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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma's (NHL) incidence is rising over time, and B cell lymphomas comprise the majority of lymphomas. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a critical role in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and survival. Its role in lymphomagenesis is confirmed in many different types of B cell lymphomas. This review is mainly focused on the PI3K/v-akt/mTOR pathway-related oncogenic mechanisms in B cell NHLs with an emphasis on common B cell lymphoma types [diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)]. Furthermore, it summarizes the literature regarding the clinical applications of the mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus in B cell NHLs, which have been tested in a range of clinical trials enrolling patients with B cell malignancies, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents or regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common primary bone-originating tumor, whereas extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is a plasma cell tumor that arises outside the bone and is most commonly found in the head and neck area. Gastrointestinal and particularly gallbladder involvement is exceedingly rare, and symptoms, if any are present, are usually similar to those seen with cholelithiasis. Treatment options usually include surgical resection and/or chemotherapy. In this report, we present a rare case of a clinically unexpected plasmablastic extramedullary plasmacytoma that was found on abdominal ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 61-year-old asymptomatic patient and led him to undergo cholecystectomy. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) that was performed due to the onset of left thigh pain also demonstrated concurrent bone plasmacytoma. The patient is currently receiving chemotherapy and is also being prepared for autologous stem cell transplantation. In this context, we further present the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic challenges of EMPs. Lastly, we point out the distinct features of the plasmablastic subtype and analyze its differences compared to other histologic subtypes in achieving a successful diagnosis and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]