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This essay explores the material imperatives of nineteenth-century statistical ambition, at a time when the nature of paper itself underwent rapid change. It expands the concept of paper technologies to include knowledge about the materials themselves, as well as the infrastructures, techniques, and agreements that made it possible for the right kind of paper to be made available for particular purposes. Taking the production of the forms for the Prussian census as a case in point, it argues that the enumeration effort of Prussian census statisticians went far beyond designing a form, collecting information, noting and compiling figures, or creating tables. Paper knowledge to define and control the material substance of the forms mattered as much as political impetus and statistical methods in getting the census right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research on snakebite has mostly been conducted on settled populations and current risk factors and potential interventions are therefore most suited for these populations. There is limited epidemiological data on mobile and nomadic populations, who may have a higher risk of snakebite. Methods and results: We conducted a scoping review to gather evidence on survey methods used in nomadic populations and compared them with contemporary survey methods used for snakebite research. Only 16 (10.5%) of 154 articles reportedly conducted on pastoralist nomadic populations actually involved mobile pastoralists. All articles describing snakebite surveys (n = 18) used multistage cluster designs on population census sampling frames, which would not be appropriate for nomadic populations. We used geospatial techniques and open-source high-resolution satellite images to create a digital sampling frame of 50,707 households and used a multistage sampling strategy to survey nomadic and semi-nomadic populations in Samburu County, Kenya. From a sample of 900 geo-located households, we correctly identified and collected data from 573 (65.4%) households, of which 409 were in their original locations and 164 had moved within 5km of their original locations. We randomly sampled 302 (34.6%) households to replace completely abandoned and untraceable households. Conclusion: Highly mobile populations require specific considerations in selecting or creating sampling frames and sampling units for epidemiological research. Snakebite risk has a strong spatial component and using census-based sampling frames would be inappropriate in nomadic populations. We propose using open-source satellite imaging and geographic information systems to improve the conduct of epidemiological research in these populations. Author summary: Nomadic populations are at increased risk of snakebites, but interventions will not be developed or improved without reliable data on this risk. Highly mobile populations require specific considerations in selecting or creating sampling frames and sampling units for epidemiological research, and using census-based sampling frames would be inappropriate. We conducted scoping reviews to gather evidence on survey methods used in nomadic populations and compared them with contemporary survey methods used for snakebite research, which we used to inform our methodology. We describe the creation of a sampling frame of 50,707 households, the selection and geo-tagging of a sample of 900 households, and the identification and enrolment of participants from 875 households between August 2019 and March 2020. We propose using open-source satellite imaging and geographic information systems to improve the conduct of epidemiological research in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National censuses are expensive. They are conducted infrequently. They collect information that some feel infringes their human rights, and people are required by law to complete them. The outputs are not perfect, and in some situations may be misleading. Some suggest that censuses hark back to a period when regularly collected administrative data were not available. These are some of the views held about national censuses. Why, then, would others argue that they are an essential resource? In this paper, we consider some of the pros and cons of conducting national censuses, before introducing a series of papers that draw on early data available from the 2001 UK census. We argue that these papers, and the wealth of research that will be conducted in the future with 2001 census data, make a strong case for supporting the compulsory collection of personal information about the ‘entire’ population every ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper first presents a historical record of the caste system in India, shedding light on the socioeconomic disparities and discrimination that persisted for centuries. It then delves into the genesis and evolution of the Reservation System, highlighting its constitutional foundations and subsequent amendments. The paper outlines the intended goals of the Reservation System, emphasizing its role in promoting the social justice, equality, and empowerment of the marginalized communities in the society. The paper critically assesses the potential impact of a comprehensive Caste Census on the accuracy and relevance of reservation policies. An analysis of the implications of the Caste Census on the Reservation System follows, considering both potential positive outcomes and challenges. The study explores the prospect of identifying new beneficiaries who may have been historically excluded, as well as the risk of exacerbating social tensions or reinforcing stereotypes. The paper also investigates the implications for political representation, resource allocation, and the overall socioeconomic development of the marginalized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental stochasticity and climate affect outcomes in evolutionary games, which can thereby affect biological diversity. Our maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of replicator dynamics for morph frequency data from control (25 years) and three experimentally perturbed populations (14 years) of side-blotched lizards yield a 3 × 3 payoff matrix in the generalized Rock-Paper-Scissors family; it has intransitive best replies, and each strategy is its own worst reply. ML estimates indicate significant interactive effects of density and temperature on morph frequency. Implied dynamics feature a powerful interior attractor and recover (for the first time) observed 4-5 year oscillations. Our evolutionary experiment on morph frequency confirms that oscillations are driven by frequency dependent selection, but climate entrains the cycles across the perturbed and control populations within 10 generations. Applying the model across the species range, we find that climate also accounts for morph fixation and mating system diversity, suggesting climate may similarly impact ecosystem diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the occupational status and distribution of free women in the antebellum USA. It considers both their reported and unreported (imputed) occupations, using the 1/100 microdata files from the 1860 Census of Population, the only Census that asked free women's occupations while slavery was legal. After developing and testing the model based on economic and demographic variables used to explain whether a free woman has an occupation, analyses are conducted comparing their occupational distribution to free men, along with analyses among women by marital status, nativity, and the prevalence of slavery. This paper highlights the importance of including unreported family workers in discussions of free female labor market contributions, as their inclusion dramatically shifts the overall female labor force participation rate, as well as their occupational distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Censuses serve as a reliable basis for policy formulation. However, a census' objectivity is challenged by its own mission of creating categories to make sense of the reality it is called to document. Simply put, a census is intrinsically political because it makes choices about what to show and how. This paper analyses the Census of Punjab for the years 1941, 1951, 1961 and 1971 to locate the concepts and practices the census used to document language. It tests the proposition that, as a category-maker, the census was a player in the politics of the subjectivity it was engaged in documenting—language politics. It finds that the census adapted its modus operandi to the circumstances, altering the definition of mother tongue and tabulation of mother tongue data in ways that supported or countered specific stakes involved in the politicisation of linguistic identity. The paper highlights that in Punjab, the census had a more actively political role in addition to the well-documented one of a tool mobilised by other actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurrent activity of radio AGN, with phases of activity alternating with periods of quiescence, has been known since the early studies of these objects. The full relevance of this cycle is emphasised by the requirement, from the AGN feedback scenario, of a recurrent impact of the energy released by the SMBH during the lifetime of the host galaxy: only in this way can AGN feedback influence galaxy evolution. Radio AGN in different evolutionary phases can be identified by their properties, like morphology and spectral indices. Dying/remnant and restarted sources have been the most elusive to select and characterise, but they are crucial to quantify the full life cycle. Thanks to the availability of new, large radio surveys (particularly at low frequencies), it is finally possible to make a more complete census of these rare sources and start building larger samples. This paper gives an overview of the recent work conducted using a variety of radio telescopes and surveys, highlighting some of the new results characterising the properties of dying/remnant and restarted radio sources and what has been learned about the life cycle of radio AGN. The comparison with the predictions from numerical simulations is also discussed. The results so far show that remnant and restarted radio AGN have a variety of properties which make these objects more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual orientation disparity and the minimization of ladies have been in the middle of present-day wrangles around the globe. Gracious society, government, and trade proceed a battle for what can be seen inside an equitable South Africa as separation. Afew ‘old-fashioned' researchers and commentators contend that the teaching of certain rights into the Constitution, 1996 at first denied to ladies a Western inconvenience and an endeavor to debilitate African culture and conventions. This sort of nearsighted consideration subscribes to a Cambodian saying that “men are a chunk of gold, and ladies are a chunk of cloth”. In a majority rule allotment such as that of South Africa, this kind of expression is an offense to ladies, the institution of majority rule government, and the Constitution,. Even though African culture and sexual orientation balance are different factors of inequitable weights, one does not or at least ought to exceed the other. Employing a substance examination approach and a Generic woman's rights hypothetical viewpoint, this article endeavors to contend that despite different machineries pointed at changing sex disparities, South Africa remains one of the foremost unequal social orders in connection to dark ladies strengthening. This article is conceptual and auxiliary information is collected through diary articles, books, the Census, and the African Improvement Bank insights. Contentions and conclusions are built around the embraced hypothetical system and the strategy taken after. The paper found out that there must be self-reflection required for a talk that will look to oblige as distant as conceivable social values and standards into the Constitution, of the Republic of South Africa. This in this manner as a implies of forceful way of finishing disparity and separation, must be consolidated into early childhood improvement. The article hence concludes that while culture, its hones, and conventions remain imperative in society, they must be joined to human rights declared through the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996), pieces of enactment and universal arrangements. This paper employments experimental information and writing to contend that ladies in South African social orders stay undermined despite down-to-earth and forceful authoritative changes. The findings contribute colossally in attempting to shape and separate men from negative states of mind implied at disparaging ladies utilizing the support of culture and convention. In this manner, numerous suggestions contribute to the talk of imbalance and sexual orientation considers and wrangles about. This will go a long way toward relooking the administrative system meant to advance and secure the proper of ladies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Asians constitute Britain's largest ethnic minorities, yet very little is known about their migration history in the prewar era. Recent literature has begun to challenge the widely held view that South Asian migration to Britain was a post-war phenomenon in response to Britain's need for labour as it emerged from two costly wars. The literature has demonstrated that the South Asian presence in Britain can be traced back to the seventeenth century. This paper adds to that literature by analysing the occupation distribution and mobility of South Asian-born migrants during the early twentieth century. Regression results from the 1901 and 1911 Censuses of England and Wales suggest that relative to other foreign-born and British-born, South Asian-born immigrants were primarily employed in white-collar jobs, a position they largely retained until at least 1911. These results suggest that the South Asian diaspora was economically well assimilated into the British economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labor has been regarded as one of the most serious issues faced by developing countries since time immemorial. The complexity involved with the problem demands for detailed research in order to cull out the most specific ways to eliminate it. The Census of India provides data on child labor since 1971, however, most of the researches have been either case studies or restricted to data provided on national and state scenario by the NSSO. The paper, therefore intends to study the data at the district level and explore the emerging patterns. The paper restricts the data analysis to the state of Gujarat and conducts an inter-district comparison, in order to explore the correlates and the determinants of child labor. It maps the districts of Gujarat with highest concentrations of child labor across categories of gender and rural/urban areas. The findings of the paper help in understanding the actual magnitude of the problem at the district level. The analysis reveals that the large presence of child laborers in rural areas with a predominance of male child laborers; child laborers in urban area have higher access to educational institutions. There is a large proportion of children who are neither attending school nor working, categorized as the "nowhere children" with a preponderance of females. The correlation exercise provides evidences of scheduled tribe's children being more susceptible towards becoming child laborers and household industries and agricultural farms being the largest employer of child laborers. The regression results reveal that, the level of urbanization and the proportion of the ST population highly influence the proportion of child labor in a particular district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over ten years, the International Association of Official Statistics has been running a Young Statistician Prize competition. The competition also awards a special commendation to a paper from a developing country. The competition awards prizes for three papers judged by an international judging panel as having strategic and scientific merit, practical applicability, originality and are written well. [Extracted from the article]

This article investigates the attempt by some gender-critical Scots, led by organisations such as For Women Scotland, to disrupt the administration of the 2022 census in Scotland. They used their census returns to register a protest around guidance relating to the Sex question and around the wider issue of the Scottish Government's plans to reform the Gender Recognition Act. Protestors used social media to share images of their protest on the census forms over the whole census period, meaning that potential protesters were more likely to choose to protest because they saw a growing number of others sharing what they had done. It is suggested that this protest has contributed, and will continue to contribute, to costs relating to the administration of the census and the processing of census data, including the production and administration of paper census forms; the extension of the deadline for completion of the census; and the ability to use machines to read and process the data. Their action was linked by many protesters to the actions of the suffragettes in relation to the 1911 census, with the expectation that their protests would be visible in 100 years' time. However, data-protection policies mean many of their actions will not be recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to answer the following question: "Is it possible to obtain reliable estimates for the prevalence of anemia rates in children under five years in the districts of Peru?" Specifically, the objective of the present paper is to understand to which extent employing the basic and the spatial Fay–Herriot models can compensate for inadequate sample size in most of the sampled districts, and whether the way of choosing the spatial neighbors has an impact on the resulting inference. Furthermore, we explore the question of how to choose an optimal way to define the neighbors. As such, our research focuses on studying the prediction accuracy of the aforementioned models, and on the sensitivity of the results to the definition of "neighbor". We use the data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey of the year 2019, and the National Census carried out in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a 7-day Travel Demand Model (TDM) for UK rural areas to aid the Electric Vehicle (EV) transition in these regions. Utilising data from both the UK Census Survey and UK National Travel Survey (NTS), private passenger vehicle travel patterns for a rural village in the Peak District National Park (UK), were modelled. This model is adaptable to any rural community within the UK, requiring only publicly available information on households and vehicles for that community. Using a novel approach through the development of lifestyle scenarios to understand the required household activities, the TDM incorporates five different trip purposes as the building blocks for a vehicle's activity. Over a period of one week, 13,520 miles were driven by 84 vehicles across 49 households, that shows an EV fleet serving this community would consume 3562 kWh energy per week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on our mapping and database project britishmonumentsrelatedtoslavery.net, the first and currently most complete account of British representational public monuments related to British transatlantic slavery. It reproduces our headline findings and presents some new maps of the data. However, our main focus in this paper is on placing our project in a wider context of emergent practices and methods that inspired us. First, we note the exponential historical emergence of three connected critical, grassroots ‘counter’ practices across different institutions: of mapping, curating, and ethnography. We frame their critical commonality in their ‘counter’ approach to the nexus of what Benedict Anderson identified as three key ‘institutions of power … census, map, museum’, which have been central to conceiving and executing policy. Second, we prospectively identify some of the common structural causes that underlie this emergent assembly of instituent knowledge‐making practices from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs data from the 2021 UK census to initially explore sub-state (English, Welsh) national identities among minority ethnic groups. This shows that these identities remain much more exclusive of people in minority groups than is a British identity, and that this exclusion is particularly marked with respect to English identity. The analysis then builds on this observation using similar data to examine English identification among the White British ‘majority’ in a ‘superdiverse’ city – London. Attributes which are typically shared by London boroughs in which identification as English deviates most from the national average, and multi-variable analysis which considers the ethnic structure of the borough in which an individual lives alongside other key factors (age, education, social class) suggest differences in identification between people living in boroughs that are characterised by more established and extensive ethnic diversity and those in boroughs transitioning from a previously more homogeneous (white) ethnic structure. In exploring how the articulation of a specific national identity might relate to ethnically-diverse or ‘superdiverse’ contexts, the paper uniquely contributes to recent research which calls for a stronger focus on how people who do not belong to migrant-minority groups might respond to living in such contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Individuals living with young-onset dementia fall through the gaps of adult and geriatric services. Given that non-cognitive symptoms of dementia in younger people are often psychiatric and behavioural in nature, these people may contact mental health services. There is sparse information investigating the frequency of people with young-onset dementia who contact mental health triage in Victoria. Methods: Triage data were obtained from the Victorian Agency for Health Information. The data contained demographics for people registered with Victorian mental health services. Consumers who had an International Classification for Diseases code for dementia and were aged less than 65 years were identified as people with young-onset dementia. Using information of the frequency of people with young-onset dementia who were registered with each area-based mental health service, population census statistics were used to make estimates of the frequency of young-onset dementia. Results: Of the 6172 people who had a dementia diagnosis, 1020 of them were aged less than 65 years and had young-onset dementia. There were proportionally more men who had young-onset dementia compared to women. There were more people with young-onset dementia registered to rural mental health services compared to metropolitan services. Conclusion: Findings provide important information for service planning in Victoria. Recommendations include upskilling and education for the assessment of dementia for those clinicians who work in mental health services, particularly in rural regions. What is known about the topic? Young-onset dementia refers to a dementia with onset at an age less than 65 years. Accessing age-appropriate services for these people is difficult as they fall through the gaps of adult and aged services due to their age. What does this paper add? Due to the behavioural and psychiatric manifestations related to young-onset dementia, data is provided about mental health service involvement for these people. What are the implications for practitioners? There is a need to upskill mental health clinicians, especially in rural areas, as younger people with dementia are accessing these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate household projections are essential for sectors such as housing supply and tax policy planning, given the rapid social changes like declining birthrates, an aging population, and a rise in single-person households that impact household size and type. Korea introduced its first register-based census in 2015, transitioning from fiveyear general survey-based approach to an annual administrative data-based census. This change in census allows for more frequent and effective capturing the rapid demographic shifts and trends. However, this change in census has caused challenges in future projection by the existing household projection model due to the rapid dynamics. This paper proposes a new household projection method, the N-point Modified Exponential Model (MEM), that accurately reflects register-based census data and mitigates the impact of rapid demographic changes, in three types: the Weighted N-point MEM, the Regression-based N-point MEM, and the Rolling Weighted N+point MEM. Using register-based census data from 2016 to 2020 to forecast household headship rates by age, household size, and household type to 2051, the N-point modified exponential model outperformed the existing model in both long- and short-term forecast accuracy, suggesting its suitability as a future household projection model for Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential privacy, a cornerstone of privacy-preserving techniques, plays an indispensable role in ensuring the secure handling and sharing of sensitive data analysis across domains such as in census, healthcare, and social networks. Histograms, serving as a visually compelling tool for presenting analytical outcomes, are widely employed in these sectors. Currently, numerous algorithms for publishing histograms under differential privacy have been developed, striving to balance privacy protection with the provision of useful data. Nonetheless, the pivotal challenge concerning the effective enhancement of precision for small bins (those intervals that are narrowly defined or contain a relatively small number of data points) within histograms has yet to receive adequate attention and in-depth investigation from experts. In standard DP histogram publishing, adding noise without regard for bin size can result in small data bins being disproportionately influenced by noise, potentially severely impairing the overall accuracy of the histogram. In response to this challenge, this paper introduces the SReB_GCA sanitization algorithm designed to enhance the accuracy of small bins in DP histograms. The SReB_GCA approach involves sorting the bins from smallest to largest and applying a greedy grouping strategy, with a predefined lower bound on the mean relative error required for a bin to be included in a group. Our theoretical analysis reveals that sorting bins in ascending order prior to grouping effectively prioritizes the accuracy of smaller bins. SReB_GCA ensures strict ϵ -DP compliance and strikes a careful balance between reconstruction error and noise error, thereby not only initially improving the accuracy of small bins but also approximately optimizing the mean relative error of the entire histogram. To validate the efficiency of our proposed SReB_GCA method, we conducted extensive experiments using four diverse datasets, including two real-life datasets and two synthetic ones. The experimental results, quantified by the Kullback–Leibler Divergence (KLD), show that the SReB_GCA algorithm achieves substantial performance enhancement compared to the baseline method (DP_BASE) and several other established approaches for differential privacy histogram publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: According to the seventh national population census in China, the proportion of people aged 65 and above in the population reached 13.5%. The aging trend is more pronounced in rural areas, indicating that China has entered an aging society. This article focuses on agricultural carbon emissions in the context of aging, studying the impact of rural population aging on agricultural carbon emissions. Study objectives: Under the background of deepening population aging, let us discuss how to maintain the green and sustainable development of agriculture in China. Methodology: Fixed effects and mediating effects models are used. Technical efficiency is used as a mediating variable to discuss the relationship between rural population ageing, technical efficiency and agricultural carbon emissions. Results: This paper adopts the classical carbon emission calculation theory of IPCC to measure agricultural carbon emissions from 2010 to 2019, and China's plantation carbon emissions show an "inverted U-shaped" trend, reaching a high level in 2015 and then starting to decline. In addition, the fixed-effects benchmark regression found that the aging of the rural population promotes agricultural carbon emissions, and the technical efficiency of agriculture suppresses agricultural carbon emissions. Finally, the mediating effect model is applied to explore the relationship between the three. Using technical efficiency as the mediating variable, it is found that under the masking effect, rural population aging will weaken agricultural carbon emissions through technical efficiency, thus achieving the suppression of agricultural carbon emissions. Policy recommendation: The formulation and modification of agricultural carbon-reducing policy row policies should take full account of the broader context of rural population ageing; increase the interconnectedness and interaction between rural population ageing and agricultural production technology, and actively play a positive role in promoting the efficiency of agricultural technology as a result of rural population ageing; and, in accordance with the actual situation of agricultural research, appropriately increase the strength of financial support for agriculture to improve agricultural technology and promote low-carbon development in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first key use of a nation's Census is to count its resident population. A Census will have counting errors, often referred to as over-coverage and under-coverage. So it is common practice in many countries to conduct an independent count of its residents, a so-called coverage survey, and estimate or adjust for these counting errors within the capture-recapture framework. In recent times, many censuses and coverage surveys have faced challenges in counting the population efficiently and effectively due to rising costs, declining response rates, and respondent burden. This has led to a shift toward exploring the role that administrative registers could play in counting the population within the capture-recapture framework. Administrative registers are relatively inexpensive and can have high coverage of a nation's population. This paper explores methods to overcome common problems with the use of administrative registers within this framework, including linking errors and scoping the register to only capture residents. These methods are empirically assessed in the context of the Australian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]