Search

One of the leading national and international objectives is to achieve more egalitarian societies. Avoiding gender or digital gaps are priorities generally assumed as concerns of governments and international organizations. This paper evaluates the digital gender divide in its three stages: access, use and results, relating it to gender and salary gaps in the context of the European Union. Cluster analysis was conducted to classify the countries according to their gender digital divide. The influence of age and studies level of males and females was revised. Based on the OECD and EUROSTAT data, an empirical analysis was conducted. By comparison of means, the significant variables influencing the gender digital divide were identified, probing that the educational level significantly influences it, especially in what refers to the third stage. Finally, through a regression analysis, it was proved that the influence of the insecurity and the gender wage gap goes beyond the women and affects society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly hypothesized that scientists are more likely to engage in data falsification and fabrication when they are subject to pressures to publish, when they are not restrained by forms of social control, when they work in countries lacking policies to tackle scientific misconduct, and when they are male. Evidence to test these hypotheses, however, is inconclusive due to the difficulties of obtaining unbiased data. Here we report a pre-registered test of these four hypotheses, conducted on papers that were identified in a previous study as containing problematic image duplications through a systematic screening of the journal PLoS ONE. Image duplications were classified into three categories based on their complexity, with category 1 being most likely to reflect unintentional error and category 3 being most likely to reflect intentional fabrication. We tested multiple parameters connected to the hypotheses above with a matched-control paradigm, by collecting two controls for each paper containing duplications. Category 1 duplications were mostly not associated with any of the parameters tested, as was predicted based on the assumption that these duplications were mostly not due to misconduct. Categories 2 and 3, however, exhibited numerous statistically significant associations. Results of univariable and multivariable analyses support the hypotheses that academic culture, peer control, cash-based publication incentives and national misconduct policies might affect scientific integrity. No clear support was found for the "pressures to publish" hypothesis. Female authors were found to be equally likely to publish duplicated images compared to males. Country-level parameters generally exhibited stronger effects than individual-level parameters, because developing countries were significantly more likely to produce problematic image duplications. This suggests that promoting good research practices in all countries should be a priority for the international research integrity agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the world, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are being more widely employed in public sector decision-making and processes as a supposedly neutral and an efficient method for optimizing delivery of services. However, the deployment of these technologies has also prompted investigation into the potentially unanticipated consequences of their introduction, to both positive and negative ends. This paper chooses to focus specifically on the relationship between gender bias and AI, exploring claims of the neutrality of such technologies and how its understanding of bias could influence policy and outcomes. Building on a rich seam of literature from both technological and sociological fields, this article constructs an original framework through which to analyse both the perpetuation and mitigation of gender biases, choosing to categorize AI technologies based on whether their input is text or images. Through the close analysis and pairing of four case studies, the paper thus unites two often disparate approaches to the investigation of bias in technology, revealing the large and varied potential for AI to echo and even amplify existing human bias, while acknowledging the important role AI itself can play in reducing or reversing these effects. The conclusion calls for further collaboration between scholars from the worlds of technology, gender studies and public policy in fully exploring algorithmic accountability as well as in accurately and transparently exploring the potential consequences of the introduction of AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue presents a collection of recent papers drawing on qualitative research in and about schooling in Australia and the ways in which gender-related issues in the broadest sense continue to shape people's educational experiences. These papers from the present are positioned in relation to the long histories of policy and research attention to gender equity in Australian education. We set the context for work in the present by scanning the past, noting the ambitions, the gaps and the failures of earlier policies, and drawing attention to the quality and volume of research that has previously been undertaken in this area. We explore the current policy vacuum regarding gender to consider some of the pressures and complexities that have led to the erasure or avoidance of gender-related issues. Each of the papers that form this special issue demonstrate—despite different methods, theoretical frameworks, settings and participant cohorts—how stereotypes and limitations circulate in everyday life in schools and beyond them, and how these impact on people. They each explore from a different starting point how gender injustices are perpetuated and produced, in often subtle and nuanced ways that require concerted effort to unpack. They simultaneously offer insights into the critical and creative ways that young people and those around them are reconfiguring gender and seeking more hopeful and more equitable educational experiences and outcomes. Collectively, the papers that form this special issue advocate for policies and practices that embrace the complexities of young people's lives and are oriented towards inclusive and equitable educational environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous bibliometric studies in scientific researchers from developed countries generally support that sharing efforts during research enhances productivity and impact and suggest these effects may be important for researchers from less developed countries exhibiting more exiguous science budgets. We examined whether researchers in the field of animal behavior in an economically less developed country compensate for this burden by collaborating with researchers from developed countries, and whether this effect is gender specific. Methods: We quantified collaborations of 30 Chilean-based focal animal behavioralists with peers from developed countries based on co-authorships within 664 animal behavior papers. We examined whether the mean number, or mean proportion of such co-authorships was positively associated with productivity (number of research papers) and impact (h-index, citations per research paper) when gender, author role (i.e., first or corresponding author), and other covariates were considered. We complemented these analyses with a survey to focal researchers to estimate the perceived relevance of collaborations with peers from developed countries. Results: The h-index, but not the number of animal behavior papers published by focal researchers, increased with the mean number (but not with the mean proportion) of international co-authors from developed countries, an effect not gender-specific, but that supported the perceived importance of collaborations with peers from developed countries. The number of papers and the individual impact of focal researchers increased with academic age. The number of citations of individual papers increased with journal impact factor, year since publication, but not with the role (first or corresponding author) played by collaborators from developed countries. Conclusions: Our bibliometric and survey-based approach supported that establishing collaborations with researchers from developed countries and publishing in high impact factor journals are correlated with the career-long impact of Chilean-based animal behavioralists, and that this association is not contingent on gender, or influenced by the role (first or corresponding author) played by collaborators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the digital divide between and within the 28 member-states of the European Union. The analysis comprised four socio-demographic contexts: age, education, gender, and income. Because of the digital divide's complexity, a multivariate approach was applied - factor analysis with oblique rotation, which resulted in two distinct dimensions: e-Services and Social Networks. To test the significant differences of European Union positioning and European Union disparities, Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Squared Rank Test were computed. Findings show that e-Services adoption is influenced primarily by the education level of individuals, while Social Networks adoption is more affected by individuals' age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on the internal heterogeneity within the informal economy by examining the working conditions of migrant informal workers in China. It presents the first attempt to test the WIEGO model on the relationship between informality, income, poverty and gender. Based on 107,020 samples of informal workers from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), economic, social and occupational health components of working conditions of migrant informal workers in five employment-status tiers are analysed. The results show the significant heterogeneity within informal workers in terms of their income, working intensity, labour contracts, social security, union and community support. The relationships between the informal employment tiers and income, poverty and gender show a pattern that is not fully in line with the WIEGO model, suggesting the complexity and plurality of heterogeneities in informal employment. The paper concludes by calling for research on regional varieties of the heterogeneity in informal employment worldwide to better understand the unfolding of the inequality-informality nexus in specific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction, we set the stage for a collection of papers from the Co-constructing Mathematics Motivation in Primary Education–A Longitudinal Study in Six European Countries Project (MATHMot for short), an international study aiming to identify the factors that shape the development of motivation in mathematics from a comparative perspective in primary education. Students' motivation, performance, academic emotions, and subject-related identity and agency are observed across six countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Portugal, and Serbia. MATHMot builds on the belief that one of the main goals of mathematics teaching should be children's long-term motivation for learning the subject, which in turn supports students in striving for exemplary achievement in mathematics. This special section attempts to observe students' mathematics motivation in early grades and how different contributions from the classroom, home or the student's individual characteristics shed light on its development and adjacent concepts like academic emotions and math-related identity and agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation exercise was performed involving 313 papers of research staff (66 persons) of the Deutsche Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ) published in 2004-2008. The records and citations to them were retrieved from the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) in March 2010. The authors compared productivity and citedness of 'group leaders' vs. 'regular scientists', of 'male scientists' vs. 'female scientists' using citation-based indexes. It was found that 'group leaders' are more prolific and cited more often than 'regular scientists', the same is true considering 'male' vs. 'female scientists'. The greatest contrast is observed between 'female leaders' and 'female regular scientists'. The above mentioned differences are significant in indexes related to the number of papers, while values of indexes characterizing the quality of papers (average citation rate per paper and similar indexes) are not substantially different among the groups compared. The mean value of percentile rank index for all the 313 papers is 58.5, which is significantly higher than the global mean value of about 50. This fact is evidence of a higher citation status, on average, of the publications from the DRFZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The annual conference of the Irish College of Ophthalmologists (ICO) is a key calendar event for ophthalmology research in Ireland. Aims: We investigated whether there were identifiable trends across various domains for the last twelve ICO meetings. Our objectives were to assess subspeciality and training centre representation, as well as the characteristics of the first author to include gender and stage of training. Methods: A retrospective analysis of paper and poster presentations from the ICO annual conference yearbooks was conducted. The representation of subspecialties, affiliated institutions, and gender distribution were noted for both categories. For paper presentations, the author's career stage, full-text publication rates, and impact factors were also determined. Results: A total of 306 paper presentations and 306 poster presentations were analysed. The subspecialty of retina had the highest representation within both sections. The overall mean publication rate was 38% (range, 6–39%), with a mean journal impact factor of 2.02. No statistically significant differences in gender noted with regard to poster, paper, or publications (p < 0.9, p < 0.1, p < 0.7, respectively). Conclusions: This is the first review of all research contributions to the ICO conference. We found that there is a need to promote research in some underrepresented subspecialities and training centres. No significant gender bias was found. There is scope to improve the publication conversion rate; this would allow for greater dissemination of the research presented at the ICO meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia coeducation dominates government schooling, with single-sex institutions usually being the preserve of selective government schools and private, often elite, institutions. For marginalised young people who 'drop out' or are forced to leave the coeducational mainstream system, flexible and/or non-traditional schools provide alternative pathways. Such schools are primarily coeducational. This paper draws upon data from two flexible/non-traditional schools in Australia that attempted to address the issues of educational disengagement via the provision of single-sex schooling: Fernvale Education Centre and Lorem School. The data are insightful with regard to these two very different gender and education paradigms and to their associated discourses about masculinity and femininity. The paper will identify the ways in which these schools both reproduce and challenge dominant constructions of gender within the context of responding to disenfranchised/disengaged young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on violence in schools has been dominated by 'bullying' discourse and methodologies that place individualised pathos at the centre of problematic behaviours. This focus has resulted in the neglect of broader structures of power such as gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, and class in the violence enacted and encountered by young people. As a result, institutional solutions to school violence have often failed to acknowledge and respond to the ways that gender and sexuality might operate in the lives of young people, instead offering simplistic strategies to reduce ubiquitous forms of 'bullying'. Simultaneously, political discourses and research challenges further prohibit young people from contributing to targeted and critical interventions into the socio-cultural practices of gender- and sexuality-making in schools. As outsiders to these nuanced, complex, and dynamic spaces, university-based researchers often lack vocabulary and literacy, especially in relation to always-shifting meanings around gender and sexuality. In this paper, I argue for the need to actively include young people in research praxis to co-investigate school cultures of gender and sexuality using a Community-Led Research (CLR) approach. Reporting on work with ten student co-researchers that formed two groups in two schools in Australia, the paper details some of the ways that they impacted and benefitted the early phases of a three-year project, including through impacting methods, participant engagement, data analysis and the implementation of new strategies to improve school cultures of gender and sexuality. This article also illustrates some of the challenges and opportunities that CLR methodologies produce when working in less structured settings, including ethical and social challenges that emerge in iterative research praxis. Findings argue for the rights of young people to exert their hopes for their school cultures that relate to gender and sexuality, particularly through research-based empowerment. While often slower and more difficult, co-researching with young people can produce opportunities for transformation and change not only of research processes, but also of researchers and their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although gender expansive views are increasingly evident amongst young people, segregation according to binary notions of gender underpins the organisational structures of single-sex secondary schools. While claims of educational benefits are common, particularly for girls, gender is difficult to disentangle from socioeconomic advantage and other factors. Evidence suggests that such schools contribute to homogenised and limiting notions of gender. While some schools are moving towards desegregation in response to parental demand, little is known from the perspectives of young people in non-elite schools who have experienced segregated schooling. This paper turns to the accounts of 14 recent school leavers in NSW to consider the underpinning logics of segregated schooling, including the imbrication and erasure of socioeconomic dis/advantage, cultural, social, and locational factors that complicate claims about segregated schooling. Affective intensities of single-sex schooling are traced through micronarratives that touch on relations with peers, teachers, school spaces and practices, learning experiences, and their implications for gendered subjectivities and gender justice. Their accounts suggest that student experiences of segregated schooling are ambivalent and do not support claims of educational advantage and that configurations of single-sex schooling may be anachronistic for these times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As various forms of nonmonogamy have grown in social visibility, the subject has received academic treatment across a range of literatures, including philosophy. To aid in philosophical treatment, the paper addresses the narrow but fundamental topic of the meaning of nonmonogamy. By engaging with recent literature, it examines nonmonogamy as the rejection of or opposition to monogamy. After exploring the nature of opposition in this case, the paper develops the beginnings of a more detailed theory of nonmonogamy. How do monogamy and nonmonogamy relate? If nonmonogamy is a rejection, what content does the concept of nonmonogamy have? The paper does not criticize monogamy or defend nonmonogamy, but it aims to take part in building the conceptual foundations for nonmonogamy as a political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the proportion of males who have sexually coerced someone. In this survey, we extracted data from 60 published papers with a cumulative sample size of 26,717 men. From these data, we calculated the weighted mean proportion of males who reported having sexually coerced someone. While we did find studies that contained non-heterosexual data, the dearth of such data reveals the need for more research on male non-heterosexual coercion. Our results show that 29.8% of heterosexual males have sexually coerced a woman some time in their lives, which is consistent with previous estimates of male heterosexual coercion. We also found that 27.3% of non-heterosexual males have coerced someone, a number close to the perpetration rate for non-heterosexual females. When compared with previously reported rates of heterosexual female perpetration of sexual coercion, the heterosexual male rate of 29.8% will be shown to be consistent with known rape data, such as results from the Online College Social Life Survey, which show that 85–90% of raped men are raped by women. The concurrence with previous research on American and Canadian college students suggests that the proportion of sexually coercive heterosexual men is the same for these countries as the overall rate internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, I focus on an international, collaborative, longitudinal study of the development of elementary school students' math motivation and performance across six countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Portugal, and Serbia. The investigators designed motivational questionnaires to assess student motivational beliefs defined quite broadly, teacher and student questionnaires to assess teacher beliefs and practices, and family questionnaires to assess parents' beliefs and practices as well as perceptions of their children and then tested to reliability and validity of these measures across all six countries so that they could investigate both development within countries and generalizability across countries. I focus my comparative comments on the following themes that cut across the various studies: the gender, national and SES differences, the impact of teacher beliefs and practices, the impact of parents, and the testing hypotheses derived from various social cognitive motivational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Report: Zeitschrift für Weiterbildungsforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper seeks to build upon the previous literature on gender aspects in research collaboration and knowledge diffusion. Our approach adds the meme inheritance notion to traditional citation analysis, as we investigate if scientific memes are inherited differently from gendered authorship. Since authors of scientific papers inherit knowledge from their cited authors, once authorship is gendered we are able to characterize the inheritance process with respect to the frequencies of memes and their propagation scores depending on the gender of the authors. By applying methods that enable the gender disambiguation of authors, missing data on the gender of citing and cited authors is dealt with. Our empirically based approach allows for investigating the combined effect of meme inheritance and gendered transmission. Results show that scientific memes do not spread differently from either male or female cited authors. Likewise, the memes that we analyse were not found to propagate more easily via male or female inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a significant gender gap in accounting academia that places women at a disadvantage in terms of recruitment, hiring, promotion, tenure, status, high-level areas or positions (both research and administrative), burden distribution of work, and remuneration. Women are disproportionately represented in part-time or non-tenure tracks, such as lecturers, instructors, and assistant professors. They experience a slower rate of advancement and have lower pay and prestige. Given that various authors attribute this situation to the level of research and production of papers in top-tier scientific journals, this article aims to describe women's participation as authors in cost and management accounting to contribute to clarifying possible causes of gender disparity in the accounting case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze a major part of the research output of the Networked Knowledge Organization Systems (NKOS) community in the period 2000–2016 from a network analytical perspective. We focus on the papers presented at the European and US NKOS workshops and in addition four special issues on NKOS in the last 16 years. For this purpose, we have generated an open dataset, the "NKOS bibliography" which covers the bibliographic information of the research output. We analyze the co-authorship network of this community which results in 123 papers with a sum of 256 distinct authors. We use standard network analytic measures such as degree, betweenness and closeness centrality to describe the co-authorship network of the NKOS dataset. First, we investigate global properties of the network over time. Second, we analyze the centrality of the authors in the NKOS network. Lastly, we investigate gender differences in collaboration behavior in this community. Our results show that apart from differences in centrality measures of the scholars, they have higher tendency to collaborate with those in the same institution or the same geographic proximity. We also find that homophily is higher among women in this community. Apart from small differences in closeness and clustering among men and women, we do not find any significant dissimilarities with respect to other centralities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papers on nanotechnology in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) database were studied bibliometrically. The terms 'nanotechnology', 'nanoparticle', 'graphene', 'fullerene', 'nanotube' and 'quantum dot' were used for the search in their singular and plural forms in three languages (English, Portuguese and Spanish), and a total of 1205 papers were selected for the study to assess the frequency rates of the study variables. The results of the study are presented in this article focusing on gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of gender disparities in various areas of society has long been well known and identified in most countries. Russian academia is no exception. This paper describes the representation of Russian men and women authors in terms of research production. The analysis is based on 121,953 papers with at least one Russian author, covered by Web of Science (WoS) and published between 2017 and 2019. The results demonstrate that there are still evident signs of gender disparities. Women remain underrepresented in their overall presence and performance almost in all disciplines and generally in academia. In all research fields, women's mean number of publications is lower than analogous indicators for men. Although some areas have relative gender parity and even more women authors, the gap between both genders remains stable for most disciplines. As a result, despite some improvements in women's research performance, Russian academia is the case, demonstrating that without a gender policy in both Russian political and science systems, it is complicated to eliminate gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anyone who engages in sexual intercourse with someone who is under the influence of drugs or alcohol, unconscious, oblivious to their surroundings or not able to voice dissent can be charged with the crime of rape. No individual should be used, without their consent, for another person's pleasure. The lack of informed consent makes rape unethical. Ethically the victim being male should be irrelevant. Yet male rape is rarely reported and frequently minimized, as will be shown by the 2010 CDC National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey as well as other sources in this paper which will show that male rape happens about as often as female rape, and possibly exceeds it. Evidence also shows that 80% of those who rape men are women. Reconsidering stereotypes of the rape of men is an important part of rethinking masculinity. Among these stereotypes is the assumption that male rape is rare, as well as assumptions about the experience of male rape victims. The goal of this paper is to show that male rape is a prevalent problem and that the victims endure the same emotional and psychological after-effects as female rape victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies by researchers such as S. S. Judson and L. Stemple stated that many people underestimate female sexual coercion. Thus, this paper attempts to answer the question "what proportion of women have sexually coerced someone?". As will be shown, studies dealing with this are predominantly heterosexual, demonstrating the need for more research into non-heterosexual female sexual coercion. While the number of sexually coercive women is related to the number of people who have been sexually coerced by a woman, these quantities are not necessarily equal as a woman can coerce more than one person. Therefore, this study surveys studies which measured female perpetration. The authors found 32 such studies, predominantly, but not entirely, heterosexual, with a cumulative sample of 22,632 women and calculated weighted means with the results of these studies. We searched reference lists of studies and used Google Scholar. We did have to also specifically search for non-heterosexual studies. We included all studies we found that reported female perpetration rates except those with high school girls. The weighted mean of those studies which were predominantly heterosexual indicate that, worldwide, approximately 17% of heterosexual women have sexually coerced a man sometime during their lifetime. Our studies also include evidence that bisexual and homosexual women sexually coerce at similar rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the extent to which refugee girls and young women were able to access learning during COVID-19 education closures in Pakistan, and the role that EdTech played in their learning access. It is based on findings from a survey with 403 Afghan refugee students, along with in-depth interviews with six young female refugees. The research shows that, while the majority of female refugee students were able to continue accessing education in some form during school closures, learning access was nevertheless limited, and a sizable minority were not engaged in any learning during this time. Teacher and institutional support was either absent or inadequate for many students, and infrastructure and devices that serve to support remote learning were not always reliable or accessible. Although male respondents were less likely than females to engage in independent study during the closures, refugee girls and young women were significantly less likely than their male counterparts to own the devices they needed for learning. The findings demonstrate how targeted investment in specific types of EdTech and teacher professional development, as well as supporting educational institutions in the establishment of remote learning opportunities, could help sustain learning during future periods of educational restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) struggle to obtain credit when credit ratings and collateral are used as criteria to assess their credit applications. In the context of Africa, the financial markets have gaping institutional voids, and contextual insights into SMEs' experiences remain underdeveloped. Drawing on the stakeholder-agency theory of debt financing, this paper advances the scholarly conversation by theorising about how collateral security, collateral security value and the gender of SME owners lead to the involuntary financial exclusion of many manufacturing businesses in Africa. Analysis of the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) dataset reveals that collateral security and collateral security value, together with gender biases in Africa's financial markets, reduce credit access potential. Consequently, SMEs' perceptions of the likelihood of obtaining credit for business purposes are reduced. Empirical results for 13,783 SMEs across 41 African countries indicate that the motivations to apply for credit also diminish. These observations contribute to entrepreneurial financing and SME research. Plain English Summary: Although the manufacturing sector is declining in the West, it remains important in Africa. For most African countries, it helps alleviate poverty by creating jobs that enable the economic and social development of citizens. However, manufacturing SMEs face involuntary financial exclusion, even though access to financial facilities helps them develop their ventures and enhance their role in community development. This study uses cross-country data on 13,783 manufacturing SMEs across 41 African countries. The aim is to understand the extent of this problem. This paper presents empirical analysis of how collateral security, collateral security value and the gender of SME owners influence the ability of SMEs to obtain credit in Africa. It provides an understanding of how lenders use collateral security, collateral security value and gender to evaluate the creditworthiness of SME owners. Factors affecting SMEs' ability to convince lenders in Africa to finance their businesses include their size, lack of assets or value of assets and owner's gender. This scenario affects their confidence to apply for credit. Consequently, their motivation is undermined, despite the economic and social importance of their businesses for Africans. This understanding has implications for policy institutions in Africa. They must reconcile the needs of SMEs with the available financial services. Moreover, they must do so in a way that alleviates involuntary financial exclusion whilst enhancing community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing weight being placed on self-directed retirement accounts within the United States retirement income policy framework, and the time inconsistency challenge of individuals, particularly women, tending to under-invest in retirement savings accounts motivated the current work. Using data from the United States Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances, for a period spanning from 1989 to 2019, 11 cross-sections of data, the paper investigated the role of gender in United States retirement risk-taking investment strategies of single (never married) individuals. The analysis documented increasing trends in the risk-taking of both single women and single men but recorded differences in the risk-taking profiles of the two groups, with single men taking more risk than single women in their retirement wealth building in most cross-sections, with the gender risk-taking gap dropping, nonetheless, algebraically in magnitude from 1989 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines references to romantic relationships, gender and sexuality (RRGS) in popular teen drama, specifically focusing on the series Sex Education, Euphoria, Thirteen Reasons Why, and Elite. A lexicometric analysis was applied to the transcribed subtitles of these four series. While previous research has identified sexual health messages in subscribing video on demand platforms, their completeness, accuracy, and alignment with prosocial or antisocial behaviours must be questioned. Romantic relationships, gender and sexuality are three dimensions related to sexual health issues tackled in recent TV series. We analysed what specific terms are used to refer to RRGS; and what are the other themes linked to it, in order to determine whether the references convey prosocial or antisocial references, regarding sexual health recommendations. The findings of the study demonstrate RRGS are intricately woven into the overall narrative and are interconnected with various other themes like violence and adolescents' daily lives. However, TV series often depict a concerning image of sexuality and intimate relationships, indicating a prevalence of antisocial messages in their verbal discourses. Moreover, TV series employs a nuanced and strategic combination of language levels, to establish a sense of legitimacy and proximity with the audience. The study highlights the need for a more balanced approach between prosocial and antisocial presentations of RRGS, in TV series verbal discourses to foster potentially empowering messages in line with sexual health recommendations and entertainment education theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers a number of key aspects surrounding the appropriation of the word gender into the Bulgarian language. "Gender theory", "gender ideology", "genderism", "genderization", "genderette" are only a few of the doublets which have become part of Bulgaria's political as well as everyday discourses. Our main goal is to analyze the recent developments by which these predominantly pejorative meanings and usages of the word have gained legitimacy, in part, with the aid of the official Bulgarian institutions. To do this, we focus on the definitions of "gender", which are offered in the recently published "Dictionary of new words in the Bulgarian language (from the first two decades of the 21st century)" under the authority of the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. To set the context, we begin with an overview of the so-called anti-gender mobilizations. This is followed with an outline of the reception of the concept of "gender" in Bulgaria. Here we focus on two key fields. First, we look at the word's history within the Bulgarian academic space after the fall of the Iron Curtain, and second – the current political appropriations which fill the term with derogatory meanings. From there we continue with a critical examination of the explanatory-descriptive segments and the accompanying illustrative materials of the dictionary articles related to the word and its derivatives. Our main goal is to follow the shifts of meanings which the concept goes through. To further exemplify this, we draw a comparison with the previous version of the dictionary, which relies on a completely different explanatory strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech emotion recognition (SER) technology involves feature extraction and prediction models. However, recognition efficiency tends to decrease because of gender differences and the large number of extracted features. Consequently, this paper introduces a SER system based on gender. First, gender and emotion features are extracted from speech signals to develop gender recognition and emotion classification models. Second, according to gender differences, distinct emotion recognition models are established for male and female speakers. The gender of speakers is determined before executing the corresponding emotion model. Third, the accuracy of these emotion models is enhanced by utilizing an advanced differential evolution algorithm (ADE) to select optimal features. ADE incorporates new difference vectors, mutation operators, and position learning, which effectively balance global and local searches. A new position repairing method is proposed to address gender differences. Finally, experiments on four English datasets demonstrate that ADE is superior to comparison algorithms in recognition accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, the number of used features and execution time. The findings highlight the significance of gender in refining emotion models, while mel-frequency cepstral coefficients are important factors in gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gig economy (temporary, contract, and freelance online jobs rather than permanent positions) is a component of the fourth industrial revolution and preview of future work. The rise of digital platforms has increased career opportunities and income potential, particularly for women. Yet, the sex-disaggregated evidence regarding platform usage, employment characteristics, and working motivations and satisfaction remains untapped. Using data from a quantitative survey of Bangladeshi gig workers (242 men and 201 women) conducted in 2022, this paper addresses these gaps between male and female workers. The gig economy appears to be gender-segregated across digital platform usages and working categories. Women tend to prioritize digital work options for managing multiple responsibilities, while men are often driven by the potential for higher income. This study conceptually utilized the two-factor theory and empirically ordered a probit model to identify gender differences in job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was significantly increased by work-life balance, monthly income, and social-media connection, while an increase in working hours, complexity in payment systems, and unstable networks all led to a decrease in job satisfaction. The findings have implications for the future growth of the gig economy, provide new insights into gender differences in job satisfaction, and underscore the need for gender-sensitive policies in the online labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intersection of the impacts of COVID-19 on women and girls in humanitarian settings with the necessity of incorporating female perspectives in decision-making roles within multilateral institutions delivering humanitarian aid. Women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in these multilateral institutions. However, increased female participation in leadership roles is linked to greater consideration of women's needs in humanitarian response plans, thereby promoting gender-sensitive recovery efforts. Given COVID-19's exacerbation of preexisting gender disparities in fragile settings, gender-responsive relief measures are crucial in humanitarian contexts. With the rising demand for humanitarian aid, prioritizing gender-sensitive and inclusive responses is essential for fostering an equitable and resilient post-COVID-19 future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, the presence and performance of women in science have increased significantly in recent decades. However, gender-related differences persist and remain a global phenomenon. Women make a greater contribution to multidisciplinary research, which renders anti-doping research a compelling area for investigating the gendered aspects of academic research. The research design was based on the overall research aim to investigate whether gender in a specific field (ADS) has an effect on different aspects of research impact, including (1) the size of citation impact obtained by the research output, (2) the impact on the development of the knowledge base of ADS, expressed as the capacity of integrating knowledge from different research areas, and (3) the (expected) type of research impact targeting either societal or scientific developments (or both). We used a previously compiled dataset of 1341 scientific outputs. Using regression analysis, we explored the role of authors' gender in citations and the effect of authorship features on scientific impact. We employed network analysis and developed a novel indicator (LinkScore) to quantify gendered authors' knowledge integration capacity. We carried out a content analysis on a subsample of 210 outputs to explore gender differences in research goal orientation as related to gender patterns. Women's representation has been considerably extended in the domain of ADS throughout the last two decades. On average, outputs with female corresponding authors yield a higher average citation score. Regarding women's knowledge integration roles, we can infer that no substantial gender differences can be detected. Dominantly female papers were overrepresented among publications classified as aimed at scientific progress, while the share of male-authored papers was higher in publications classified as aimed at societal progress. Although no significant gender difference was observed in knowledge integration roles, in anti-doping women appear to be more interdisciplinary than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic review of the available peer-reviewed literature that specifically focuses on the combination of sustainability and gender. We analyzed the existing peer-reviewed research regarding the extent to which gender plays a role in the empirical literature, how this is methodologically collected and what understanding of gender is applied in those articles. Our aim is to provide an overview of the current most common fields of research and thus show in which areas gender is already being included in the sustainability sciences and to what extent and in which areas this inclusion has not yet taken place or has only taken place to a limited extent. We identified 1054 papers that matched our criteria and conducted research on at least one sustainable development goal and gender research. Within these papers (i), the overall number of countries where lead authors were located was very high (91 countries). While the majority of lead authors were located in the Global North, less than a third of the articles were led by authors located in the Global South. Furthermore, gender is often just used as a category of empirical analysis rather than a research focus. We were able to identify (ii) a lack in coherent framing of relevant terms. Often no definition of sustainability was given, and only the sustainability goals (SDGs or MDGs) were used as a framework to refer to sustainability. Both gender and sustainability were often used as key words without being specifically addressed. Concerning the knowledge types of sustainability, our expectation that system knowledge dominates the literature was confirmed. While a problem orientation dominates much of the discourse, only a few papers focus on normative or transformative knowledge. (iii) Furthermore, the investigated literature was mainly contributing to few SDGs, with SDG 5 'Gender Equality' accounting for 83% of all contributions, followed by SDG 8 'Decent Work and Economic Growth' (21%), SDG 3 'Good Health and Well-being' (15%) and SDG 4 'Quality Education' (12%). We were additionally able to identify seven research clusters in the landscape of gender in sustainability science. (iv) A broad range of diverse methods was utilized that allow us to approximate different forms of knowledge. Yet within different research clusters, the spectrum of methodologies is rather homogeneous. (v) Overall, in most papers gender is conceptualized in binary terms. In most cases, the research is explicitly about women, running the risk that gender research in sustainability sciences grows into a synonym for women's studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores young people's understandings of gender and investigates their gender-based experiences in high schools in Australia. The discussion is based on qualitative research including focus groups and interviews with 47 recent high school leavers from diverse linguistic, socioeconomic, religious, ethnic, gender and sexuality backgrounds, who attended a broad range of high school types in New South Wales (NSW). We found that young people are critically engaging in gender issues and are often challenging binary gender and associated inequitable practices in schools and beyond. They are taking a leading role in educating adults about gender—that is, they are 'teaching up', as young people conceptualised it, to their families and teachers about gender, gender-related issues and doing gender differently in contemporary times. Their views on gender are often in contrast to those institutional views that currently prevail in NSW schools, which often still reflect stereotypes that perpetuate gender inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School uniforms are proliferating as a staple in figurations created of successful students around the world. In Australia the uniform as compulsory formal school wear is a growing phenomenon in both public and private education sectors. School uniforms have often been adopted as unproblematic, by schools, parents, policymakers, and students themselves. It remains unclear from the previous limited and often contradictory research, precisely how uniforms materially affect student academic and social outcomes. Research that considers how students themselves not just perceive but feel about their uniforms is scarce. I focus on the affective response of students to their school uniforms at one government co-educational selective science high school. A PhEmaterialist approach deprivileges human agency, accounting for matter as dynamic, affective and of consequence in activities, performances, and events. The school uniform as matter is explored as a dynamic and powerful affective force in education and is situated as an integral part of a school's iteration of binary gender differentiations. Uniforms matter twofold, as a conception that materializes what matters and the differential affect on the bodies that wear them. Bodies respond affectively to the uniform with a sense of comfort or discomfort, consciously and unconsciously. Bodies that do not fit easily with the required uniform hurt as students undergo everyday activities at school. This paper considers the affect of the uniform, with a filmic response from one high achieving 'smart' girl through a fine-grain analysis of her feelings of belonging and dis/comfort with and through her school uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the nineteenth-century discourse around the human body. It examines two corpora: Charles Dickens's works and contemporary writings. In both contexts, the body is observed through a detailed focus on its individual parts. This study employs a corpus-driven approach to investigate the vocabulary used to describe the body in these two corpora, providing complementary explanations to traditional close reading methods. The findings indicate that Victorian authors, including Dickens, tend to use nouns associated with time and space when representing the body, while also placing significant emphasis on codes of etiquette in the depiction of its physical actions. In Dickens's corpus, nouns related to the body are influenced by gender ideology. Furthermore, a gender-based sub-corpus analysis, particularly focusing on verbs, highlights the disparities in agency between male and female bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food justice scholars have criticized alternative food networks (AFNs) for lacking concern about gender, class, race, and ethnicity, thus not addressing structural inequalities. This paper further suggests that the incorporation of social justice into AFNs' on-the-ground operations is critical in creating a more sustainable and just agri-food system that challenges the industrial and corporate-controlled food system. By exploring an urban–rural mutual aid cooperative in southwest China, this paper highlights a localized AFN that has successfully cultivated close social ties between ethnic minority small farmers in remote areas and urban consumers. Through these ties, consumers' desires for safe food are satisfied and some small producers' livelihoods have improved. Yet, competing values between supporting small farmers and satisfying consumers' needs create tensions in the co-op's daily operation. Importantly, I demonstrate that failing to incorporate social justice into its construction of social embeddedness, existing inequalities of gender, class, and ethnicity within the co-op not only go unchallenged but rather underlie consumers' trust in food quality and make women farmers all but invisible. Developing a situated and feminist framework of AFNs, this paper contributes to existing literature on AFNs by challenging and complicating the assumption of social embeddedness derived from Anglo-American contexts, as well as by focusing on women's perceptions and lived experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 32 semi structured in-depth interviews with Egyptian women, this paper discusses determinants of sexual knowledge and attitudes among premarital and married women and women's agency in presenting sexual desires and gaining sexual knowledge in Egypt. Three main themes emerged as follows: (1) Attitudes toward being sexually educated; the findings show that most women have a positive attitude toward sexual knowledge and being sexually educated. However, there is still some embarrassment and shame associated with expressing their sexual needs or seeking more information about them. (2) Gender inequity in sexual knowledge: respondents have reported that they face social oppression and challenges when expressing their sexual desires, and there is gender inequity in obtaining knowledge about sex. Additionally, women agreed that men have the right to obtain knowledge about sex and that Egyptian society supports men in acquiring such knowledge. (3) General knowledge about sex; the internet is the most common source of information about sex. There is agreement that intimate relationships should be an enjoyable experience for both partners. Furthermore, women have stated that there are some indicators of successful sexual relationships. The current research contributes by filling a gap in the knowledge about women's sexual education in Egypt, where empirical literature on women's sexual knowledge in such conservative culture is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little research has been undertaken to examine the prevalence of sex-trading behaviors among transgender adults, and even less is known about how engaging in this behavior affects sex-trading individuals. This paper examines the nexus of sex trading and psychological distress and suicidal ideation. Data from the 2015 U.S. National Transgender Survey were used to examine the factors associated with sex trading in a sample of 27,715 transgender Americans aged 18 or older. The Kessler-6 scale was used to measure psychological distress and a dichotomous measure of suicidal ideation during the past year was the other main outcome measure. Covariates in the multivariate analysis included sociodemographic measures, numerous measures of anti-transgender harassment, discrimination, and violence, and several transition milestones. Approximately one person in six had engaged in sex-trading behaviors. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex trading was related to psychological distress and to an increased risk of suicidal ideation. Structural equation analysis showed that sex trading had both a direct impact upon suicidal ideation and an indirect effect through its influence on psychological distress, which was the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation. Although sex trading is relatively uncommon among transgender persons, it is much more common in this population than it is in the population-at-large. Among persons who engage in this practice, though, there is a greatly elevated risk for suffering from psychological distress and suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic for women and men in a country characterized by notoriously low female employment: Italy. The paper explores to what extent previously existing inequalities in employment were further exacerbated during the pandemic. Using data from the Italian Labor Force Surveys from 2018 to 2020, we find evidence of a limited decline in employment, but a steep increase in the number of individuals working zero hours during the lockdown periods. This result holds for both men and women. The pandemic highlighted how gender inequalities in employment intersect with other socioeconomic disadvantages: single mothers and lower-educated women were more affected than their male counterparts, while single men without children and foreign men were hit stronger than women with the same characteristics in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic. The pandemic thus came with differentiated consequences, generally affecting those already in less advantaged situations harder. At the same time, the results support the idea that women’s employment was crucial to counteract job loss in the family, and some became the only breadwinner for their families. This also exposed them to risks by working during the pandemic. Overall, the pandemic greatly accentuated preexisting social inequalities in the Italian labor market, yet with an apparently transitory effect at least regarding employment participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social status is a key determinant of marital sorting patterns. This paper studies the role of the hukou system — a household registration system in mainland China that categorizes individuals into rural and urban groups — in shaping marital sorting patterns. Specifically, I evaluate a policy that granted men the same rights to transfer their hukou status to children as women. The policy significantly increased hukou intermarriages, particularly between rural women and urban men. By estimating a two-sided directed search and matching model, I find that the policy distorted the marriage market by increasing search frictions to a greater extent for rural men than for urban men. Highly educated rural men would have benefited the most if this policy had not been implemented, indicating that they suffered the most welfare loss, at least in terms of marriage outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the role of social status in shaping marriage markets and the impact of status-related policy interventions on welfare outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the expectancy-value perspective on identity and identity formation, this paper explores the relationship between math identity (MI) and the dimensions of motivation (i.e. intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value and perceived competence) and math achievement in primary school. An additional aim of our research was to explore these relationships in different cultural contexts and investigate potential gender and grade differences concerning MI. The participants were 11,782 primary school students from Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Portugal and Serbia. All predictors from the motivation spectrum were significant for students' MI across the examined countries and had a stronger association with MI than math achievement. Among the motivational dimensions, intrinsic value had the strongest association with students' MI. Boys had significantly more positive math identities than girls in Estonia, Finland, Norway and Portugal. The results showed that the grade 4 students perceived themselves less as "math persons" than their grade 3 peers in all countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this rejoinder we argue, based on the papers of this commentary series, that 'race' is such a tricky notion because it can be used in (at least) two very different and contradictory ways—as a concept to disentangle racism and racialisation (what M'charek calls the 'work race actually does') and as a way of categorization and social classification, in which case it might create the very essentialised hierarchies 'race' as a critical concept tries to disentangle. We wonder if it is indeed possible to use 'race' as a concept without evoking 'race' as a social classification. At first, we give a short summary of the four discussion papers and then delve into two aspects the papers share, namely the need for spatial and temporal contextualization and comparison, as well as their choice not to take up our invitation to compare race as a category with gender. In a second step we will discuss two points arising from the papers, (1) 'race' as category, not as lens, often resulting in essentialism and (2) 'race' as potentially obscuring racism and racialisation. We conclude by proposing to give more space to complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarises key aspects of the first reproductive and developmental systems Science Community White Paper, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA). Current knowledge regarding human development and reproduction in space is mapped to the roadmap. It acknowledges that sex and gender have implications on all physiological systems, however, gender identity falls outside the scope of the document included in the white paper collection supported by ESA. The ESA SciSpacE white papers on human developmental and reproductive functions in space aim to reflect on the implications of space travel on the male and female reproductive systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) reproductive hormone axis, and considerations for conception, gestation and birth. Finally, parallels are drawn as to how this may impact society as a whole on Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens participate in various activities to fulfill their needs, advance their socio-economic status, and enhance their well-being through social and health-related engagements. However, activity participation is influenced by many factors in the built environment, such as the spatial and temporal dissemination of activities, which therefore necessitate travel to overcome physical distances. Moreover, individual attributes such as gender, daily schedules, and other socio-economic characteristics also influence mobility patterns. In this paper, we aim to investigate these factors in the specific context of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area using three different samples of residents from annual mobility surveys conducted between 2018 and 2020. To this end, we employ a sequence analysis method that examines the entire trajectory of an individual's daily activities and travel, considering the number, order, and duration of activities. In this way, we analyse in detail how various individual characteristics and the built environment influence the fragmentation of activities. Our study yields multiple results. First, we find that even in a transport-oriented city, the fragmentation of activities is shaped by gender, especially after age 30, when major changes occur in an individual's life course, in particular caring responsibilities and family status. Second, we observe that the educational level and year of the sample also play a central role in shaping mobility patterns. Finally, our paper makes a methodological contribution by defining sequence distances, after projecting the original space onto the factorial one defined by the Multiple Correspondence Analysis. This study shows that mobility policies should not focus solely on transport aspects, but also consider the built environment, dwelling location, gender, equity, and individual lifetime characteristics in an integrated manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity to aspire for young people is significant, as they cannot choose to be what they cannot experience or imagine becoming. Student exchange programmes that expand experiences of STEM may increase opportunities, interests, and participation for rural young people in the STEM subject field. This paper creates a cartography with data created from self-reported Year 10 students' affective responses to experiences undergone during a three-week rural exchange (RE) programme. Students reported increased feelings of belonging to both school and STEM subjects during and after participating in the RE programme. The data created with students during this study provided a deep insight into the positive affective impact of the experiences undergone. Students' increased aspirations and motivation to continue in STEM fields were reported as sustained on return to their home rural school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communities in several parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) depend on natural resources for their sustenance. While growing pressure on such resources has been accused of framing conflicts, the power and convictions dimension of such conflicts remains relatively less explored. Taking the case of Cameroon, this paper undertakes an explorative analysis of power and convictions around land and linked natural resources. Specifically, the paper maps harmful convictions and their role in steering unequal access to land and linked natural resources; explores power manifestations among different categories of resource use actors; and discusses the role of different typologies of actors in shaping harmful convictions linked to land and other natural resources. Qualitative data derived from four communities in the greater south region informed this study: focus group discussions (14), key informants, and expert interviews (25) were employed. Using the actor-centred power analytical lens, the analysis entailed the use of directed content analysis, thematic analysis and narratives. The results indicate the following: Firstly, while ethnic/region-based and elitism-based harmful convictions significantly drive land resource access, gender-based and religious-based convictions are less recurrent. Secondly, while elitism-based actors exercise power through coercion, religious and political actors employ (dis)incentives and dominant information, respectively, in their quest for forestland. Thirdly, elitism-based and ethnic/region-based actors are at the centre of harmful convictions around land and linked natural resources. The results inform the actor-centred power concept, with emphasis on convictions around land and linked natural resources. Future studies should explore the conflict implications of these harmful convictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze text data in all the articles published in the top five (T5) economics journals between 2002 and 2019 in order to find gender differences in their research approach. We implement an unsupervised machine learning algorithm: the structural topic model (STM), so as to incorporate gender document-level meta-data into a probabilistic text model. This algorithm characterizes jointly the set of latent topics that best fits our data (the set of abstracts) and how the documents/abstracts are allocated to each topic. Latent topics are mixtures over words where each word has a probability of belonging to a topic after controlling by journal name and publication year (the meta-data). Thus, the topics may capture research fields but also other more subtle characteristics related to the way in which the articles are written. We find that females are unevenly distributed over the estimated latent topics. This and other findings rely on "automatically" generated built-in data given the contents in the abstracts of the articles in the T5 journals, without any arbitrary allocation of texts to particular categories (as JEL codes, or research areas). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]