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In this paper, we first give a relationship between generalized algebraic geometry codes (GAG codes) and algebraic geometry codes (AG codes). More precisely, we show that a GAG code is contained (up to isomorphism) in a suitable AG code. Next we recall the concept of an N1N2-automorphism group, a subgroup of the automorphism group of a GAG code. With the use of the relation we obtained between these two classes of codes, we show that the N1N2-automorphism group is a subgroup of the automorphism group of an AG code.

Background: Vitiligo is a common depigmenting disorder with a prevalence of 0.5–2%. Despite the increasing popularity of bibliometric studies in recent years, medical literature lacks a report investigating bibliometric features of vitiligo literature. Aim: It was aimed to analyze vitiligo literature by evaluating productivity of countries, institutions, and authors, and performing assessment of publication trends, bibliometric networks, and correlations. Material and Methods: We collected all data in this study by searching databases provided by Web of Science. All documents published on vitiligo literature between 1975 and 2017 were included. We performed correlation analyses between productivity and demographical and economical features of the countries publishing vitiligo articles. Results: A total of 7187 documents were detected and 72.2% of which was original article. The peak year for publication number by year was 2016 with 528 articles and the highest number of citations was reported in 2017. The USA was the leading country by total publication number (24.82%) followed by the United Kingdom (UK), India, China, and Italy (10.91%, 8.64%, 7.54%, and 6.87% respectively). Estonia was found to be the most productive country of vitiligo literature (13.01) followed by Netherlands, the UK, and Switzerland (12.64, 11.78, and 9.25, respectively). We found a high correlation between GDP per capita and the productivity of the countries (r = 0.732,P < 0.001). Conclusion: As revealed in our study, although vitiligo occurs worldwide, developed countries dominated vitiligo literature. Researchers from developing and least-developed countries should be encouraged and supported to perform novel vitiligo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Telepathology is an application of telemedicine providing remote evaluation and consultation of digital pathology images and can be used for educational or experimental purposes. Bibliometrics is a statistical discipline investigating publication patterns and trends in a certain academic field. Although bibliometric and scientometric studies are becoming increasingly popular, the relevant literature contains only one limited article related to telepathology. The aim of our study was to perform a holistic bibliometric analysis of the telepathology literature. Material and Method: Since the first article on telepathology was published in 1986, we included all indexed articles retrieved from Web of Science databases between 1986 and 2017. Results: We found that the USA covering 43.01% of all literature was the leading country in the telepathology field and was followed by Germany, Italy and the UK (n=120, 90 and 83, respectively). The countries with the most contributions were located in the continents of Europe and North America. The most productive source titles were Human Pathology, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, and Modern Pathology. Harvard University ranked first with 59 articles. The most commonly used keywords of the telepathology literature were "telepathology", "telemedicine", "digital pathology", "virtual microscopy" and "telecytology". We noted that all of the ten countries with the most contributions were in the developed category of UN classification and all twenty of the most productive institutions were from developed countries. Conclusion: We suggest that researchers from developing and least developed countries should be encouraged to carry out novel studies since telemedicine is a required and promising technology for rural developing or least developed areas in which access to health care is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study focusing on teledermatology research publication between 1975 and 2017 and its bibliometric evaluation. Topics discussed include the use of data from Thomson Reuters Web of Science in this study; the use of teledermatology keyword in the research; and the publication of teledermatology research in the U.S. and Great Britain.

Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation and aggregation. MPV has been found to be related with the inflammation of certain disorders in recent studies. Aims: We sought to investigate whether MPV could be an indicator of inflammation in patients with Behçet disease (BD) and recurrent apthous stomatitis (RAS). Materials and Methods: Our study was designed as a retrospective case-control study and data was retrieved from our institutional database. We randomly generated a total of three study groups from our clinical archive. All controls were sex and age-matched and randomly selected by computer. Eighty-five patients with BD, 82 patients with RAS, and 721 healthy controls were included for the study design. We compared mean MPV values in the patient groups and controls. Results: We found no difference in the mean MPV value between BD group and BD-control group. The mean MPV value was significantly higher in patients with RAS than that in the RAS-control group (9.11 ± 1.01 fL vs. 8.76 ± 1.15 fL, P = 0.045). There was no difference in mean MPV level between BD and RAS group. Conclusion: The association between MPV and inflammatory skin diseases such as BD and RAS should be investigated prospectively in case-control studies. Limitations: Retrospective study design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicolau syndrome (NS) also known as livedo-like dermatitis, is an uncommon but important cutaneous drug reaction. It was first described in 1924 and since then many patients have been reported in the literature. The disorder is characterized by intense pain in the injection site and followed by a livedoid reticular patch or indurated plaque. In some patients, this condition may progress into extensive necrosis of the skin and ulceration as seen in our patient. Herein we presented a 52-year-old man and presented with a painful, large ulcer on his left buttock after intramuscular diclofenac sodium administration and diagnosed with NS to draw attention of physicians to this rare and preventable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatoscopy is a cheap and non-invasive diagnostic technique that improves the diagnostic accuracy of non-pigmented benign and malignant skin tumors. Dermatologist should be aware of dermatoscopic features of non-melanocytic skin tumors to reach the correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Presentation of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis chronica that is an uncommon but important differential diagnosis for particular benign and malignant tumours. Case report: A 32-year-old woman presented with a painful, hyperkeratotic nodule on her left antihelix. The lesion was treated with cryotherapy and resolved completely. Conclusion: Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis for skin tumours and cryotherapy may be a good alternative in selected cases with an excellent cosmetic outcome to the surgery although surgery is still the mainstay of the treatment of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granuloma annulare is a granulomatous disorder of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with different clinical types. Generalized granuloma annulare is a rarely encountered clinical entity. We describe a 60-year-old woman with a 4-month history of generalized annular lesions. She had a history of myelocytic leukemia and chronic hepatitis B virus infection. To date, both acute myelocytic leukemia and hepatitis B virus infection have been described independently in association with generalized granuloma annulare but have never been described together in association with generalized granuloma annulare. Probable etiological causes of granuloma annulare are discussed in our patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bibliometrics has been used for assessing and predicting trends in macro-health science and medical systems, especially in the field of cancer. Bibliometric and scientometric studies in the field of programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) may guide further research in this field. Objective: To perform bibliometric analysis of articles on PD-1 and PD-L1 published in the academic literature during 1975 to 2017. Method: The bibliometric analysis was performed using the Thomson Reuters Web of Science database. Results: A total of 23 813 articles were retrieved, 73.52% of which were original articles. The United States was the leading country by total publication number (n = 10 897, 10.91%), followed by China (10.54%), and produced the most literature on PD-1/PD-L1 (164.65 articles). Among the institutions identified, Harvard University (USA) contributed the most articles on PD-1/PD-L1. Conclusions: All authors and institutions in the top 10 contributor's lists were from the developed countries. Researchers from the developing and least-developed countries should be encouraged to perform novel studies on PD-1 and PD-L1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response by Engin Şenel and Deniz Seçkin to a letter to the editor about their article on the effect of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 in the pathogenesis of imiquimod-related vitiligo-like depigmentation is presented.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article on the implication of imiquimod, a potent topical immune response agent to treat dermatomycoses diseases published in the previous issue.

Nitrogen contamination remains a severe environmental problem and a major threat to sustainable development worldwide. A systematic analysis of the literature indicates that the partial nitritation-anammox (PN/AMX) process is still actively studied as a viable option for energy-efficient and feasible technology for the sustainable treatment of N- rich wastewaters, since its initial discovery in 1990. Notably, the mainstream PN/AMX process application remains the most challenging bottleneck in AMX technology and fascinates the world's attention in AMX studies. This paper discusses the recent trends and developments of PN/AMX research and analyzes the results of recent years of research on the PN/AMX from lab-to full-scale applications. The findings would deeply improve our understanding of the major challenges under mainstream conditions and next-stage research on the PN/AMX process. A great deal of efforts has been made in the process engineering, PN/AMX bacteria populations, predictive modeling, and the full-scale implementations during the past 22 years. A series of new and excellent experimental findings at lab, pilot and full-scale levels including good nitrogen removal performance even under low temperature (15-10 °C) around the world were achieved. To date, pilot- and full-scale PN/AMX have been successfully used to treat different types of industrial sewage, including black wastewater, sludge digester liquids, landfill leachate, monosodium glutamate wastewater, etc. Supplementing the qualitative analysis, this review also provides a quantitative bibliometrics study and evaluates global perspectives on PN/AMX research published during the past 22 years. Finally, general trends in the development of PN/AMX research are summarized with the aim of conveying potential future trajectories. The current review offers a valuable orientation and global overview for scientists, engineers, readers and decision makers presently focusing on PN/AMX processes. Image 1 • Publications on AMX -based processes in a 22-year period were assessed by bibliometrics. • Strategies that promote the process design and operation of PN/AMX were suggested. • Recent years have seen breakthroughs in technoeconomic autotrophic NH4–N removal technologies for WWT. • An important reference and global research trends on AMX biotechnology were given. • Future studies research need transition strategies to bridge laboratory and full-scales PN/AMX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of natural agro-industrial materials as suspended fillers (SFs) in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) to enhance nutrient removal performance has recently been gaining significant attention. However, the knowledge concerning the nutrient removal performance enhancement by different SFs (alone and in mixtures) and the major removal pathways is so far inadequate. The current research, for the first time, carried out a critical analysis using five different natural agro-industrial materials (biochar, zeolite, alum sludge, woodchip, flexible solid packing) as SFs in various FTWs of 20 L microcosm tanks, 450 L outdoor mesocosms, and a field-scale urban pond treating real wastewater over 180 d. The findings demonstrated that the incorporation of SFs in FTWs enhanced the removal performance of total nitrogen (TN) by 20–57% and total phosphorus (TP) by 23–63%. SFs further enhanced macrophyte growth and biomass production, leading to considerable increases in nutrient standing stocks. Although all the hybrid FTWs showed acceptable treatment performances, FTWs set up with mixtures of all five SFs significantly enhanced biofilm formation and enriched the abundances of the microbial community related to nitrification and denitrification processes, supporting the detected excellent N retention. N mass balance assessment demonstrated that nitrification-denitrification was the major N removal pathway in reinforced FTWs, and the high removal efficiency of TP was attributable to the incorporation of SFs into the FTWs. Nutrient removal efficiencies ranked in the following order among the various trials: microcosm scale (TN: 99.3% and TP: 98.4%) > mesocosm scale (TN: 84.0% and TP: 95.0%) > field scale (TN: −15.0–73.7% and TP: −31.5–77.1%). These findings demonstrate that hybrid FTWs could be easily scaled up for the removal of pollutants from eutrophic freshwater systems over the medium term in an environmentally-friendly way in regions with similar environmental conditions. Moreover, it demonstrates hybrid FTW as a novel way of disposing of significant quantities of wastes, showing a win-win means with a huge potential for large-scale application. [Display omitted] • Natural agro-industrial materials facilely incorporated into floating wetlands for enahanced nutrient removal. • A combined natural agro-industrial materials system improved N and P removal to an acceptable level. • Combination of various substrates enriched nutrient-related genera and improved micribial diversity. • Microbial action was the major mechanism for N removal from wastewater. • Hybrid FTW facilely up-scaled to eliminate N and P from eutrophic pond water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Scabiosis, the infestation of the skin with Sarcoptes scabiei , is a neglected tropical disease, with at least 200 million people being infested with the parasite at any time. It is estimated that scabies is responsible for 0.07% of the total burden of disease worldwide. Objective of this study is to perform a scientometric analysis of S. scabiei literature using the Web of Science Core Collection database for the years 1981-2020., Methods: All documents indexed between 1981 and 2020 in scabies literature were analyzed by using a search string including keywords of "scabies", " Sarcoptes scabiei " and " S. scabiei " in Web of Science Core Collection database. We excluded all materials including data on the bacterium species named Streptomyces scabies and Streptomyces scabiei ., Results: Overall, 2,933 articles were retrieved on scabies, 66.3% of which were original article. With 663 publications the USA was the most productive country, while The International Journal of Dermatology was the journal with the highest number of publications on scabies. Half of the most productive institutions and seven of the top ten prolific authors were also from Australia. The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia was the most supportive funding agency. With 4,706 citations, 2020 was the year with most references on scabies. The most cited publication was "The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions" by Hay et al. in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology with a total of 565 citations. The most collaborative country was Australia and the most cooperative institution was the University of Melbourne., Conclusion: The majority of the studies were done in a given country while multicenter studies are very rare. It is recommended that more studies should be conducted on scabiosis in developing countries where the problem of scabies is the biggest.

Background: Botulinum toxin has been effectively used cosmetically and therapeutically for the last decades in a wide range of medical conditions. Although bibliometrics has been a popular and growing study area in recent years, medical literature lacks studies evaluating published botulinum toxin literature., Objective: The goal of our study was to evaluate bibliometric features and to perform a detailed trend analysis in the medical literature related to botulinum toxin., Materials and Methods: We analyzed all the published documents including the keywords "botulinum toxin" and "botulinum neurotoxin" and commercial brand names of botulinum toxin products between 1975 and 2017. We performed a detailed bibliometric and scientometric assessment in this field., Results: A total of 24,948 articles were retrieved from four databases provided by Web of Science, and most of which were original articles (76.19%). The United States ranked first and dominated literature with 8,729 documents (34.29%) followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy (14.61%, 11.18%, and 5.5%, respectively). The United Kingdom was detected to be the most productive country with the highest productivity (55.09) followed Switzerland, Denmark, and Germany (47.7, 34.01, and 33.98, respectively). The most studied area was neurology (56.1%) and University of California System was the most productive institution. We noted no correlation between publication number and citations by year., Conclusion: We found that all top 10 authors and institutions were from developed countries. Physician from developing and the least-developed countries should be supported to carry out novel studies on botulinum toxin., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery.)

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Background: Hair follicle nevus is a rare, congenital hamartoma with follicular differentiation characterized histologically by numerous, tiny, mature hair follicles. Trichofolliculoma, the histopathological features of which are quite similar to those of hair follicle nevus, is also a hamartoma that differs from hair follicle. Accessory tragus is a relatively common, benign congenital abnormality of the external ear with an incidence rate of 1 to 10 per 1,000 live births., Objective: This study seeks to assess the discriminatory value of currently available, histological criteria in the differential diagnosis of hair follicle nevus, accessory tragi and trichofolliculoma., Methods: Twenty-one patients comprising 9 cases of hair follicle nevus, 8 accessory tragi patients and 4 trichofolliculoma cases, were recruited to perform the study., Results: There were 10 males and 11 females in the study group. No significant difference was observed between the three study groups in terms of age, gender or histopathological parameters such as density of hair follicles, subcutaneous fat score and presence of connective tissue framework. Cartilaginous component was seen in 8 cases that were diagnosed as accessory tragi, while central cyst and radiating hair follicles were seen in 4 cases which were diagnosed as trichofolliculoma., Conclusion: The results of our study showed that diagnostic discrimination of these diseases could be made only with the clinicopathologic correlation because of their clinical and histopathological similarities.

Objectives: There are no epidemiological studies comparing the prevalence of skin diseases between civilian and military populations. We sought to determine and compare the prevalence of skin conditions between civilian and military populations., Methods: A total of 3382 male patients (1148 military and 2234 civilian) were retrospectively and consecutively evaluated at Merzifon Military Hospital in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey., Results: The most frequent dermatological condition was tinea pedis (15.8%) followed by acne vulgaris, allergic contact dermatitis and alopecia areata in the military population (15.7%, 7.7% and 5.4%, respectively). Acne vulgaris, xerosis cutis and allergic contact dermatitis were the most common diagnoses in the civilian group (19.4%, 14.1% and 9.1%, respectively). The prevalence of tinea pedis, alopecia areata, pityriasis versicolor, ingrown nail (unguis incarnatus) and callus were statistically significantly higher in the military group (15.8% vs 4.4%, p<0.001; 5.4% vs 1.7%, p<0.05; 3.5% vs 0.7%, p<0.001; 3.3% vs 0.3%, p<0.001 and 4.6% vs 0.9%, p<0.001; respectively). Xerosis cutis was found to be significantly higher in the civilian group (14.1% vs 5.8%, p<0.001). Superficial fungal disease was the most prevalent disorder as in the previous literature., Conclusions: Preventive measures should be taken to improve the health of troops and reduce the prevalence of the common disorders such as tinea pedis, alopecia areata and callus. Troops should wear boots only when necessary in base camps. Clothing which reduces ventilation is not recommended. Depression and anxiety should be recognised and treated in soldiers with alopecia areata, as a solely dermatological approach without psychological support may reduce treatment success., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)