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In this article, a higher-order degree of freedom (DOF) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) (3DOFPID) controller optimized with the meta-heuristic method of the water cycle algorithm (WCA) is proposed. Initially, WCA-tuned 3DOFPID is designed to the widely accepted power system model of two-area simple hydro-thermal (TASHT) system and the presented controller efficacy is revealed with other techniques discussed in the literature. Later, another interconnected power system model of two areas nonlinear realistic hydro thermal (TANRHT) system is considered for the investigative purpose by subjugating area-1 with step load perturbation (SLP) of 10%. The proposed controller is implemented to TANRHT without and with deliberating the integration of a geothermal power plant (GTPP). Dynamical responses of TANRHT reveal the efficacy of 3DOFPID over PID and 2DOFPID. Further, the impact of GTPP integration on the performance of the TANRHT system is demonstrated. Furthermore, the coordinated territorial strategy of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) is enacted with GTPP-integrated TANRHT system for performance improvement. Finally, the sensitivity analysis is conducted to reveal the robustness of proposed secondary and territorial control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel method to find the optimal location of the shunt connected Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) such as Static Var Compensator (SVC) or Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) to the power system for regulating voltage levels of all buses. Three indices include Voltage Drop Index (VDI), Total Voltage Drop Index (TVDI), and Total Voltage Drop of Network Index (TVDNI) are presented to find the location of the SVC. Also, to minimize the solution space, a ranking list will be established. For the case studies, the IEEE 14-bus test system is selected, and an SVC is located in the system. Simulations are done in two cases: network loads increase with constant coefficient and randomly. According to simulation results in both cases, the proposed method can identify the optimal placement of SVC, and the voltage drop due to increasing the load will be compensated. For the IEEE 14-bus test system, the optimal location of the SVC is bus 9. Variable loads are considered for 24 h, and SVC is installed at bus 9 to validate the introduced method. Results show the voltage level for all buses is compensated so that the voltage levels are higher than the minimum voltage level, i.e. 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-acid batteries are widely used in the conventional cars as a main electrical energy storage system to supply the power for the following start. In this paper, the efficacy of lead batteries was evaluated and compared against ultra-capacitors and alternative battery designs via a simulationbased model of the complete process. Specifically, several parameters were assessed such as the weight and reliability. The results confirm the consistency of lead-acid batteries as an appropriate replacement to super-capacitors. The findings were also confirmed by actual measurements carried out in the car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is introduced and analyzed. The effect of the structure's dimensions on the location of the attenuation pole and the cutoff frequency to study the frequency characteristics is investigated. In the following, a lowpass filter with 3 dB cutoff frequency at 3 GHz is designed and optimized using the proposed defected ground structure, and its frequency characteristic is reported. The designed lowpass filter is fabricated to verify the simulation process. Also, simulation results, the equivalent circuit, and the measured results with the Network Analyzer are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]