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Senecavirus A (SVA), an important emerging porcine virus, has outbreaks in different regions and countries each year, becoming a virus with global prevalence. SVA infection has been reported to induce macroautophagy/autophagy; however, the molecular mechanisms of autophagy induction and the effect of SVA on autophagy remain unknown. This study showed that SVA infection induced the autophagy process in the early stage of SVA infection, and the rapamycin-induced autophagy inhibited SVA replication by degrading virus 3 C protein. To counteract this, SVA utilized 2AB protein inhibiting the autophagy process from promoting viral replication in the late stage of SVA infection. Further study showed that SVA 2AB protein interacted with MARCHF8/MARCH8 and LC3 to degrade the latter and inhibit the autophagy process. In addition, we found that MARCHF8 was a positive regulator of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling. During the autophagy process, the SVA 2AB protein targeted MARCHF8 and MAVS forming a large complex for degradation to deactivate IFN-I signaling. Together, our study reveals the molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy in the host against viruses and reveals potential viral strategies to evade the autophagic process and IFN-I signaling for successful pathogenesis. Abbreviations: Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; hpi: hours post-infection; IFN: interferon; ISG: IFN-stimulated gene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCHF8/MARCH8: membrane associated ring-CH-type finger 8; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; Rapa: rapamycin; RT: room temperature; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SVA: Senecavirus A; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferon-induced BST2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2) inhibits viral replication by tethering enveloped virions to the cell surface to restrict viral release and by inducing the NFKB-dependent antiviral immune response. However, the mechanism by which BST2 uses the selective autophagy pathway to inhibit viral replication is poorly understood. In this study, we showed that BST2 expression was significantly increased during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of Vero cells by IRF1 targeting its promoter. We also showed that BST2 suppressed PEDV replication by binding and degrading the PEDV-encoded nucleocapsid (N) protein. The downregulation of N protein was blocked by macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitors but not a proteasome inhibitor, implying that the N protein was degraded via the selective autophagy pathway. Both the BST2 and N protein interacted with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF8/MARCH8 and the cargo receptor CALCOCO2/NDP52, and the ubiquitination of N protein was necessary for the degradation of N mediated by the BST2-MARCHF8 axis. The knockdown of MARCHF8 or ATG5 with small interfering RNAs blocked the selective autophagy pathway, rescued the protein abundance of PEDV N in 293T cells, and prevented the inhibition of PEDV replication by BST2 in Vero cells. Together, our data demonstrate the novel mechanism of BST2-mediated virus restriction, in which BST2 recruits MARCHF8 to catalyze the ubiquitination of the PEDV N protein. The ubiquitinated N protein is then recognized by CALCOCO2/NDP52, which delivers it to autolysosome for degradation through the selective autophagy pathway. Abbreviations: 3MA: 3-methyladenine; ATG: autophagy-related; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BST2: bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CC: coiled-coil; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; CT: cytoplasmic tail; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GPI: glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol; hpi: hours post infection; IRF1: interferon regulatory factor 1; ISG: IFN-stimulated gene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MARCHF8/MARCH8: membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 8; MOI: multiplicity of infection; N protein: nucleocapsid protein; PED: porcine epidemic diarrhea; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; RT: room temperature; siRNA: small interfering RNA; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TM: transmembrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave photonics (MWPs) is an emerging interdisciplinary field, where photonics technologies are adopted to facilitate the generation, transmission, detection, and processing of signals at radio-wave, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequencies. Recently, the integrated photonic technology has demonstrated its capability to miniaturize photonic circuits on a single chip, which paves the way for next-generation integrated MWP signal processing systems having reduced size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) specifications. In particular, by means of incorporating complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronic, optical, and optoelectronic components on a single integrated chip, silicon photonic circuits have brought new architectures and functionalities for MWP signal processing. This accelerates the evolution of MWPs from a single-use microwave signal processor toward a multitasking and cascadable MWP system, which is readily adaptable for a wide variety of uses and applications. In this review article, we provide an overview of the fundamental principle of the MWP signal processing topology. Developments in the microwave filtering technologies are reviewed with a focus on the integrated microwave filtering enhanced by optical phase equalization. We also review the recent progress and give an outlook for the future trend in MWP signal topologies, exploring the realization of multitasking and cascadable microwave signal processing systems based on silicon photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new strategy is proposed for soft urban land-cover extraction based on mixed training data and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The strategy is applied to soft classification of urban water cover using Landsat 8 multispectral data in Beijing. The results are validated with extensive manual mapping data and are compared with the results derived from a well-trained SVM and the linear spectral unmixing method using only pure samples. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed strategy works effectively in extracting the water cover in the urban image. The results are better than those obtained by SVM and linear spectral unmixing with only pure samples. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of image-based mixed training data and SVM enhances the strengths of kernel-based approaches for soft mapping urban land cover from imaging data. Therefore, the proposed workflow constitutes a new flexible and extendable approach to soft mapping urban land cover. Future work includes the construction of a comprehensive image-based spectral library for urban areas, and the testing of the proposed strategy on additional land-cover types in urban areas such as grass, tree, and bare soil. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to improve the utilization rate of spectroscopic data and texture information, this study proposes a method for optimal selection of spectrum and texture features based on automatic subspace division and rough set theory. This method takes advantage of rough set reduct ideology in order to realize the reduction of different types of ground object spectral features on the basis of the conventional subspace division method. In using this method, the primary spectral band based on spectral information can be determined. Then, the grey-level co-occurrence matrix method can be used to calculate the texture information of the primary spectral band and determine the reduction and optimization in order to obtain the final band based on the spectrum and texture information. Verification of this method is made by using CASI data of Heihe Region, China, and AVIRIS data of the Indiana Region, USA, and also using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification of the original spectral, primary spectral, and final bands. The results indicate the following. (1) The method for optimal selection of the critical spectral band and texture band, based on the rough set theory, can efficiently improve the classification accuracy of high-spatial resolution remote-sensing images. However, the effects for the low-spatial resolution images are minimal. (2) For high-spatial-resolution remote-sensing images, such as roads, trenches, buildings, and other types of object with obvious textural features, the addition of image texture information can increase the degree of distinction of these different types and thereby improve the classification accuracy. However, the addition of the textural information for some objects with similar texture features will cause misclassification and reduce the classification accuracy for these types of images. (3) This method can realize the optimal selection of spectrum and texture bands of a hyperspectral image and has a certain universality. Also, the texture information will be richer and this method will be more practical through increasing the spatial resolution of images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical modeling of the effect of the gap between electrodes on the MTF of an example liquid crystal lens is presented. The results are compared with those of a lens using a layer of “floating” electrodes above the addressed concentric ring electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Combining spectral and morphological information to classify hyperspectral data offers a considerable advantage over methods based solely on spectral or morphological data. Previously, a classification method was proposed that concatenated extended morphological profile (EMP) and spectral information into one feature vector for each pixel of an image. Although this method has the merit of simultaneously using spectral and morphological information, it runs the risk of generating new spectral constituents (not present in the original image). In this letter, an improved classification method based on fusing extended multivariate morphological profile (EMMP) and spectral information was proposed. A new vector ordering method based on spectral purity-based criterion was adopted to overcome the problem of generating new constituents in EMP. A feature selection algorithm was employed to improve the efficiency of EMMP. Experiments were carried out on a hyperspectral data set collected by NASA's Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer sensor. Experimental results showed that EMMP was effective at describing morphological information in hyperspectral data, and that this letter's method was superior to the previous method in terms of classification accuracy but inferior to the previous method in terms of time consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth observation is an effective technique that plays an important role in earthquake damage reduction and reconstruction. This paper introduces the results of dynamic analysis on monitoring and assessing heavily impacted areas affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake using remote sensing data acquired in the past 3 years from 2008 to 2010. Immediately after the disaster on 12 May 2008, the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched a project entitled 'Wenchuan Earthquake Disasters Monitoring and Assessment Using Remote Sensing Technology.' More than 400 images from 17 satellites and 20.2TB airborne remote sensing data were acquired to facilitate quick monitoring and evaluation of severely damaged areas in 14 counties. Results of the image analyses were forwarded on a timely basis to assist with consultative service and decision-making support. In subsequent years, in order to monitor the process of environmental restoration and reconstruction, airborne optical remote sensing images covering most of the severely damaged areas were again acquired in May 2009 and April 2010. These images were analyzed and compared along with images from 2008. Results were useful in support of further work on environmental protection and reconstruction in earthquake-damaged areas. Three typical areas were selected for illustrative purposes including Tangjiashan Barrier Lake, Beichuan County, and counties of Yingxiu and the new Beichuan. These results well demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of the utility of earth observation for disaster mitigation and reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]