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The present paper investigates the alterations in ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) over a low latitude location Bangalore (Geographic latitude 12.9 ∘ N {12.9^{\circ }}\hspace{2.38387pt}\text{N} and longitude 77.6 ∘ E {77.6^{\circ }}\hspace{2.38387pt}\text{E} ; Geomagnetic latitude 4. 5 ∘ N 4.{5^{\circ }}\hspace{2.38387pt}\text{N}) in India, corresponding to the new Moon and full Moon days which are associated with abnormality in the eastward Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) currents. It has been well established that even during certain geomagnetic quiet days, the EEJ current direction is reversed, resulting in a westward electrojet current called Counter Electrojet (CEJ) which is more prominent around the new Moon and full Moon days, favored by Sun–Moon–Earth alignments and lunar orbital characteristics. The Global Positioning System (GPS) derived TEC at Bangalore is investigated for full Moon and new Moon and their adjacent days during the period 2008–2015. The presence of CEJ during these days suggests the foremost role of driving EEJ current over the equator in the alterations of spatiotemporal distributions of TEC over the low latitude region. The deviations in quiet time TEC during new Moon and full Moon days are quantified in this study that may give a thrust towards modeling of lunar tidal effects in the flipped ionospheric parameter over the Indian region. The study would also support analysis of future solar eclipse effects on ionosphere those involve additional photoionization production/recombination processes corresponding to the passage of lunar shadow and cooling effects. Moreover, the results underpin modeling and mitigation of ionospheric error in the satellite-based positioning, navigation, and communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a neglected aspect of international librarianship, namely the role of NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) in the development and management of public and community libraries. We present a case study of NGOs operating in neglected and underserved slum areas of the southern Indian metropolis of Bangalore. This case study is based on recent field research the authors have conducted, and provides insights into this alternative model of library development. The qualitative research methods employed in the field research include face-to-face interviews, focus groups, and observations. One of the important findings of this research is that communitybased libraries are viable and important components of a social development agenda in India. However, more research is needed to study the role of NGOs in library development, both in India and in other parts of the developing world. NGOs can be effective service delivery mechanisms, but also can suffer from issues of sustainability, governance, and accountability. Thus while NGOs are reaching some of the most marginalized populations in India through their library services, the government still has an important role to play in library development. An enhanced government-run public library system, in combination with these other NGO services, might present an ideal scenario for serving the largest cross section of the public most effectively. This research confirms the need for and importance of community library services in India. As we move forward, developing larger-scale models and finding best practices in this area should be a concern for future researchers, concerned citizens, library officials, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]