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Plastic is an indispensable material in modern society; however, high production rates combined with inadequate waste management and disposal have resulted in enormous stress on ecosystems. In addition, plastics can become smaller particles known as microplastics (MPs) due to physical, chemical, and biological drivers. MP pollution has become a significant environmental problem affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Although the topic is not entirely new, it is of great importance to the field of polymers, drawing attention to specific gaps in the existing literature, identifying future areas of research, and improving the understanding of MP pollution and its environmental impacts. Despite progress in this field, problems remain. The lack of standardized methods for MP sampling, separation, extraction, and detection makes it difficult to collect information and establish links between studies. In addition, the distribution and pathways of MPs in ecosystems remain unknown because of their heterogeneous nature and the complex matrices in which they occur. Second, toxicological tests showed that MPs can be ingested by a wide range of organisms, such as Danio rerio and Eisenia fetida, resulting in gut obstruction, physical damage, histological changes, and oxidative stress. The uptake of MP and their toxicological effects depend on their shape, size, concentration, and polymer composition. Furthermore, MPs can enter the food chain, raising concerns regarding potential contaminations for human and environmental health. This review paper sheds light on the pressing issue of MP pollution and highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid oxidation is a spontaneous process in fats and, consequently, in products with significant fat content. Many cosmetics fall into this category, presenting an intrinsic relationship between the productʼs quality, oxidation capacity, and market value. This study comprehensively investigated the aging of body lotions, accentuating the role of their chemical formulations. Sensory analysis clarified that controlled temperature-induced aging significantly altered the lotions' appearance, texture, color, and, to a lesser extent, odor, hinting at the onset of rancidity. As lipid peroxidation unfolds, the emergence of secondary oxidation products like aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols becomes prominent. These secondary products indicate a potential degradation in the lotion's quality and efficacy. Quantifying the primary oxidation products was possible using methods like the quantification of Conjugated Dienes (CD) expressed in percentage and the Peroxide Index (PI) method expressed in meqO 2 /kg of a dry sample. On the other hand, methods such as the p-Anidisine Index (pAi) and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) with malonaldehyde (MDA) expressed as malonaldehyde concentration (mg/g of dry sample) provided the quantification of secondary oxidation products. Regarding lipid oxidation, lotions containing sunflower and soybean oils emerged as notably susceptible. Conversely, samples that demonstrated minimal oxidation, were attributed to protective elements such as Aloe barbadensis and Calendula officinalis extracts. Examining into secondary oxidation, four samples displayed the highest TOTOX values, indicating extensive oxidation. A discernible correlation was observed between TOTOX values and natural extracts' presence (or lack), underscoring their protective or exacerbating roles. Certain natural ingredients, including A. barbadensis leaf juice powder and C. officinalis flower extract, were recognized as supporters against oxidation. Yet, components like PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil can, paradoxically, seem to intensify the oxidative cascade. This research provides crucial insights into the interplay between natural extracts and lipid oxidation in body lotions. The elucidated results accentuate the necessity for judicious ingredient selection, balancing the inclusion of natural extracts to ensure product quality, longevity, and safety. [Display omitted] • Aloe barbadensis and Calendula officinalis extracts show protection against oxidation. • PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil accelerates lipid oxidation acting as a pro-oxidant. • Accelerated aging tests show changes in lotion appearance, texture, color, and odor. • Sunflower and soybean oils exhibited heightened vulnerability to lipid oxidation. • A correlation between TOTOX values and antioxidant-rich natural extracts emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the recent findings on the development of different types of single and multitarget nanoparticles for disease detection and drug delivery to the brain, focusing on promising active principles encapsulated and nanoparticle surface modification and functionalization. Functionalized nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools for the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders, offering a novel approach to addressing complex neurological challenges. They can act as drug delivery vehicles, transporting one or multiple therapeutic agents across the blood–brain barrier and precisely releasing them at the site of action. In diagnostics, functionalized nanoparticles can serve as highly sensitive contrast agents for imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. By attaching targeting ligands to the nanoparticles, they can selectively accumulate in the affected areas of the brain, enhancing the accuracy of disease detection. This enables early diagnosis and monitoring of conditions like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. While the field is still evolving, functionalized nanoparticles represent a promising path for advancing our ability to diagnose and treat brain disorders with greater precision, reduced invasiveness, and improved therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the world population, the overexploitation of the planet's natural resources is becoming a worldwide concern. Changes in the way humankind thinks about production and consumption must be undertaken to protect our planet and our way of living. For this change to occur, sustainable development together with a circular economic approach and responsible consumption are key points. Agriculture activities are responsible for more than 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions; moreover, by 2050, it is expected that food production will increase by 60%. The valorization of food waste is therefore of high importance to decrease the environmental footprint of agricultural activities. Fruits and vegetables are wildly consumed worldwide, and grapes are one of the main producers of greenhouse gases. Grape biomass is rich in bioactive compounds that can be used for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and their extraction from this food residue has been the target of several studies. Among the extraction techniques used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food waste, subcritical water extraction (SWE) has been the least explored. SWE has several advantages over other extraction techniques such as microwave and ultrasound extraction, allowing high yields with the use of only water as the solvent. Therefore, it can be considered a green extraction method following two of the principles of green chemistry: the use of less hazardous synthesis (principle number 3) and the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries (principle number 5). In addition, two of the green extraction principles for natural products are also followed: the use of alternative solvents or water (principle number 2) and the use of a reduced, robust, controlled and safe unit operation (principle number 5). This review is an overview of the extraction process using the SWE of grape biomass in a perspective of the circular economy through valorization of the bioactive compounds extracted. Future perspectives applied to the SWE are also discussed, as well as its ability to be a green extraction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is a natural product widely consumed all over the world due to its relationship with healthy benefits. Additionally, environmental and ethical issues have a higher weight in the consumer's choice to buy honey as a natural product. Following the high demand of this product, several approaches have been suggested and developed aiming at the assessment of honey's quality and authenticity. Target approaches, such as pollen analysis, phenolic compounds, sugars, volatile compounds, organic acids, proteins, amino acids, minerals, and trace elements, showed an efficacy, particularly concerning the honey origin. However, a special highlight is given to DNA markers, due to their useful applicability in environmental and biodiversity studies, besides the geographical, botanical, and entomological origins. Different DNA target genes were already explored for addressing diverse sources of honey DNA, with DNA metabarcoding attaining a relevant importance. This review aims to describe the latest advances on DNA-based methods applied in honey related studies, identifying the research needs for the development of new and additional required methodologies, and to select the most adequate tools for future research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum L. is a species widely used in dietary supplements and natural healthcare products. The berries, also known as goji or wolfberries, mostly grow in China, but recent reports on their outstanding bioactive properties have increased their popularity and cultivation around the world. Goji berries are a remarkable source of phenolic compounds (such as phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids, organic acids, carbohydrates (fructose and glucose), and vitamins (ascorbic acid). Several biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer activities, have been associated with its consumption. Hence, goji berries were highlighted as an excellent source of functional ingredients with promising applications in food and nutraceutical fields. This review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and biological activities, along with various industrial applications, of L. barbarum berries. Simultaneously, the valorization of goji berries by-products, with its associated economic advantages, will be emphasized and explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of coastal regions has contributed to the intensification of environmental contamination, which can accumulate in aquatic biota, such as shrimps. These crustaceans, besides being delicious and being a good source of nutrients, can also accumulate environmental pollutants. Amongst others, these include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and synthetic musks (SMs). These pollutants, classified as endocrine disruptors, are related to adverse effects in humans and since one of the major routes of exposition is ingestion, this is a cause for concern regarding their presence in food. The aim of the present study was to quantify the presence of environmental pollutants in shrimp samples and in the water from their habitat along the northwest Portuguese coast. In seawater samples, only two OCPs (lindane and DDD) and one BFR (BTBPE) were detected, and in shrimp samples, one OCP (DDD) and three SMs (HHCB, AHTN and ketone) were found. Bioaccumulation and the risk assessment of dietary exposure of SMs in shrimp samples were investigated. It was observed that all shrimp samples analyzed significantly presented bioaccumulation of the three SMs found. Concentrations of SMs detected in shrimp samples do not present a health risk for the adult Portuguese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the current study, polyphenols were extracted from chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSS) by two eco‐friendly techniques, namely microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The bioaccessibility, phenolic composition and bioactivity of CSS extracts were explored upon in vitro gastrointestinal digestion considering a future nutraceutical use. The phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, bioaccessibility and antioxidant/antiradical properties of both extracts decreased during digestion. The bioaccessibility was 25% and 26%, respectively, for UAE and MAE extracts. The phenolic profile demonstrated that gallic acid, caftaric acid and catechin were the most bioaccessible compounds for both extraction techniques. The CSS extracts unveiled notable radicals scavenging efficiency, particularly against HOCl (18.32–75.44% inhibition) and ONOO− (16.78–86.11% inhibition), as well as hypoglycaemic (6.95–17.99% α‐amylase inhibition) and neuroprotective (16.44–54.66% AChE inhibition) properties upon digestion. Considering the undigested extracts, the UAE extract revealed better results than the MAE extract. Oppositely, among digested fractions the MAE digests disclosed the most promising outcomes. The remarkable contribution of phenolic compounds to the bioactivity of CSS extracts after in vitro digestion was proved by heatmap correlations, indicating that their pro‐healthy properties were modified after gastrointestinal digestion, being ascribed to the distinct phenolic composition. This study evaluates, for the first time, the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of phenolics‐rich CSS extracts prepared by UAE and MAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability is an increasing challenge in the pharmaceutical field, leading to the search for eco-friendly active ingredients. Among natural ingredients, propolis arises as an excellent alternative, being a complex substance with pharmacological properties. This work aims to explore the potential of propolis as a new pharmaceutical ingredient for the replacement of conventional vulvovaginal antifungals. Propolis extracts were obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction using different solvents (water, water/ethanol (50:50, v/v), and ethanol). Afterwards, the extracts were characterized regarding total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant/antiradical activities, radical scavenging capacity, antifungal activity against strains of Candida species, and viability effect on two female genital cell lines. The aqueous extract achieved the best TPC result as well as the highest antioxidant/antiradical activities and ability to capture reactive oxygen species. A total of 38 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC, among which ferulic acid, phloridzin and myricetin predominated. Regarding the anti-Candida spp. activity, the aqueous and the hydroalcoholic extracts achieved the best outcomes (with MIC values ranging between 128 and 512 μg/mL). The cell viability assays confirmed that the aqueous extract presented mild selectivity, while the hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extracts showed higher toxicities. These results attest that propolis has a deep potential for vulvovaginal candidiasis management, supporting its economic valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidia arguta is a climbing, fruit plant that recently generated a spread interest in many regions of the world, due to world globalization and knowledge expansion. During its production, different by-products are generated, such as fruits, leaves, stems, flowers and roots, being characterized by a rich bioactive composition that wise the scientific community for its health effects. Inboard of this panoply of valuable bioactive compounds, vitamin C, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, caffeic acid, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, p -coumaric acid, minerals and fatty acids play critical roles. As a result, the valorization and reuse of these by-products is a challenge, particularly for producers. This review aims to summarize the potential cosmetic and medical skincare applications of the different bioactive compounds from A. arguta by-products, describing and exploring their potential to contribute as active ingredients based on the biological activities reported. Simultaneously, a critical analysis of the patents available on the market regarding its use as cosmetic and medical skincare ingredient is provided. Cosmetic and medical skincare products could be a sustainable and green option for the use of A. arguta by-products bioactive compounds. Apart from contribute to skin appearance and health, the addition of these active compounds to the final cosmetic and pharmaceutical products may also provide skin beneficial effects such as photoprotection, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects, also acting as depigmenting and emollients, among other activities. Besides that, the impact on food by-product valorization and circular economy will be enormous. [Display omitted] • Actinia arguta by-products are rich in bioactive compounds with skin effects. •The use of A. arguta by-products in topical formulations is extremely promising. •Skin health benefits are enormous. •Few patents are available on the market with A. arguta as skin ingredient. •Add value to fruit byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements (ETEs) important in cellular chemical reactions and antioxidant defense. Ingestion of ETEs during pregnancy is crucial but their role in specific pregnancy outcomes is largely unknown. This study aimed to quantify urinary levels of these ETEs in pregnancy and to evaluate their role in pregnancy health. First trimester pregnant women of Porto and Lisbon regions provided a urine sample, and sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Clinical data were obtained from clinical records. Urinary ETEs were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our results show that having urinary Zn levels above the 50th percentile (P50) increases the risk of pre-eclampsia (PE). On the other hand, urinary Zn levels above the P50 decreased the risk of being born with head circumference small for gestational age but it increased the risk having length small for gestational age at birth. This study may provide valuable information for public health policies related to prenatal nutrition, while informing future efforts to de-fine urinary reference intervals for ETEs in pregnant women. Cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements (ETEs) and important cofactors for intermediary metabolism or redox balance. These ETEs are crucial during pregnancy, their role on specific pregnancy outcomes is largely unknown. This prospective study (#NCT04010708) aimed to assess urinary levels of these ETEs in pregnancy and to evaluate their association with pregnancy outcomes. First trimester pregnant women of Porto and Lisbon provided a random spot urine sample, and sociodemographic and lifestyle data. Clinical data were obtained from clinical records. Urinary ETEs were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 635 mother:child pairs were included. Having urinary Zn levels above the 50th percentile (P50) was an independent risk factor for pre-eclampsia (PE) (aOR [95% CI]: 5.350 [1.044–27.423], p = 0.044). Urinary Zn levels above the P50 decreased the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) birth head circumference (aOR [95% CI]: 0.315 [0.113–0.883], p = 0.028), but it increased the risk SGA length (aOR [95% CI]: 2.531 [1.057–6.062], p = 0.037). This study may provide valuable information for public health policies related to prenatal nutrition, while informing future efforts to de-fine urinary reference intervals for ETEs in pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chestnut shells (CS), the principal by-product of the chestnut processing industry, contain high concentrations of flavonoids and other polyphenols with huge interest for the nutraceuticals field. Nonetheless, the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of phytochemicals can be influenced by their digestibility, making it imperative to evaluate these activities prior to application of CS as a nutraceutical ingredient. This work aims to appraise the effects of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility, bioactivity, and metabolic profiling of CS. An increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant/antiradical properties, radical scavenging capacity, and inhibition on acetylcholinesterase activity was evidenced during in vitro simulated digestion. Metabolomic profiling by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS revealed changes during the simulated digestion, particularly in phenolic compounds (46% of total compounds annotated), lipids (22%), phenylpropanoids (9%), organic acids (7%), carbohydrates (5%), nucleosides (5%), amino acids (4%), and alcohols (1%). Phenolic acids (gallic acid, syringic acid, and hydroxyphenylacetic acid) and flavonoids (epicatechin) were the major polyphenolic classes identified. The heatmap-positive correlations highlighted that the bioactivity of CS is closely related to the phenolic compounds and their bioaccessibility. These findings suggest the reuse of CS as a potential nutraceutical ingredient with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, encouraging the use of appropriate extraction and/or encapsulation techniques to enhance the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant change in microplastics (MP) due to exposure to environmental conditions leads to physical and chemical changes that enhance their ability to transport other pollutants, increasing the concern about their widespread presence in the environment. This work aimed to simulate the aging process of six MP (polyamide 6, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polypropylene) in freshwater and seawater ecosystems at laboratory scale and evaluate its effects through optical microscope observation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Through a combined experimental study of aged MP, the degradation by UV interaction was evidenced by the appearance of new infrared bands in the FTIR spectra assigned to ketones and hydroxyl groups. While Raman analysis and microscope images reveal the appearance of pores, wrinkles, and roughness in the MP surfaces. Variations in the temperature of the maximum weight loss of the MP were observed in the TGA analysis. The adsorption of chlorpyrifos (CPF), a common pesticide widely used in agriculture, by the pristine and aged MP was also studied. The highest affinity for CPF was observed for pristine LDPE and the lowest for PP. The batch adsorption studies revealed an increase in adsorption capacity as a consequence of the aging process for both MP. These results proved that the weathering effects caused changes in the behavior of MP, namely in the interaction with other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well-known among neurodegenerative diseases for the decline of cognitive functions, making overall daily tasks difficult or impossible. The disease prevails as the most common form of dementia and remains without a well-defined etiology. Being considered a disease of multifactorial origin, current targeted treatments have only managed to reduce or control symptoms, and to date, only two drugs are close to being able to halt its progression. For decades, natural compounds produced by living organisms have been at the forefront of research for new therapies. Mushrooms, which are well-known for their nutritional and medicinal properties, have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of AD. Natural products derived from mushrooms have shown to be beneficial in several AD-related mechanisms, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE 1); the prevention of amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation and neurotoxicity; and the prevention of Tau expression and aggregation, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Several studies in the literature relate mushrooms to neurodegenerative diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no publication that summarizes only AD data. In this context, this review aims to link the therapeutic potential of mushrooms to AD by compiling the anti-AD potential of different mushroom extracts or isolated compounds, targeting known AD-related mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires can cause serious imbalances in ecosystems, primarily at the soil level, making it vulnerable to degradation processes such as erosion. During and after a fire, changes occur in soil properties, including pH, which affects the solubility and availability of nutrients. Currently, there is a great diversity of protocols, some involving normalized standards, to determine soil pH, but there is no consensual or universal analytical method for this parameter, especially in burned soils, in which mineral and organic fractions could have been modified. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the effect that variations in these analytical protocols may have on pH results. For this, five methods commonly found in the international bibliography for the analysis of pH of soil in water (pHH2O) were selected and compared to propose the most precise procedure. The analytical methods were applied to 43 soil samples, collected in a plot subjected to prescribed burning in the Parque Natural de Montesinho (Northern Portugal). The studied methods differ in the following protocol items: water suspension ratio (1:2.5 or 1:5), mechanical stirring time in the suspension (10 min or 1 h), and in the resting time for the solid particles to settle (15 min or 8 h). The obtained results point to the suitability of the five methods used for soil pH analysis, indicating that there are no statistically significant differences. However, results also allow suggesting a more appropriate method concerning practical reasons, such as labor in a lab. Thus, to make the analysis process more profitable, M2 is a good option because it uses a small amount of sample (5 g), short agitation (10 min) and settling time (15 min). In turn, M1 and M5, which use a lower proportion of soil (1:2.5) show lower pH variation in the measurements. This fact may be explained by a smaller dilution effect. Considering that these two methods differ in the settling time, it is suggested to apply M1, because only 15 min are required. Therefore, the main conclusion reached with this work is that the measurement of soil pH using M1, i.e., a soil:water ratio of 1:2.5, with agitation of 10 min and settling time of 15 min, is a robust and more expeditious protocol to be applied to soil samples after a fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder is a widespread condition with antidepressants as the main pharmacological treatment. However, some patients experience concerning adverse reactions or have an inadequate response to treatment. Analytical chromatographic techniques, among other techniques, are valuable tools for investigating medication complications, including those associated with antidepressants. Nevertheless, there is a growing need to address the limitations associated with these techniques. In recent years, electrochemical (bio)sensors have garnered significant attention due to their lower cost, portability, and precision. Electrochemical (bio)sensors can be used for various applications related to depression, such as monitoring the levels of antidepressants in biological and in environmental samples. They can provide accurate and rapid results, which could facilitate personalized treatment and improve patient outcomes. This state-of-the-art literature review aims to explore the latest advancements in the electrochemical detection of antidepressants. The review focuses on two types of electrochemical sensors: Chemically modified sensors and enzyme-based biosensors. The referred papers are carefully categorized according to their respective sensor type. The review examines the differences between the two sensing methods, highlights their unique features and limitations, and provides an in-depth analysis of each sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Enzymatic bioelectrode characterized for energy generation and biosensing purposes. • Bilirubin oxidase immobilized on carbon paper using PBSE as bifunctional crosslinker. • Biobattery successfully applied in powering a digital watch for over 2 h. • Biosensor revealed high sensitivity (606 μA mM−1 cm−2) and low LOD (1.3 μM) for O 2. • Response maintained (88%) for 34 days through constant bioelectrode reutilization. Biological systems can be envisaged as energy-sustainable solutions for both microenergy production to power small electronics and sensing purposes. In the present work, an enzymatic bioelectrode was characterized as biocathode in the fabrication of a biobattery and as biosensor for dioxygen detection. Carbon fibre paper was selected as transducer given its unique tailoring and electrocatalytic characteristics, being modified with carbon nanotubes for subsequent attachment of bilirubin oxidase enzyme. The immobilization process was based on a simple but effective method using the crosslinker 1-pyrenebutanoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, which creates stable bonds by maintaining a good response (88%) for over 34 days. The biobattery, that consisted of a zinc anode coupled with the developed biocathode, produced an open circuit potential of 1.69 V and maximum power of 40 μW, being capable of powering a digital watch for over 2 h. When applied as a dioxygen biosensor, the biocathode revealed high sensitivity of 606 ± 22 μA mM−1 cm−2 and low limit of detection of 1.3 ± 0.2 μM in chronoamperometric measurements at +0.4 V. The application of bilirubin oxidase in the fabrication of biobatteries is scarcely studied even given its advantages over other dioxygen reduction enzymes. Likewise, the use of the remarkable features of CP in dioxygen biosensing is yet to be explored. Therefore, this work stands as an interesting opportunity in the development of relatively simple and affordable bioelectrodes viably intended for energy and biosensing applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in anthropogenic pollution raises serious concerns regarding contamination of water bodies and aquatic species with potential implications on human health. Pharmaceutical compounds are a type of contaminants of emerging concern that are increasingly consumed and, thus, being frequently found in the aquatic environment. In this sense, an electrochemical sensor based on an unmodified and untreated carbon fiber paper (CPS—carbon paper sensor) was simply employed for the analysis of trimethoprim antibiotic in fish samples. First, the analytical conditions were thoroughly optimized in order for the CPS to achieve maximum performance in trimethoprim determination. Therefore, an electrolyte (0.1 M Britton–Robinson buffer) pH of 7 was selected and for square wave voltammetry parameters, optimum values of amplitude, frequency and step potential corresponded to 0.02 V, 50 Hz, and 0.015 V, respectively, whereas the deposition of analyte occurred at +0.7 V for 60 s. In these optimum conditions, the obtained liner range (0.05 to 2 µM), sensitivity (48.8 µA µM−1 cm−2), and LOD (0.065 µM) competes favorably with the commonly used GCE-based sensors or BDD electrodes that employ nanostructuration or are more expensive. The CPS was then applied for trimethoprim determination in fish samples after employing a solid phase extraction procedure based on QuEChERS salts, resulting in recoveries of 105.9 ± 1.8% by the standard addition method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is a crucial problem in our society, having nowadays a better understanding of its consequences, which include the increase of contaminant cocktails present in the environment. The contamination of honeybees can occur through their interaction with the nearby environment. Therefore, if honeybees are previously contaminated, there is a possibility of contamination of their products, such as honey as natural, or minimally processed, product, resulting from the honeybees' activity. Considering that honey is a highly consumed product, it is extremely necessary to control its quality and safety, including evaluating the presence and quantification of contaminants, which should follow monitoring studies and the legislation established by the European Union. This work aims to review the literature of different contaminants reported on honey, including pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceuticals, focusing on the reports using the QuEChERS technique for the extraction. Furthermore, reports of microplastics on honey samples were also discussed. Despite the existence of several methods that identify and quantify these contaminants, few methods have been reported to operate with different groups of contaminants simultaneously. The development of methods with this characteristic (while being fast, low cost, and with a lower impact on the environment), monitoring studies to identify the risks, and an update on legislation are priority actions and future perspectives to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregation of α-synuclein has been recognized as a critical event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease whose prevalence is increasing with great socio-economic challenges for future generations. Here, we developed a sensitive and specific electrochemical immunosensor for the detection and quantification of this biomarker, based on the voltammetric study of a redox indicator signal, which decreases upon the analyte recognition by the antibody due to the electronic resistance increase. The proposed immunosensor is based on a screen-printed carbon electrode modified in a layer-by-layer approach, which through extensive characterization led to the successful nanostructuration of the transducer, through the drop-cast of 3.0 μL of a 0.1 mg mL−1 single-walled carbon nanotubes suspension followed by electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles in a 3 mM HAuCl4 solution under a −0.2 V potential for 150 s. Monoclonal antibodies were immobilized on the gold nanoparticles surface through chemical modification at an optimal concentration of 200 μg mL−1. Using the proposed immunosensor, α-synuclein was detected in the range of 0.01–10 ng mL−1 with a 4.1 and 12.6 pg mL−1 limits of detection and quantification, respectively. Recovery values of 96.7, 106.2 and 102.9% were attained for the tested concentrations spiked in fetal bovine serum while also presenting excellent specificity and stability throughout one month. The nanostructured immunosensor provided a great interface for electronic transduction and biological recognition events, which enabled fast, sensitive and specific detection of α-synuclein while being based on a simple and inexpensive technology requiring small sample volumes, crucial characteristics for application in point-of-care testing. [Display omitted] • A simple and effective label-free procedure was developed for α-synuclein detection. • The immunosensor is based on a nanostructured screen-printed carbon electrode. • Nanostructuration of the immunosensor amplified its electrochemical behavior. • Detection and quantification limits of 4.1 and 12.6 pg mL−1 were attained. • The immunosensor enables highly sensitive and specific detection of α-synuclein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral mucositis (OM), a common side effect of oncological treatment, is an oral mucosal disorder characterized by painful ulcerations and increased risk of infection. The use of natural antioxidants to suppress the redox imbalance responsible for the OM condition has emerged as an interesting approach to prevent/treat OM. This study aims to explore the chestnut (Castana sativa) shells as potential active ingredient against OM. Therefore, chestnut shells were extracted at different temperatures (110–180 °C) by Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), aiming to recover antioxidants. The extracts were also evaluated against microorganisms present in the oral cavity as well as on human oral cell lines (TR146 and HSC3). The highest phenolic content was obtained with the extraction temperature of 110 °C, exhibiting the best antioxidant/antiradical activities and scavenging efficiencies against HOCl (IC50 = 4.47 μg/mL) and ROO• (0.73 μmol TE/mg DW). High concentrations of phenolic acids (e.g., gallic and protocatechuic acids) and flavanoids (catechin, epicatechin and rutin) characterized the phenolic profile. The antimicrobial activity against several oral microorganisms present in the oral cavity during OM, such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia, was demonstrated. Finally, the effects on HSC3 and TR146 cell lines revealed that the extract prepared at 110 °C had the lowest IC50 (1325.03 and 468.15 µg/mL, respectively). This study highlights the potential effects of chestnut shells on OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (kiwiberry) leaves are a source of phenolic compounds with pro-health biological effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite the huge number of studies reporting the composition of A. arguta leaves, no in vitro or in vivo studies explore its potential use as nutraceutical ingredient based on these activities. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the safety profile of kiwiberry leaf extracts using in vitro and in vivo approaches through the assessment of intestinal cell viability (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX), 3D intestinal permeation, and, most important, the redox markers, biochemical profile and liver and kidney function effects after the animal assays. Briefly, wistar rats were orally treated for 7 days with kiwiberry leaf extracts (50 and 75 mg/kg bw), water (negative control), or vitamin C (positive control). The cell viability was above 90% at 1000 μg/mL for both cells. Coumaroyl quinic acid and rutin achieved a permeation higher than 25% in the 3D intestinal model. The animal studies confirmed the extracts' ability to increase superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase content in animals' livers and kidneys while simultaneously decreasing the triglycerides content. This study highlighted the antioxidant capacity of kiwiberry leaf extracts, ensuring their efficacy and safety as a nutraceutical ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chayote leaves are known for culinary and traditional medicine applications. This work intended to recover carotenoids and phenolic compounds from chayote leaves using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). A Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the impact of extraction time, temperature, and ultrasonic power on the recovery of total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. For comparative purposes, chayote leaf extracts were prepared by maceration (ME) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), using the same time and temperature conditions optimized by UAE. Extraction at 50 °C and 170 Watts for 30 min provided the optimal UAE conditions. UAE showed better extraction efficacy than ME and MAE. The HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that the xanthophyll class was the main class of carotenoids, which constituted 42–85% of the total carotenoid content, followed by β-carotene and tocopherol. Moreover, 26 compounds, classified as phenolic acids, flavonols, flavonoids and other polar compounds, were identified in the chayote leaf extracts. Flavonols accounted for 55% of the total compounds quantified (the major compound was myricetin) and phenolic acids represented around 35%, mostly represented by ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid and (+)-catechin. This study revealed the potential of UAE as an effective green extraction technique to recover bioactive compounds from chayote leaves, for food, and for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MP) are spread into all ecosystems and represent a threat to the equilibrium of the environment and human health, not only due to their intrinsic characteristics but also to their action as effective carriers of contaminants, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The pesticide α-endosulfan is persistent and spread in the environment. The MP are another possible way of dissemination to be considered in the fate of this pesticide. The adsorption dynamics of α-endosulfan by six different MP (low-density polyethylene—LDPE, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, polyamide 6, polystyrene granule, polypropylene granule) with different sizes/shapes and chemical compositions were evaluated. The most critical situation was identified for the system LDPE (particle size < 300 μm). Equilibrium studies (48 h equilibrium time) were performed for distilled, tap and filtered river water. Based on the Langmuir model parameters, the highest maximum adsorption capacity was obtained for distilled water, followed by filtered river and tap waters (i.e., 366 ± 39, 247 ± 38, 157 ± 22 μg/g). The obtained results demonstrate the important role that microplastics may have in the fate and transport of pesticides and their potentially harmful effect on the environment, which requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lycium barbarum L. berries as a source of valuable bioactive compounds. • Response Surface Methodology enabled the optimization of the extraction process. • Phenolic acids, flavanols, and phenylamides were detected. • The extract proved to be safe for intestinal application at doses up to 500 ug/mL. • Different extract's compounds permeated the cell monolayer. Lycium barbarum L. berries have a remarkable chemical composition and extensive biological activities, being a valuable component of health and nutraceutical practices. Nevertheless, a deep insight on the intestinal permeation of the pro-healthy bioactive compounds is urgently needed to predict the real effects on human body. This study attempted, for the first time, to optimize the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of goji berries using a Response Surface Methodology approach and establish the intestinal permeation of the principal pro-healthy compounds. The optimal extraction conditions were a solid:liquid ratio of 8.75 % for 56.21 min, using an intensity of 59.05 W/m2. The optimal extract displayed a remarkable antioxidant capacity, with LC/DAD-ESI-MS analysis unveiled a diverse phytochemical profile, encompassing different compounds (e.g. glu-lycibarbarspermidine F, 2-glu-kukoamine, rutin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid). The intestinal co-culture model demonstrated that glu-lycibarbarspermidine F (isomer 2) (73.70 %), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (52.66 %), and isorhamnetin-3- O -rutinoside (49.31 %) traversed the intestinal cell layer, exerting beneficial health-promoting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An immunosensor was developed for the analysis of a fish allergen (β-parvalbumin). • The nanostructuration of the transducer enhanced the analytical signal. • A limit of detection of 0.40 ng was achieved in an assay time of ∼75 min. • The device was able to track traces of β-PV in a variety of commercial products. • Food processing affects the allergen content. Seafood product labels with accurate allergen contents can avoid and/or minimize allergic reactions. Therefore, an electrochemical immunosensor for the analysis of β-parvalbumin (β-PV, a major fish allergen) was developed. Screen-printed carbon electrodes were nanostructured with reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. The platform was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. In a sandwich-type assay (∼75 min), the antigen–antibody interaction was detected by chronoamperometry using horseradish peroxidase and TMB-H 2 O 2. A linear range of 25–3000 ng/mL, a sensitivity of 2.99 µA.mL/ng, and a limit of detection of 9.9 ng/mL (corresponding to 0.40 ng in the analysed aliquot) were obtained. The selectivity and possible interferences were assessed by analysing several other food allergens and a marine toxin. The sensor was applied to the analysis of 17 commercial foods and the effect of culinary processing (e.g., grilled, canned, smoked) on the β-PV concentration was assessed. Traces of β-PV were successfully quantified and ELISA was used to assess the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of salivary cortisol levels. The sensor employs a combination of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that are electrodeposited onto a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The study utilised density functional theory and molecular docking techniques to determine the geometry of molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential energies, and binding energy of cortisol and the polymers. The thin film of cortisol-imprinted polymer on the SPE was created by electro-polymerizing pyrrole and thiophene-3-carboxylic acid on the electrode surface along with cortisol as the template molecule. The MIP film was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrochemical techniques. The sensor exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 0.05 nmol L−1 to 2.5 μmol L−1, with a limit of detection of 0.01 nmol L−1, as determined by differential pulse voltammetry. This method offers a simple yet efficient and sensitive approach to detecting cortisol levels in human saliva samples. [Display omitted] • A new electrochemical sensor is presented that can selectively detect salivary cortisol levels using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). • Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrochemically deposited on a screen-printed electrode (SPE) as a substrate for the cortisol-imprinted polymer thin film. • The cortisol-imprinted polymer thin film was synthesized on the SPE through the electro-polymerization of pyrrole and thiophene-3-carboxylic acid. • The study used density functional theory and molecular docking techniques to compute the geometry of molecular orbitals, electrostatic potential energies, and binding energy for the interacting molecules. • The differential pulse voltammetry method showed a linear response in the concentration range of 0.05 nmol L−1 to 2.5 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.016 nmol L−1. • This simple approach is an efficient and sensitive method for detecting cortisol levels in human saliva samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has been developed based on a simple and sustainable strategy for the selective determination of citalopram (CTL) using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The MIP layer was prepared by electrochemical in situ polymerization of the 3-amino-4 hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) functional monomer and CTL as a template molecule. To simulate the polymerization mixture and predict the most suitable ratio between the template and functional monomer, computational studies, namely molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, were carried out. During the experimental preparation process, essential parameters controlling the performance of the MIP sensor, including CTL:AHBA concentration, number of polymerization cycles, and square wave voltammetry (SWV) frequency were investigated and optimized. The electrochemical characteristics of the prepared MIP sensor were evaluated by both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Based on the optimal conditions, a linear electrochemical response of the sensor was obtained by SWV measurements from 0.1 to 1.25 µmol L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.162 µmol L−1 (S/N = 3). Moreover, the MIP sensor revealed excellent CTL selectivity against very close analogues, as well as high imprinting factor of 22. Its applicability in spiked river water samples demonstrated its potential for adequate monitoring of CTL. This sensor offers a facile strategy to achieve portability while expressing a willingness to care for the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer, a major world public health problem, is associated with chemotherapy treatments whose administration leads to secondary concerns, such as oral mucositis (OM). The OM disorder is characterized by the presence of ulcers in the oral mucosa that cause pain, bleeding, and difficulty in ingesting fluids and solids, or speaking. Bioactive compounds from natural sources have arisen as an effective approach for OM. This review aims to summarize the new potential application of different natural products in the prevention and treatment of OM in comparison to conventional ones, also providing a deep insight into the most recent clinical studies. Natural products, such as Aloe vera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Camellia sinensis, Calendula officinalis, or honeybee crops, constitute examples of sources of bioactive compounds with pharmacological interest due to their well-reported activities (e.g., antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or wound healing). These activities are associated with the bioactive compounds present in their matrix (such as flavonoids), which are associated with in vivo biological activities and minimal or absent toxicity. Finally, encapsulation has arisen as a future opportunity to preserve the chemical stability and the drug bioa vailability of bioactive compounds and, most importantly, to improve the buccal retention period and the therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, analytical chemistry has been facing new challenges, particularly in developing low-cost, green, and easy-to-reproduce methods. In this work, a simple, reproducible, and low-cost electrochemical (voltammetric) molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor was designed specifically for the detection of trazodone (TZD). Trazodone (TZD) is an antidepressant drug consumed worldwide since the 1970s. By combining electropolymerization (surface imprinting) with screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs), the sensor is easy to prepare, is environmentally friendly (uses small amounts of reagents), and can be used for in situ analysis through integration with small, portable devices. The MIP was obtained using cyclic voltammetry (CV), using 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) as the functional monomer in the presence of TZF molecules in 0.1 M HCl. Non-imprinted control was also constructed in the absence of TZD. Both polymers were characterized using CV, and TZD detection was performed with DPV using the oxidation of TZD. The polymerization conditions were studied and optimized. Comparing the TZD signal for MIP/SPCE and NIP/SPCE, an imprinting factor of 71 was estimated, indicating successful imprinting of the TZD molecules within the polymeric matrix. The analytical response was linear in the range of 5–80 µM, and an LOD of 1.6 µM was estimated. Selectivity was evaluated by testing the sensor for molecules with a similar structure to TZD, and the ability of MIP/SPCE to selectively bind to TZD was proven. The sensor was applied to spiked tap water samples and human serum with good recoveries and allowed for a fast analysis (around 30 min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A self-powered biosensor is proposed based on a PQQGDH bioanode and BOx biocathode. • Graphite pencils modified with carbon nanotubes are used as transducers. • Efficient and simple enzymes immobilization using the bifunctional crosslinker PBSE. • A sensitivity of 8.08 μW cm−2 mM−1 and a LOD of 0.084 mM were achieved for glucose. • The biofuel cell has high stability by retaining 94% of response after 12 days. Biofuel cells are an interesting way of microenergy production that can be advantageously channeled for biosensing applications. In this study, a biofuel cell was developed and applied as a self-powered biosensor for glucose detection. Glucose oxidase was initially tested for the bioanode and, since no evidence of direct electron transfer was observed in the absence of the co-substrate, it was not further considered. The enzymes Pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH) and Bilirubin oxidase (BOx) were immobilized on Pencil graphite electrodes (PGE), previously nanostructured with MWCNT, serving as bioanode and biocathode, respectively. The bifunctional crosslinker 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBSE) was used as a simple but efficient tethering agent, enabling the establishment of direct electron transfer events. Cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, and amperometry were employed for individual characterization of bioanode and biocathode as biosensors for the respective enzymatic substrates. A mean sensitivity of 77.7 ± 5.9 μA cm−2 mM−1 was obtained for glucose with a Limit of detection (LOD) of 4.0 ± 2.2 μM, whereas in the detection of O 2 , the sensitivity and LOD achieved were 336 ± 22 μA cm−2 mM−1 and 3.2 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. Finally, the PQQGDH bioanode and BOx biocathode were conjugated into a biofuel cell and further characterized as a self-powered biosensor for glucose, exhibiting a linear range up to 1 mM, an excellent sensitivity of 8.08 μW cm−2 mM−1, a low LOD of 0.084 mM and long stability (94% of the original response after 12 days). Therefore, PGE transducers and PBSE are valuable strategies for the design of simple and efficient self-powered biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread across the environment and humans are unavoidably and constantly exposed to them. As lipophilic contaminants, these substances tend to accumulate in fatty tissues as adipose tissue and exposure to these endocrine disruptors has been associated with severe health hazards including prevalence and incidence of obesity. Previous studies have shown significantly higher concentrations of PAHs in adipose tissue compared to other human samples, such as urine and plasma, which are typically used for PAHs assessment. Therefore, conducting biomonitoring studies in adipose tissue is essential, although such studies are currently limited. In this study, the concentrations of 18 PAHs were measured in subcutaneous (scAT) and visceral adipose tissue (vAT) of 188 Portuguese obese females by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained results were then associated with the patient's data namely: 13 clinical, 4 social, and 42 biochemical parameters. Seventeen PAHs were present, at least, in one sample of both scAT and vAT, most of them with detection frequencies higher than 80%. Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP) was the only PAH never detected. Overall higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in scAT. Median concentrations of ∑PAHs were 32.2 ± 10.0 ng/g in scAT and 24.6 ± 10.0 ng/g in vAT. Thirty-six significant associations (7 with social, 18 with clinical, and 11 with biochemical parameters), including 21 Spearman's correlations were identified (12 positive and 9 negative correlations). Indicating the potential effects of PAHs on various parameters such as obesity evolution, body fat, number of adipocytes, total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, macrominerals, uric acid, sedimentation velocity, and luteinizing hormone. This study underscores the significance of biomonitoring PAH levels in adipose tissue and their potential effects on metabolic health. Further research is essential to fully comprehend the metabolic implications of PAHs in the human body and to develop strategies for obesity prevention and treatment. [Display omitted] • 18 PAHs were measured in adipose tissue of 188 obese women. • 17 PAHs were detected and most of PAHs had detection frequencies higher than 80%. • Median concentrations of PAHs were 32.2 ng/g in scAT and 24.6 ng/g in vAT. • Overall higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in scAT. • PAHs alter metabolic processes of obese females (36 associations identified). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chestnut shells extract valorized as a promising nutraceutical ingredient. • Total phenolics improved during in-vitro digestion. • Hydroxybenzoic, phenylpropanoic, and phenylacetic acids identified upon digestion. • Proven bioactivity on α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and antioxidant enzymes. • Multivariate analysis predicted the role of phenolics in extract bioactivity. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CS) are an undervalued antioxidant-rich by-product. This study explores the impact of in-vitro digestion on the bioaccessibility, bioactivity, and metabolic profile of CS extract prepared by Supercritical Fluid Extraction, aiming its valorization for nutraceutical applications. The results demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) lower phenolic concentrations retained after digestion (38.57 µg gallic acid equivalents/mg dry weight (DW)), reaching 30% of bioaccessibility. The CS extract showed antioxidant/antiradical, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective properties after in-vitro digestion, along with upmodulating effects on antioxidant enzymes activities and protection against lipid peroxidation. The metabolic profile screened by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS proved the biotransformation of complex phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins present in the undigested extract (45.78 µg/mg DW of total phenolic concentration) into hydroxybenzoic, phenylpropanoic, and phenylacetic acids upon digestion (35.54 µg/mg DW). These findings sustain the valorization of CS extract as a promising nutraceutical ingredient, delivering polyphenols with proven bioactivity even after in-vitro digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chestnut shells extracted by SFE valorized as a potential nutraceutical ingredient. • Neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects proved. • Untargeted metabolic profile revealed 60 % lipids and 30 % phenolics in permeates. • Ellagic acid and caffeic acid metabolites quantified after intestinal permeation. • Enrichment analysis identified 29 metabolic pathways. The health benefits of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSs) have been ascribed to phytochemicals, mainly phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, an exhaustive assessment of their intestinal absorption is vital considering a possible nutraceutical application. This study evaluated the bioactivity of CSs extract prepared by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and untargeted metabolomic profile upon in-vitro intestinal permeation across a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture model. The results demonstrated the neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of CSs extract by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and lipase activities. The untargeted metabolic profiling by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS unveiled almost 60 % of lipids and 30 % of phenolic compounds, with 29 metabolic pathways indicated by enrichment analysis. Among phenolics, mostly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins permeated the intestinal barrier with most metabolites arising from phase I reactions (reduction, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation) and a minor fraction from phase II reactions (methylation). The permeation rates enhanced in the following order: ellagic acid < o -coumaric acid < p -coumaric acid < ferulaldehyde ≤ hydroxyferulic acid ≤ dihydroferulic acid < ferulic acid < trans -caffeic acid < trans -cinnamic acid < dihydrocaffeic acid, with better outcomes for 1000 µg/mL of extract concentration and after 4 h of permeation. Taken together, these findings sustained a considerable in-vitro intestinal absorption of phenolic compounds from CSs extract, enabling them to reach target sites and exert their biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of more efficient analytical methods that answer the world's demands is a challenge and their development continues to be a difficult task. In this work the construction of an electrochemical cell, based on low-cost and accessible materials, that can be easily constructed and used for electroanalytical purposes, is described. Pencil leads were used as electrodes and a transparency sheet as the base. This cell was used as transducer for developing an amperometric biosensor for the quantification of histamine, which is the only biogenic amine regulated by law. The analysis was based on the use of diamine oxidase as biorecognition element, hexacyanoferrate(III) as electron-transfer mediator, and chronoamperometry, at +0.5 V during 100 s, to record the analytical signal. A linear relationship between histamine concentration and the analytical signal was established between 5.0 and 35 mg L−1 and a low limit of detection (1.0 mg L−1) was achieved. The analysis of different fish species (sardine and tuna) was performed, obtaining recovery values between 102% and 110%. The stability of the sensor is noteworthy: it maintained 95% of the initial analytical signal after 15 days. [Display omitted] • A simple electrochemical cell consisting of three graphite pencil leads was created. • A cheap histamine biosensor using 0.5-mm pencil leads as electrodes was developed. • The sensor showed satisfactory linear range (5–35 mg L−1) and reproducibility (<4%). • The sensor showed suitable stability (95% signal after 15 days) and selectivity. • The sensor provided good recoveries when applied to spiked fish samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are organophosphorus compounds created as substitutes for persistent environmental pollutants, namely organochlorines pesticides and brominated flame retardants, respectively. However, there is evidence that organophosphorus compounds are also widespread across the environment and have adverse effects on biota. In humans, OPPs and OPEs were reported to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, amongst others. As lipophilic compounds, these accumulate in fat tissues as adipose tissue. Yet biomonitoring studies and analytical methodologies to assess these compounds in the human body are scarce, particularly in adipose tissue. In this study, the presence of six OPPs and seven OPEs was determined in samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) and visceral adipose tissue (vAT) from 188 adult obese women. OPPs and OPEs were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) flame photometric detection and confirmed in GC tandem mass spectrometry. The detection frequencies ranged between 0.5-1.6% and 48–53%, respectively for OPPs and OPEs. Organophosphorus pollutants were present in both adipose tissues and median concentrations were 0.008 ± 0.020 μg/g scAT and 0.009 ± 0.020 μg/g vAT. A total of 32 Spearman's correlations were found between organophosphorus pollutants concentrations in adipose tissue and several biochemical parameters (18 positive and 14 negative). Our results show that anthropometric and hormonal parameters, cholesterol, glycaemia, macrominerals, urea and sedimentation velocity might be influenced by the presence of these compounds. The presence of organophosphorus pollutants in the environmental and their possible effect on female metabolic processes is concerning. Particularly because presently OPEs usage is not controlled or limited by any regulation. More studies are needed to fully understand these pollutants behaviour and hazard effects on human health, biota, and the environment so control regulations can be drawn to prevent and lessen their effects. The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). [Display omitted] • Organophosphorus compounds were analysed in adipose tissue of a female obese cohort. • From 13 compounds, two OPPs and five OPEs were found in samples of scAT and vAT. • The detection frequency of ΣOPP + OPE is higher in vAT (53.2%) than in scAT (48.4%). • OPPs and OPEs levels were linked to patient's clinical and biochemical data. • Organophosphorus compounds might alter metabolic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are among the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Warfarin is often prescribed for these disorders, an anticoagulant with inter and intra-dosage variability dose required to achieve the target international normalized ratio. Warfarin presents a narrow therapeutic index, and due to its variability, it can often be associated with the risk of hemorrhage, or in other patients, thromboembolism. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms are included in the causes that contribute to this variability. The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9*3 genetic polymorphism modifies its enzymatic activity, and hence warfarin's plasmatic concentration. Thus, the need for a selective, rapid, low-cost, and real-time detection device is crucial before prescribing warfarin. In this work, a disposable electrochemical DNA-based biosensor capable of detecting CYP2C9*3 polymorphism was developed. By analyzing genomic databases, two specific 78 base pairs DNA probes; one with the wild-type adenine (Target-A) and another with the cytosine (Target-C) single-nucleotide genetic variation were designed. The biosensor implied the immobilization on screen-printed gold electrodes of a self-assembled monolayer composed by mercaptohexanol and a linear CYP2C9*3 DNA-capture probe. To improve the selectivity and avoid secondary structures a sandwich format of the CYP2C9*3 allele was designed using complementary fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled signaling DNA probe and enzymatic amplification of the electrochemical signal. Chronoamperometric measurements were performed at a range of 0.015–1.00 nM for both DNA targets achieving limit of detection of 42 p.m. The developed DNA-based biosensor was able to discriminate between the two synthetic target DNA targets, as well as the targeted denatured genomic DNA, extracted from volunteers genotyped as non-variant homozygous (A/A) and heterozygous (A/C) of the CYP2C9*3 polymorphism. [Display omitted] • A disposable genosensor able of distinguishing CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms was developed. • The developed sensor was able to discriminate between the two SNP probes. • Genomic DNA samples from fully genotyped volunteers were analyzed. • The developed analytical device is a promising alternative to genotyping methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodophyta represents the largest seaweed phylum including a wide variety of species, such as Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, with benefits for consumers health due to their nutritional value and bioactive compounds. This work aimed to optimize the extraction of compounds from C. crispus using a three-step optimization process. The first step consisted in pigment extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction; the performance of an ultrasonic probe (20 kHz, 750 W) and a bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 20 or 40 min was compared. The second step corresponded to protein extraction and the third step was the carrageenan formation. Step 1 extracts contained two carotenoids (fucoxanthin and lutein), 5 chlorophyll- a derivatives and pheophythin- a , phenolic compounds and revealed moderate antiradical activity against DPPH•, ABTS•+ and O 2 •-, but no activity against •NO and cholinesterases. Proteins and carrageenan's yields were between 3.6 and 41 g/100 g and 29.7–36.1 g/100 g, respectively. Considering all the performed analyses, the use of ultrasonic bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 40 min is efficient to extract valuable compounds from C. crispus , which is advantageous from an economic point of view and therefore more attractive for industrial purposes. The obtained extracts may find possible future application in human diet or as additives for pharmaceutic and cosmetic industry. • C. crispus bioactive compounds were extracted by a three-step optimization process. • Pigment extract revealed moderate antiradical activity against DPPH.•, ABTS•+ and O 2 •- • Pigment extract had no activity against.•NO and cholinesterases • Proteins and carrageenans yields were between 3.6% - 41% and 29.7%–36.1%. • The ultrasonic bath (40 kHz, 120 W) for 40 min was the preferable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of respirable particulate matter (PM) and the impact on indoor air quality in occupational settings remains poorly characterized. This study assesses, for the first time, the cumulative and non-cumulative concentrations of 14 fractions of coarse (3.65–9.88 μm), fine (0.156–2.47 μm), and ultrafine (0.015–0.095 μm) PM inside the garage of heavy vehicles, firefighting personal protective equipment' storage room, bar, and a common area of seven Portuguese fire stations. Sampling campaigns were performed during a regular work week at the fire stations. Levels of daily total cumulative PM ranged from 277.4 to 413.2 μg/m3 (maximum values of 811.4 μg/m3), with the bar (370.1 μg/m3) and the PPE' storage room (361.3 μg/m3) presenting slightly increased levels (p > 0.05) than the common area (324.8 μg/m3) and the garage (339.4 μg/m3). The location of the sampling site, the proximity to local industries and commercial activities, the layout of the building, the heating system used, and indoor sources influenced the PM concentrations. Fine (193.8–301.0 μg/m3) and ultrafine (41.3–78.2 μg/m3) particles were predominant in the microenvironments of all fire stations and accounted for 71.5% and 17.8% of daily total cumulative levels, respectively; coarse particles (23.3–47.1 μg/m3) represented 10.7% of total PM. The permissible exposure limit (5.0 mg/m3) defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Organization for respirable dust was not overcome in the evaluated fire stations. Results suggest firefighters' regular exposure to fine and ultrafine PM inside fire stations which will contribute to cardiorespiratory health burden. Further studies are needed to characterize firefighters' exposure to fine and ultrafine PM inside fire stations, identify main emission sources, and evaluate the contribution of exposures at fire stations to firefighters' occupational health risks. [Display omitted] • Coarse, fine and ultrafine PM were for the first time assessed at fire stations. • Location, building layout, indoor sources and heating systems impacted PM levels. • The bar and the PPE' storage room presented the highest levels of respirable PM. • Fine and ultrafine PM were the predominant fractions in all microenvironments. • OSHA guidelines were not exceeded in fire stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chestnut shells extract as source of anti-aging molecules for nutraceuticals. • Metabolic profiling by LC-ESI-TQ-Orbitrap-MS done in rat tissues and blood serum. • Correlation of phenolic metabolites with oxidative stress biomarkers was screened. • 50 phenolic compounds and metabolites were identified in rat liver and kidney. • Phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, flavanols, and lignans were detected. The present study attempted for the first time to explore the effects of the daily oral intake of a phenolics-rich extract from chestnut shells (CS) on the metabolomic profiling of rat tissues by liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) targeted to polyphenolics and their metabolites and screen potential oxidative stress biomarkers, validating its use as a promising nutraceutical ingredient with outstanding antioxidant properties for the prevention and co-therapy of lifestyle-related diseases triggered by oxidative stress. The results demonstrated new insights into the metabolomic fingerprinting of polyphenols from CS, confirming their absorption and biotransformation by phase I (hydrogenation) and II (glucuronidation, methylation, and sulfation) enzymes. Phenolic acids were the main polyphenolic class, followed by hydrolyzable tannins, flavanols, and lignans. In contrast to the liver, sulfated conjugates were the principal metabolites reaching the kidneys. The multivariate data analysis predicted an exceptional contribution of polyphenols and their microbial and phase II metabolites to the in-vivo antioxidant response of the CS extract in rats, recommending its use as an appealing source of anti-aging molecules for nutraceuticals. This is the first study that explored the relation between metabolomic profiling of rat tissues and in-vivo antioxidant effects after oral treatment with a phenolics-rich CS extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimization of UAE with single-factor experiments and response surface methodology • Optimal extract obtained with 50% water, 50% amplitude in 17.5 min • Identification of polyphenols by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS • Optimal extract exhibited stronger antimicrobial and anticancer activities Actinidia arguta fruit (also known as kiwiberry) has a remarkable phytochemical profile, being reported as a promising preventive agent/treatment for chronic diseases and a desirable source of bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite these promising indications, investigating the full potential of A. arguta fruit remains an unmet need for health applications. This work aims to determine the optimal extraction conditions of antioxidant/antiradical compounds from A. arguta fruit (commonly known as kiwiberry), using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of probe amplitude (30%-70%), sonication time (5-30 min) and water:ethanol solvent ratio (0%-100%) were assessed. The optimal extraction conditions were achieved using 50% of water, during 17.5 min and using an amplitude of 50%. A total of 22 compounds, including 6 flavonoids and 4 phenolic acids, were identified in the optimal extract through HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS, which exhibited outstanding antioxidant and antiradical activities (TPC = 18.705 mg GAE/g dw; FRAP = 186.876 µmol FSE/g dw; ABTS = 16.334 mg AAE/g dw; O 2 ·− IC 50 = 829.384 µg/mL; HOCl IC 50 = 16.895 µg/mL; ROO· = 0.18 µg TE/mg dw). Moreover, it displayed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 32 mg/mL) and Pseudomonas gingivalis (MIC = 64 mg/mL) and reduced the growth rate of Escherichia coli. In-vitro assays demonstrated that the optimal extract successfully decreased the viability of two human carcinoma cell lines, namely TR146 and HSC-3, at 500 µg/mL and above 500 µg/mL, respectively. The present study showed that A. arguta fruit is a rich source of compounds with potential to be used for pro-healthy purposes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chestnut shells extract induced in-vivo antioxidant effects in rats. • Metabolic profiling by LC-ESI-TQ-Orbitrap-MS was done for chestnut shell. • 52 phenolic compounds and metabolites were identified in blood serum. • Potential mild hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects were determined. • Histological analysis revealed no structural changes or toxicity signs. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells (CSS) are a source of bioactive compounds with well demonstrated in-vitro antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, no in-vivo studies have already evaluated this effect. This study evaluated the effects of the oral daily administration of an eco-friendly CSS extract (50 and 100 mg/kg per body weight (b.w.)) to rats regarding in-vivo antioxidant activity, glucose and lipids levels, and metabolomic profiling of polyphenols by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. The results demonstrated the in-vivo antioxidant properties in the animals liver, kidney and blood serum, as well as protective effects against hemolysis and rising of blood glucose and lipids levels. New insights on metabolomic profiling of polyphenols proved their absorption and further biotransformation by phase I (hydrogenation and hydroxylation) and II reactions (glucuronidation, methylation and sulfation). This is the first study that attempted to validate a novel nutraceutical ingredient extracted from CSS by in-vivo assays, corroborating the outcomes screened by in-vitro assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Tracking crustacean-containing food can prevent severe allergic reactions. • A simple and selective electrochemical immunoassay was developed for tropomyosin. • A low linear range between 2.5 and 20 ng mL−1 was achieved. • The results of tropomyosin analysis in food products were validated. Regulations of the EU obliges the indication of the presence of allergens on food labels. This work reports the development of an electrochemical immunosensor to determine tropomyosin (TPM) – a major shellfish allergen – prevailing in the muscles of crustacean species. Two linear ranges between the signal and TPM concentration were obtained: between 2.5 and 20 ng mL−1 and between 30 and 200 ng mL−1, with a lowest limit of detection of 0.47 ng mL−1. The selectivity of the optimized immunoassay, tested with other food allergens (e.g., Cyp c 1, a fish allergen), assures the effective detection of TPM, enabling successful control of foodstuff labelling. Several (12) foods, containing high and low TPM concentrations and TPM-free samples, were analysed using the sensor. A conventional ELISA kit and recovery assays were used to evaluate the accuracy of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A reinforced starch film with chestnut shells polysaccharides was developed. • Elongation, tensile strength, and elasticity modulus were optimized by RSM. • The optimum composition was 10% w/w r.s. fibers and 50% w/w r.s. glycerol. • Lignin was not a good reinforcement component of starch film. • The reinforced film had improved mechanical, optical and physical properties. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shells, generated from the peeling process of the fruit, contains appreciable amounts of lignin and cellulose. In this work, a starch-based film reinforced with these polysaccharides was developed. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the composition of the film with improved elongation, tensile strength, and elasticity modulus properties. The optimal film was characterized regarding structural, optical barrier and thermal properties. The optimum composition was obtained with 10% (w/w) fibers and 50% (w/w) glycerol; the elongation responses, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity reached values of 34.19%, 7.31 N and 4.15 N, respectively. The values of tension strength and modulus of elasticity were approximately 3.5 times higher than those obtained for the control film. The reinforced film was opaque and exhibited improved water solubility, UV-barrier capacity, and thermal stability compared to control. The optimized starch film based on chestnut shells fibers' has the potential to produce biodegradable food packaging with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the last decade, the demand for novel active skin ingredients based on sustainable principles arise as a trend. These new concerns transformed the consumer preferences, which are not actually solved by the industry portfolio. Regulatory aspects establish guidelines to assess the safety and efficacy of new cosmetic ingredients, being this step imperative to introduce a new ingredient on the market. Our last studies reported the richness of Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) leaves in bioactive compounds with potential skin applications, but further studies are necessary to validate this extract. Therefore, the current study aimed to screen the hydroalcoholic extract of A. arguta leaves regarding elastase and hyaluronidase inhibition, achieving excellent results (65.62 ± 2.09% and 54.64 ± 4.17%, respectively). The cell viability was assessed in keratinocytes and fibroblasts (0.1–1000 μg/mL), ensuring the absence of cytotoxic effects. Afterwards, 3D models, namely a skin (EpiSkin™) and an ocular (SkinEthic™ HCE, respectively) model, were used to estimate the irritant potential. The viability achieved in both models after exposure to the extract was, respectively, 55.18 ± 10.60% and 101.15 ± 5.96%. The IL-1α released for the skin and ocular models were, respectively, 0 pg/mL and 35.60 ± 2.61 pg/mL, being the extract classified as non-irritant for both models. Lastly, in-vivo studies performed through a patch test in 10 human volunteers proved the absence of allergic or irritative reactions. Overall, the results attained highlighted that the hydroalcoholic kiwiberry leaves extract is an excellent cosmetic ingredient, being not irritant to skin application. [Display omitted] • Actinidia arguta leaves as a new eco-friendly cosmetic ingredient. • Hydroalcoholic extract has elastase and hyaluronidase inhibition. • No adverse effects were observed skin cell lines. • Absence of allergic or irritative reactions in a patch test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]