ERP components that can be used as neurocognitive predictors of early developmental dyslexia and reading disorders in young children. Additionally, we have presented how phonological processing is developed neurocognitively throughout childhood, as well as which phonological tasks can be used to predict the development of phonological awareness prior to developing reading skills. Neurocognitive measures of early phonological processing can serve as supplemental diagnostic sources to behavioral measures of reading abilities because they show different aspects of phonological sensitivity when compared to behavioral measures.

Buses are networks for both physical and social mobility. They permit people to become part of temporary communities of individuals whose goal is to travel along linear routes, which connect multiple stops and reach certain destinations. Through an ethnographic case study of Bus No. 163, which is designated for Jewish pilgrims traveling to Rachel’s tomb in Jerusalem, this paper focuses on the interactions between travelers that took place on this bus during December 2019 and February 2020. The interactions of people on Bus No 163 helps us better understand this liminal phase of pilgrimage. The findings of the research, as recorded by participant observation, analyse the liminal stage of a Jewish pilgrimage by taking into account the social dynamics on this bus. Although there are several ethnographies on different bus systems, this recent paper focuses on a public-pilgrim bus, bringing a new understanding not only to pilgrimage but also to transportation studies.

This review paper consolidates the job design research in sports which encompasses job characteristics and job crafting. Job Characteristics approach is a top-down perspective and the job crafting approach is the bottom-up perspective of job design.

Background: The smart city approach is one of the most widely implemented urban development frameworks to solve the challenges brought about by urbanization. While the smart city approach has been evaluated across several urban dimensions. However, the extent to which the key performance indicators (KPI) assess security and safety dimensions is unknown. This protocol presents a systematic review of current KPIs to fill this gap. Objectives: This protocol details the work plan for a systematic review of KPI for public safety smartness designed to provide a comprehensive summary and their limitations in the scientific literature. Particularly, the study seeks to critically review the applicability of current public safety KPI to the Andalusian context. Specifically, the systematic review aims to synthesize: (RQ1) What indicators have been designed and used to measure urban public safety smartness; (RQ2) Within which smart city dimensions have the KPI been located; and (RQ3) How are the KPI defined and measured? Design: This systematic review follows the PRISMA statement. Five databases are searched for thematically relevant studies published in English or in Spanish. Studies included peer?reviewed publications, books, book chapters, conference papers, government and company documents, technical reports and doctoral theses. After the initial search, a pilot study was conducted on a sample of the total number of titles identified through the databases searches. After acceptable inter-rater reliability was reached among the three coders, screening of abstracts was carried out by the first author. Next, full-text screening of documents will determine the final sample. Finally, data will be extracted from the final selection of documents.

BackgroundAs we are witnessing the evolution of social media (SM) use worldwide among the general population, the popularity of SM has also been embraced by health care professionals (HCPs). In the context of SM evolution and exponential growth of users, this scoping review summarizes recent findings of the e-professionalism of HCPs.ObjectiveThe purpose of this scoping review is to characterize the recent original peer-reviewed research studies published between November 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020, on e-professionalism of HCPs; to assess the quality of the methodologies and approaches used; to explore the impact of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs; to recognize the benefits and dangers of SM; and to provide insights to guide future research in this area.MethodsA search of the literature published from November 1, 2014, to December 31, 2020, was performed in January 2021 using 3 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus). The searches were conducted using the following defined search terms: “professionalism” AND “social media” OR “social networks” OR “Internet” OR “Facebook” OR “Twitter” OR “Instagram” OR “TikTok.” The search strategy was limited to studies published in English. This scoping review follows the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines.ResultsOf the 1632 retrieved papers, a total of 88 studies were finally included in this review. Overall, the quality of the studies was satisfactory. Participants in the reviewed studies were from diverse health care professions. Medical health professionals were involved in about three-quarters of the studies. Three key benefits of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs were identified: (1) professional networking and collaboration, (2) professional education and training, and (3) patient education and health promotion. For the selected studies, there were five recognized dangers of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs: (1) loosening accountability, (2) compromising confidentiality, (3) blurred professional boundaries, (4) depiction of unprofessional behavior, and (5) legal issues and disciplinary consequences. This scoping review also recognizes recommendations for changes in educational curricula regarding e-professionalism as opportunities for improvement and barriers that influence HCPs use of SM in the context of e-professionalism.ConclusionsFindings in the reviewed studies indicate the existence of both benefits and dangers of SM on e-professionalism of HCPs. Even though there are some barriers recognized, this review has highlighted existing recommendations for including e-professionalism in the educational curricula of HCPs. Based on all evidence provided, this review provided new insights and guides for future research on this area. There is a clear need for robust research to investigate new emerging SM platforms, the efficiency of guidelines and educational interventions, and the specifics of each profession regarding their SM potential and use.

Which type of statistical uncertainty -- statistical (in)significance with a p-value, or a Bayesian probability -- enables people to see the continuous nature of uncertainty more clearly in a policymaking context? An original survey experiment asked participants from Ireland to read a hypothetical policymaking scenario and decide to or not to introduce a new bus line as a policy to reduce traffic jams, given a research report estimating its effectiveness. The four types of information were given as the treatments: statistical significance with a p-value of 2%, statistical insignificance with a p-value of 25%, a 95% probability that the estimate is correct, and a 68% probability that the estimate is correct. The effect size and cost of the policy were fixed across all treatment groups. In the case of lower uncertainty, both significance and Bayesian frameworks resulted in a large proportion of participants adopting the policy (.82 and .91 respectively), while in the case of higher uncertainty, the significance framework led a much smaller proportion of participants to adopt the policy than the Bayesian framework (.39 against .83). The findings suggest participants were able to see the continuous nature of uncertainty more clearly in the Bayesian framework than in the significance framework., working paper