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Assessment of churches based on empirical data at a territorial scale is a suitable tool to have an overview of the seismic behaviour of this peculiar structural typology and to evaluate their current state of vulnerability. Fragility and vulnerability curves are also aimed to perform the analysis of different seismic scenarios. The paper presents a detailed typological analysis of 633 single-nave churches, as a selected subset of the database previously examined by the authors, with the aim of evaluating more in detail the influence of some parameters, such as masonry typology, church dimensions and presence of the bell tower, on the vulnerability of the overall church. Then, specific analyses are carried out to assess the influence played by single mechanisms on the definition of the overall damage index, with the focus of providing qualitative evaluations and explicit vulnerability and fragility curves related to the most recurring and significant collapse mechanisms. This is an original contribution of the paper in the field of the vulnerability assessment of churches, since nowadays little information is available in the literature about the damage levels related to specific mechanisms, while most attention is still focused on global damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses how residents can safely access shelters from their buildings. Firstly, we investigated Xiaying Village, a typical community with severe buildings damage at the epicentre of the Ms5.0 magnitude earthquake in Tonghai that occurred on August 13, 2018, and found that the injured residents when escaping resulted from the damage to masonry buildings. Secondly, a probabilistic approach combining response spectrum and allowable maximum acceleration is proposed to estimate the damage risk of masonry buildings with inadequate seismic performance in old communities. Thirdly, three models are proposed to assess the risk of the escape path, which include all scenarios of the escape of residents to shelters. Finally, an accessibility analysis of the paths that residents may choose to escape to the shelter is presented. The results of the community escape case study in the Tonghai earthquake show that the probabilistic approach to estimating the escape risk is feasible, and the number of damaged buildings in the escape path dictates the accessibility of residents to the shelter. The proposed method is important for guiding old community residents to escape when a strong earthquake strikes, and it is an effective way to improve community disaster resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant research advances on the seismic response analysis, there is still an urgent need for validation of numerical simulation methods for prediction of earthquake response and damage. In this respect, seismic monitoring networks and proper modelling can further support validation studies, allowing more realistic simulations of what earthquakes can produce. This paper discusses the seismic response of the "Pietro Capuzi" school in Visso, a village located in the Marche region (Italy) that was severely damaged by the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence. The school was a two-story masonry structure founded on simple enlargements of its load-bearing walls, partially embedded in the alluvial loose soils of the Nera river. The structure was monitored as a strategic building by the Italian Seismic Observatory of Structures (OSS), which provided acceleration records under both ambient noise and the three mainshocks of the seismic sequence. The evolution of the damage pattern following each one of the three mainshocks was provided by on-site survey integrated by OSS data. Data on the dynamic soil properties was available from the seismic microzonation study of the Visso village and proved useful in the development of a reliable geotechnical model of the subsoil. The equivalent frame (EF) approach was adopted to simulate the nonlinear response of the school building through both fixed-base and compliant-base models, to assess the likely influence of soil–structure interaction on the building performance. The ambient noise records allowed for an accurate calibration of the soil–structure model. The seismic response of the masonry building to the whole sequence of the three mainshocks was then simulated by nonlinear time history analyses by using the horizontal accelerations recorded at the underground floor as input motions. Numerical results are validated against the evidence on structural response in terms of both incremental damage and global shear force–displacement relationships. The comparisons are satisfactory, corroborating the reliability of the compliant-base approach as applied to the EF model and its computational efficiency to simulate the soil–foundation–structure interaction in the case of masonry buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic events that struck Italy in the last years had a dramatic impact on historical and cultural heritage. Damage occurred on existing masonry buildings, in particular on churches, stressed out the need to better understand the seismic behaviour of this type of constructions as well as to define more appropriate mitigation strategies to be applied at large scale. This study deals with a predictive methodology for vulnerability assessment of churches in large territorial areas. Focusing the attention on three naves churches of Abruzzi, the paper proposes modifications and integrations of an existing methodology taken by literature. These modifications are defined through a calibration procedure based on damage observation of 64 three naves churches located at different distances from the epicentre of the 2009 earthquake. The proposed model is employed to predict damage level distribution for different earthquake intensities, allowing fragility curves to be plotted and therefore potential damage scenarios to be represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the vulnerability assessment of the Hassan Bey's Mansion, located in the Medieval City of Rhodes in Greece. To this aim, the procedure developed in PERPETUATE project for the seismic assessment at scale of a single monument is adopted: it follows the performance-based concept making use of nonlinear static analyses. The main outcome of the assessment is presented in the paper in terms of maximum seismic intensity measure (the one selected as the most representative for the examined asset) compatible to various performance levels: it is used to address also the rehabilitation decisions. Within this context, the attention of this paper is focused on the use of sensitivity analysis for the identification of the main parameters that affect the structural response. Uncertainties considered in this application are both aleatory and epistemic. The epistemic uncertainties concern the effectiveness of the infilled openings: in fact, this feature strongly characterizes this building that has been subjected to many transformations along its life. Moreover, seven random variables have been considered to account for the aleatory uncertainties: they involve the material properties, the material constitutive law as well as floor rigidity. A total of 60 nonlinear static analyses have been performed for the sensitivity analysis, which represents a powerful tool for setting-up a possible investigation plan and addresses the final assessment. The resulting safety factor, computed in terms of return period, varies from 0.20 to 0.27, highlighting that the structure is not able to satisfy the target performance levels. Possible rehabilitation measures are proposed afterwards, in particular by quantitatively assessing the effect associated to the stiffening of diaphragms (very flexible in the original state). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, possibilities of correlation of structural damage and damage of attached artistic assets on multi-leaf stone masonry walls by means of destructive and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are investigated. Results from two testing campaigns carried out at the University of Genoa and University of Ljubljana are briefly presented. In particular, diagonal tests with different levels of pre-compression and shear tests under different boundary conditions were carried out in Genoa and Ljubljana, respectively. During the tests, different damage limit states (DL) of both masonry walls (SE) and attached plasters (AA) were investigated by means of NDT's. Two different types of rubble stone masonry were considered (uncoursed random rubble vs. coursed squared rubble). For AA the results are presented in relative form in dependence from the DL of SE. Obtained results are influenced both by the type of test and tested masonry. Results of NDT revealed strong potential and a need for data fusing of both investigated methods for the evaluation of the state of the degradation behind the plaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the application of the seismic assessment procedure developed in the PERPETUATE project on a single monument, the Neoclassical School in the Medieval City of Rhodes. The PERPETUATE methodology for the estimation of seismic risk of cultural heritage assets is based on the principles of performance-based assessment ( PBA), using nonlinear static procedures. The outcome of the PBA methodology is the maximum seismic intensity measure compatible to different performance levels. The focus of the paper is on the application of the methodology, considering the effects of both soil-foundation-structure interaction ( SFSI) and masonry foundation flexibility on the building response, before and after rehabilitation design measures. It is found that SFSI and foundation flexibility produce larger displacements and reduce the maximum ground acceleration that the building can sustain by over 50 %. However, despite the detrimental effects of SFSI on the acceleration capacity, SFSI and foundation flexibility may have a favorable effect on the structure safety, as they modify the collapse mechanism. The results of seismic analyses showed that the building, in its current state, does not sustain the demands for the Life Safety and Collapse Prevention performance levels. Stiffening the roof of the structure and providing sufficient anchorage to the structure, along with systematic grouting of the masonry walls, are the principal rehabilitation decisions considered herein. Mitigation measures were evaluated, considering SFSI and the analyses revealed the adequacy of the proposed retrofitting measure, which combines vertical (wall) and horizontal (roof) stiffening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of historic masonry buildings to tectonic ground displacements is studied through analysis of a simple yet representative soil-foundation-masonry wall system. A nonlinear 3D finite element method is developed and employed to reproduce the strong nonlinear response of the rupturing soil, as well as the masonry structure. Following a sensitivity analysis of the effect of the exact location of the structure with respect to the emerging fault, the paper discusses several characteristic mechanisms of soil-structure interaction and evaluates the associated structural distress. The observed failure pattern and the consequent structural damage are shown to depend strongly, varying from minimal to dramatic, on the exact position of the structure relative to the fault. Alleviation of tectonic risk through foundation enhancement/improvement is investigated by considering alternative foundation systems. Results highlight the advantageous performance of rigid embedded and continuous foundations as opposed to more flexible and isolated supports indicating that foundation strengthening may provide important shielding against settlement and structural drift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose reduction factors accounting for the decrease of stiffness of monumental masonry foundations due to aging, weathering, or other deteriorating effects. The proposed reduced stiffness values can be readily used in finite element structural analysis software in the framework of performance-based assessment, representing linear elastic springs at the foundation level. These springs account for foundation-soil system flexibility and soil-foundation interaction (SFI) at low-frequency vibrations. Accordingly, we propose a procedure to reduce monumental masonry foundation-wall stiffness from the rigid-footing assumption, with respect to the relative stiffness between the foundation and the soil. The proposed procedure is applied to the historical structure Arsenal De Milly in the Medieval City of Rhodes, where period elongation and ductility increase are highlighted, because of SFI and foundation flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic assessment of rocking masonry structures is a complex task, due to the high sensitivity of the behavior to the characteristics of the input motion. The paper compares the results offered by different models and the reliability of widely used intensity measures. A displacement-based approach based on an incremental limit analysis of rigid blocks is proposed for the performance-based assessment of rocking masonry structures, such as: rocky structures (archeological remains, obelisks, columns, trilithons), arch-piers systems (e.g. triumphal arches, belfries), out-of-plane mechanisms of walls (standing out walls, façades in buildings or churches etc.) or artistic assets prone to overturn (pinnacles, statues etc.). The method is compatible with the format of the PERPETUATE performance-based assessment method for cultural heritage assets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient monumental masonry buildings are complex structures that were not based on an engineered design, underwent many transformations during their life and often present lack of connections among the structural elements. Earthquakes are the main cause of damage for ancient masonry structures and, in order to reduce their vulnerability with compatible and light interventions, it is necessary to have accurate models for the seismic analysis, able to simulate the nonlinear behavior of masonry, and a well defined performance-based assessment procedure, aimed to guarantee the acceptable level of risk for the occupants and for the conservation of the monument itself. The paper outlines the guidelines that were developed within the PERPETUATE European research project. The wide variety of architectural assets is classified and the related proper modeling strategies are identified; moreover, immovable artistic assets are considered in the assessment. A displacement-based approach is adopted, because these structures crack even for low intensity earthquakes and can survive severe ones only if they have a sufficient displacement capacity. Safety and conservation requirements are proposed by considering distinct sets of performance levels, related to use and safety of people, conservation of the building and of the artistic assets that might be present. Some indications on the seismic hazard assessment are provided, considering the distinctive features of some types of ancient structures. Within the fundamental knowledge phase, sensitivity analysis is proposed in order to address and optimize the in-situ investigation and to define proper confidence factors, aimed to consider epistemic and statistical uncertainties. Different modeling approaches and methods of analysis are considered, depending on the characteristics of the structure; both static pushover and incremental dynamic nonlinear analyses are considered. Related verification procedures are defined to evaluate the seismic intensity measure, and the corresponding return period, which is compatible with each performance level that must be fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to estimate the damage rate of steel and masonry buildings for different regions of Taiwan from future earthquakes according to the empirical data of 1999 M 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan. The results are presented in quadratic equation relating building damage rates with modified Mercalli intensity. It is found that two zones are subject to high building damage rates. One zone extends from Hsinchu southward to Taichung, Nantou, Chiayi, and Tainan in western Taiwan, and the other extends from Ilan southward to Hualian and Taitung in eastern Taiwan. These zones are also characterized by low b values and also coincide with high peak ground shaking parameters. We also present the damage rates as function of waiting time for steel and masonry buildings in ten main metropolitans of Taiwan. The results show relatively low expected damage rates in Hengchun, Tainan, and Kaohsiung. But relatively high damage rates are found for most other areas. These results should be of use to government regulators and practicing engineers to enforce appropriate building codes to effectively mitigate potential seismic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of PERPETUATE, LOG-IDEAH: 'LOGic trees for Identification of Damage due to Earthquakes for Architectural Heritage' has been developed as a post-earthquake assessment tool for the evaluation of the global seismic performance of architectural assets (AAs). LOG-IDEAH is an expert system which interprets the seismic damage collected on site by relying on the knowledge of engineers and architects in seismic vulnerability assessment. The present expert system has been set up on logic trees, implemented in answer set programming to encode the recognition process that surveyors proceed to investigate the causes of damage and to evaluate the failures occurring on an AA. LOG-IDEAH, available at (), allows sketching AAs, recording the state of damage, uploading GPS referenced images and comparing collapse mechanisms observed on site with collapse mechanisms identified by the system. The seismic damage, which is the minimum data required by LOG-IDEAH, is collected at the level of both structural elements and artistic assets (local level) and interpreted at the level of the AA (global level). The answer set programming applied for the construction of the machine-processable representation, once the input data has been recorded into the web-interface, provides all possible failure modes and related possibilities of occurrence by taking into consideration the reliability level of the collected data. Its capability has been validated by applying LOG-IDEAH to the historic centre of L'Aquila of the 2009 earthquake by pointing out that answer set programming is a valid alternative approach to the existing methods developed to identify the seismic performance of masonry AAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of PERPETUATE project for the case study in Slovenia, the 150 year old Kolizej Palace in Ljubljana was set. The building was for a long time neglected and severely deteriorated due to ageing and moisture problems. Despite the overall opinion among conservators upon its preservation, it was set to be demolished. Prior it's demolishing in 2011 extensive on-site investigation was carried out, which provided valuable data regarding the influence of deteriorated masonry on the seismic response of the building. Experimental tests proved almost completely saturated moisture conditions in the ground level of the building, while all the stories above were in almost dry condition. The results of tests on masonry revealed that moisture content and state of deterioration affected both strength and stiffness properties of built masonry in large extend. Regardless adopted modelling strategies the vulnerability assessment of the Kolizej Palace has proved that the building in its latest condition was far behind the current code requirements in respect to both static and seismic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide cultural heritage and especially the heritage buildings in Europe are masonry buildings. Such buildings are generally capable to resist vertical loads but horizontal earthquake actions are often critical. The strengthening upgrade is generally required. One of the most promising methods for the strengthening of masonry walls is application of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) to the surface of the wall. Three sets of the experimental research were performed recently with new innovative configurations of the fibre reinforcement placement on clay brick masonry. Within the framework of European FP7 research project PERPETUATE two sets of in-situ experiments were performed on 12 walls, belonging to two buildings approximately one hundred years old. Both buildings were made of solid bricks in low strength mortar. Third set of tests was performed in the laboratory on 16 specimens made of contemporary solid bricks in good lime-cement mortar. Tests were performed with different reinforcement configurations. Carbon FRP strips were epoxy-bonded horizontally, diagonally or combined (horizontally and vertically). Glass FRP grids were placed in the modified cement mortar over the entire surface of the wall. Specimens were tested under the constant vertical load and by a displacement controlled horizontal cyclic loading. The carbon fibre reinforced polymer strengthening significantly increased the ultimate displacement capacity in case of the horizontal and combined strengthening. The diagonal strengthening was not so effective because the failure of the diagonally strengthened specimens was governed by the peeling of strips from the masonry. The GFRP grid configuration greatly increased the load bearing capacity but not also the ultimate displacement. The shear strength of the strengthened and un-strengthened specimens was compared to the calculated values of the seismic shear load bearing capacity. For that the Triantafillou (J Compos Constr 2(2):96-104, ), Triantafillou and Antonopoulos (J Compos Constr ASCE 4(4):198-205, ), Marcari et al. () and Wang et al. (Asian J Civil Eng Build Hous 7(6): 563-580, ) calculation models and the design guides ACI 440.7R-10 () and CNR-DT 200/2004 were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of uncertainties regarding modelling choices and knowledge of specific structural configurations on the seismic vulnerability evaluation of masonry buildings in Slovenia were studied using two case studies: a set of damaged buildings from the rural area of NW Slovenia hit by earthquakes in 1998 and 2004 and the urban buildings from the historic city centre of Ljubljana. Two modelling strategies were applied-failure mechanisms analysis by means of macro element methodology (MEM) and non-linear response analysis by means of structural element modelling. The accuracy in predicting failure modes by MEM ranged between 50 and 80 % of the stock of building in rural area. The most critical failure mechanisms were due to out-of-plane loading. Given the uncertainties associated with the data relative to the urban architecture stock, the MEM analysis was carried out considering different hypotheses, leading to a range of 30-70 % damaged buildings, for 475 years return period, with diverse failure mechanisms and ultimate capacity depending on specific structural assumptions. For one building of rural architecture already damaged during previous earthquake in 2004, where due to the extensive in-situ campaign the influence of uncertainties were minimised, direct comparison of the effectiveness of both methods were investigated. MEM assessment yields more conservative results in respect to non-linear approach and thus may be an efficient tool for the design of strengthening measures for heritage buildings to prevent damage in lower intensity events with higher probability of occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]