23 results
Search Results
2. Measuring prevalence of other-oriented transactive contributions using an automated measure of speech style accommodation.
- Author
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Gweon, Gahgene, Jain, Mahaveer, McDonough, John, Raj, Bhiksha, and Rosé, Carolyn
- Subjects
PAPER ,THEORY ,METHODOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This paper contributes to a theory-grounded methodological foundation for automatic collaborative learning process analysis. It does this by illustrating how insights from the social psychology and sociolinguistics of speech style provide a theoretical framework to inform the design of a computational model. The purpose of that model is to detect prevalence of an important group knowledge integration process in raw speech data. Specifically, this paper focuses on assessment of transactivity in dyadic discussions, where a transactive contribution is operationalized as one where reasoning is made explicit, and where that reasoning builds on a prior reasoning statement within the discussion. Transactive contributions can be either self-oriented, where the contribution builds on the speaker's own prior contribution, or other-oriented, where the contribution builds on a prior contribution of a conversational partner. Other-oriented transacts are particularly central to group knowledge integration processes. An unsupervised Dynamic Bayesian Network model motivated by concepts from Speech Accommodation Theory is presented and then evaluated on the task of estimating prevalence of other-oriented transacts in dyadic discussions. The evaluation demonstrates a significant positive correlation between an automatic measure of speech style accommodation and prevalence of other-oriented transacts ( R = .36, p < .05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Why Are the Elderly More Averse to Immigration When They Are More Likely to Benefit? evidence across countries : Evidence across Countries
- Author
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Schotte, Simone and Winkler, Hernan
- Subjects
MEASURES ,IMMIGRANT ,RESEARCH ,ADULTHOOD ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,IMMIGRANTS ,AGING ,CITIZENSHIP ,CITIZENS ,SURVEY DATA ,SOCIETIES ,POPULATION PROJECTIONS ,POPULATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,MIGRANTS ,IMMIGRATION POLICY ,ESTIMATES ,WORLD POPULATION ,POLICIES ,IMMIGRATION POLICIES ,POLICY ,SCENARIOS ,TIME ,HOST COUNTRY ,ETHNICITY ,YOUTH ,GENERATIONS ,ADOLESCENCE ,ETHNIC GROUP ,EFFECTS ,POPULATIONS ,BULLETIN ,ORGANIZATIONS ,MIGRATION ,YOUNG WORKERS ,PENSIONS ,SCENARIO ,POLITICAL SUPPORT ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,DEMOCRACY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,PSYCHOLOGY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,AGE ,WAGES ,FERTILITY ,KNOWLEDGE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,AGE GROUPS ,PROGRESS ,OLDER PEOPLE ,LABOR MARKET ,ELDERLY ,MORTALITY ,SOCIAL NORMS ,SOCIOLOGY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,LABOR FORCE ,POPULATION SIZE ,NORMS ,SIZE ,IMMIGRATION ,DISCRIMINATION ,PROJECTIONS ,MIGRATION POLICY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,NATIVE WORKERS ,RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS ,PUBLICATIONS ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,WEIGHT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,METHODOLOGY ,SURVEYS - Abstract
Using household surveys for 24 countries over a 10-year period, this paper investigates why the elderly are more averse to open immigration policies than their younger peers. The analysis finds that the negative correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is mostly explained by a cohort or generational change. In fact, once controlling for year of birth, the correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is either positive or zero in most of the countries in the sample. Under certain assumptions, the estimates suggest that aging societies will tend to become less averse to open immigration regimes over time.
- Published
- 2016
4. SUICIDE AND HUMAN SACRIFICE; SACRIFICIAL VICTIM HYPOTHESIS ON THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF SUICIDE.
- Author
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Riordan, D. Vincent
- Subjects
SUICIDE & psychology ,SUICIDE risk factors ,ADAPTABILITY (Personality) ,CONFLICT (Psychology) ,DEFENSE mechanisms (Psychology) ,BIOLOGICAL evolution ,HOMICIDE ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY & religion ,RITES & ceremonies ,SCAPEGOAT ,SOCIOLOGY ,SUICIDE ,VICTIM psychology ,THEORY ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SUICIDAL ideation - Abstract
Suicide is widespread amongst humans, unique to our species, but difficult to reconcile with natural selection. This paper links the evolutionary origins of suicide to the archaic, but once widespread, practice of human sacrifice, which like suicide, was also unique to humans, and difficult to reconcile with natural selection. It considers potential explanations for the origins of human sacrifice, particularly René Girard's mimetic theory. This states that the emergence in humans of mimetic (imitation) traits which enhanced cooperation would also have undermined social hierarchies, and therefore an additional method of curtailing conspecific conflict must have emerged contemporaneously with the emergence of our cooperative traits. Girard proposed the scapegoat mechanism, whereby group unity was spontaneously restored by the unanimous blaming and killing of single victims, with subsequent crises defused and social cohesion maintained by the ritualistic repetition of such killings. Thus, rather than homicide being the product of religion, he claimed that religion was the product of homicide. This paper proposes that suicidality is the modern expression of traits which emerged in the ancestral environment of evolutionary adaptedness as a willingness on the part of some individuals, in certain circumstances, to be sacrificial victims, thereby being adaptive by facilitating ritualistic killings, reinforcing religious paradigms, and inhibiting the outbreak of more lethal conflicts. Using Hamilton's rule of inclusive fitness, it is argued that risk factors for suicide can be understood in terms of victim selection and social circumstances, which would have maximised inclusive fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
5. Reflexive practice in live sociology: lessons from researching Brexit in the lives of British citizens living in the EU-27.
- Author
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Benson, Michaela and O'Reilly, Karen
- Subjects
SOCIOLOGY ,MATHEMATICAL models ,THEORY of knowledge ,PSYCHOLOGY ,QUALITATIVE research ,SOCIAL sciences ,THEORY ,RESEARCH funding ,REFLEXIVITY ,PSYCHOLOGY of immigrants - Abstract
This paper brings reflexivity into conversation with debates about positionality and live sociology to argue for reflexivity to be reimagined as an enduring practice that is collaborative, responsible, iterative, engaged, agile and creative. We elaborate our argument with reference to examples and contemplations drawn from our experiences researching what Brexit means for Britons living in the EU-27 for the BrExpats research project, which was informed from the outset by reflexive practice. We outline three (of a number of) potential strategies for engaging in reflexive practice: reflexive positioning, reflexive navigating and reflexive interpreting or sense-making. We acknowledge that these are not separate actions in practice but are conceptually distinguishable aspects of an ongoing reflexive practice, informed by our understanding of the cognitive relationship between reflexivity and practice theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Explanatory Theories of Intimate Partner Homicide Perpetration: A Systematic Review.
- Author
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Graham, Laurie M., Macy, Rebecca J., Rizo, Cynthia F., and Martin, Sandra L.
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PREVENTION of homicide ,CINAHL database ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,ONLINE information services ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL databases ,SOCIOLOGY ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,FEMINISM ,PSYCHOLOGY ,ECOLOGY ,INTIMATE partner violence ,CRIMINOLOGY ,SEX distribution ,RISK assessment ,THEORY ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MEDLINE - Abstract
Theories play an important role in guiding intimate partner homicide (IPH) prevention research and practice. This study is the first systematic review of theories employed to explain why someone might kill their intimate partner. This review used rigorous methods to locate and synthesize literature that described explanatory theories of IPH perpetration. Using set search terms, we systematically searched 15 databases and repositories for theory-focused documents (i.e., theory papers or analyses) published in English from 2003 to 2018. Eighteen documents met these inclusion criteria and identified 22 individual theories that seek to explain why people might kill their intimate partners. These theories fell within four broader theoretical perspectives: feminist, evolutionary, sociological/criminological, and combined. Key tenets and focal populations of these 22 theories were identified and organized into a compendium of explanatory theories of IPH perpetration. Potential strengths and limitations of each of the four perspectives were described. Review findings underscored the likely importance of addressing gender as well as risk and protective factors at all levels of the social ecological model in efforts to understand IPH perpetration. The review findings highlighted the need for both integrated theories and a broader conceptual organizing framework to guide work aimed at IPH perpetration prevention to leverage the strengths of disparate theoretical perspectives. With the goal of informing future research, a preliminary iteration of such a framework is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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7. Understanding looked-after childhoods.
- Author
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Goodyer, Annabel
- Subjects
CHILD development ,CHILD welfare ,FOSTER children ,HUMAN rights ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL case work ,SOCIOLOGY ,THEORY ,LABELING theory - Abstract
ABSTRACT The absence of a sociological discourse about children in the past meant that child and family social work has largely relied on psychological interpretations of children and their behaviour. However, since the 1990s, the sociology of childhood has been developed in the UK. The aim of this paper is to explore the relevance of the sociology of childhood in understanding looked-after childhoods and in informing contemporary social work practice with looked-after children and young people. The central argument of this paper is that, in order to fulfil professional responsibilities and to implement current and forthcoming UK social policies for looked-after children, social work needs to employ broad understandings of children, young people and looked-after childhoods. The paper goes on to discuss the ways in which a social work approach drawing on the sociology of childhood can offer such a conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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8. Constructing the placebo effect in the placebo wars: What is the way ahead?
- Author
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Foot, Doug and Ridge, Damien
- Subjects
EXPERIMENTAL design ,ALTERNATIVE medicine ,CONCEPTS ,IMAGINATION ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,PLACEBOS ,PSYCHOLOGY ,RITES & ceremonies ,SOCIAL stigma ,THEORY ,LABELING theory ,CLIENT relations ,TREATMENT effectiveness - Abstract
The concept of placebo has had a long history in medicine, and has evolved over time with the introduction of randomised controlled trials for testing health treatment, the increasing research done around the psychotherapies, the development of complementary and alternative medicine approaches to health, as well as the conceptual contributions from academic disciplines like psychology and anthropology. In recent years, discourses about placebo have pursued a number of key directions, and the current review paper explores these developments. For example, psychology has looked at placebo in terms of classical conditioning and the role of anxiety. Anthropology on the other hand has focused on the role of meaning and ritual in the placebo effect and psychotherapy research has encouraged an examination of the effects of the therapeutic relationship. Our review paper concludes by outlining directions ahead for future scholarship and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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9. Why network? Theoretical perspectives on networking.
- Author
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Muijs, Daniel, West, Mel, and Ainscow, Mel
- Subjects
SOCIAL network theory ,EDUCATION ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL capital ,CONSTRUCTIVISM (Education) ,SOCIAL movements ,PSYCHOLOGY ,NEW social movements theory ,COLLECTIVE action - Abstract
In recent years, networking and collaboration have become increasingly popular in education. However, there is at present a lack of attention to the theoretical basis of networking, which could illuminate when and when not to network and under what conditions networks are likely to be successful. In this paper, we will attempt to sketch the theoretical background to networking drawing on work in sociology, psychology, and business studies and looking at 4 main theoretical frameworks: constructivism, social capital theory, Durkheimian network theory, and the concept of New Social Movements. We will also explore differences between networks on a number of factors such as goals, activities, density, spread, and power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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10. The ABC of demographic behaviour: How the interplays of alleles, brains, and contexts over the life course should shape research aimed at understanding population processes.
- Author
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Hobcraft, John
- Subjects
DIVORCE ,MARRIAGE ,CHILDBIRTH ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,SOCIOLOGY ,LIFE (Biology) ,PHILOSOPHY of biology - Abstract
This paper proposes core innovations in the strategy of research on demographic behaviour. One aim is a shift of attention away from events and towards a focus on dynamic processes and their interplay: away from a preoccupation with marriage and divorce, births, deaths, migrations, and household structure towards a broader perspective that takes account of partnership and intimacy, parenthood, potential and well-being, position in society and space, and personal ties. Another aim is a much closer engagement with genetics, neuroscience, psychology, and behavioural economics. A third aim is a strategy that pays more attention to pathways within the individual, to the processes entailed when the individual interacts with various contexts, and to progressions that involve the interplay of the pathways and processes through the life course. These shifts of emphasis, which have already begun to occur, require a systematic reassessment of priorities for research on demographic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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11. Weberian closure theory: a contribution to the ongoing assessment.
- Author
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Murphy, Raymond
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL psychology , *THEORY , *AMBIGUITY , *MONOPOLIES , *SOCIOLOGY , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Neo-Weberian closure theory developed principally by Parkin appears at first glance to suffer from two opposing weaknesses — that its central concept of exclusion is either too broad or too narrow. This paper demonstrates that these objections are spurious. It then uncovers several real problems which have not yet been examined by the critics of closure theory. These problems have to do with Parkin's conceptions of usurpation, of the withdrawal of services, and of property, as well as with the ambiguity in the politics of Parkin's closure theory. The paper corrects these weaknesses and clarifies this ambiguity and concludes that closure theory so-corrected provides a promising framework for going beyond analyses focused narrowly on one particular means of domination and one particular set of monopolization and exclusion rules to a focus on monopolization and exclusion per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
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12. Therapeutic relationships in aphasia rehabilitation: Using sociological theories to promote critical reflexivity
- Author
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Stacie Attrill, Felicity A S Bright, and Deborah Hersh
- Subjects
Research Report ,030506 rehabilitation ,Linguistics and Language ,Social Theory ,Single-subject design ,Speech Therapy ,Language and Linguistics ,rehabilitation ,030507 speech-language pathology & audiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Speech and Hearing ,Aphasia ,Reflexivity ,Patient experience ,medicine ,therapeutic relationships ,Humans ,theory ,Sociological theory ,sociology ,Stroke Rehabilitation ,Research Reports ,aphasia ,Therapeutic relationship ,Pluralism (political theory) ,Language Therapy ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,critical reflexivity ,Dyad ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Background Therapeutic relationships are fundamental in aphasia rehabilitation, influencing patient experience and outcomes. While we have good understandings of the components of therapeutic relationships, there has been little exploration of how and why therapists construct and enact relationships as they do. Sociological theories may help develop nuanced understanding of the values, assumptions and structures that influence practice, and may facilitate critical reflexivity on practice. Aims To explore the potential for theoretical approaches from outside speech-language therapy to enable a deeper understanding of the nature and enactment of therapeutic relationships in aphasia rehabilitation. Methods & procedures An explanatory single case study of one speech-language therapist-patient dyad in an in-patient stroke rehabilitation setting. Data included observations of five interactions, two interviews with the client and three interviews with the speech-language therapist. Analysis was guided by analytical pluralism that applied aspects of three sociological theories to guide data analysis and make visible the contextual factors that surround, shape and permeate the enactment of therapeutic relationships. Outcomes & results The analysis of this dyad made visible individual, interactional and broader structural features that illustrate the dynamic processes that practitioners and patients undertake to enact therapeutic relationships. Clinical practice could be viewed as a performance with each person continually negotiating how they convey different impressions to others, which shapes what work is valued and foregrounded. The patient and therapist took up or were placed in different positions within the interactions, each with associated expectations and rights, which influenced what types of relationships could, or were likely to, develop. Organizational, rehabilitation and individual practitioner structures assigned rules and boundaries that shaped how the therapist developed and enacted the therapeutic relationship. Whilst the therapist had some agency in her work and could resist the different influencing factors, such resistance was constrained because these structures had become highly internalized and routinized and was not always visible to the therapist. Conclusions & implications While therapists commonly value therapeutic relationships, social and structural factors consciously and unconsciously influence their ability to prioritize relational work. Sociological theories can provide new lenses on our practice that can assist therapists to be critically reflexive about practice, and to enact changes to how they work to enhance therapeutic relationships with clients. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Therapeutic relationships are critical in aphasia rehabilitation. We have a good understanding of the different components of therapeutic relationships and how relationships are perceived by patients and practitioners. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study is novel in its use of sociological lenses to explore contexts and complexities inherent in building and maintaining therapeutic relationships. These are often invisible to the practitioner but can have a significant impact on how relational work is enacted and what forms of relationship are possible. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study will support clinicians to critically reflect on how they enact therapeutic relationships and may enhance awareness of the often-hidden factors which influence the ways in which they work.
- Published
- 2020
13. Aging in Context: Individual and Environmental Pathways to Aging-Friendly Communities--The 2015 Matthew A. Pollack Award Lecture.
- Author
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Scharlach, Andrew E.
- Subjects
- *
AGING , *COMMUNITIES , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *ECOLOGY , *PSYCHOLOGY , *SOCIOLOGY , *THEORY , *WELL-being - Abstract
Reflecting the theme of the 2015 Gerontological Society of America (GSA) Annual Scientific Meeting, "Aging as a Lifelong Process," this paper examines intersections between aging processes and their environmental context, develops theory regarding constructive developmental processes and their environmental context, and considers potential implications for conceptualizing and creating aging-friendly communities. The first section examines the primary goals of aging-friendly communities, that is, promoting elder well-being. The second section explores the role of environmental pathways in fostering well-being throughout the lifecourse. The third section presents a new Process Model of Constructive Aging that identifies key developmental processes at the intersection of individual and environmental pathways. The final section considers potential implications for creating aging-friendly communities, including ways in which cities and towns can promote the ability of community members to live fully throughout their lives, and identifies some key conceptual and empirical challenges affecting the future of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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14. Political Grief.
- Author
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Harris, Darcy
- Subjects
GRIEF ,PRACTICAL politics ,SOCIAL theory ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,PUBLIC administration ,PSYCHOLOGY ,GROUP identity ,EXPERIENCE ,GOVERNMENT policy ,THEORY ,SOCIAL classes ,DEATH - Abstract
Grief is usually understood as the personal response to loss. Thus, there is a tendency to consider grief as an individual experience, most typically related to the death of a loved one. However, recent research and theory have provided a much more complex picture of grief as a broad, interdimensional experience that can be both generated and experienced at micro, mezzo, and macro levels. In this context, consideration is given to grief that occurs as a result of events that take place at the sociopolitical level, which can be experienced both individually and collectively. Collective grief may occur when the loss relates to a group where commonly shared assumptions are shattered. The concept of political grief can be seen as a poignant sense of assault to the assumptive world of those who struggle with the ideology and practices of their governing bodies and those who hold political power. Likewise, political grief would also include the direct losses that are experienced by individuals as a result of political policies, ideologies, and oppression enacted and/or empowered at the sociopolitical levels. Different theoretical perspectives, such as the cultural backlash theory, the role of economic inequality within significant sectors, and predictions of the response to threat by terror management theory may help to understand the rise of governments that increase divisions and the sense of loss experienced by large groups within their jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Identifying learning preferences among Italian undergraduate students studying the sociology of religion: drawing on psychological type preferences.
- Author
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Francis, Leslie J. and Giordan, Giuseppe
- Subjects
PERSONALITY ,THOUGHT & thinking ,SOCIOLOGY ,COGNITIVE styles ,TEACHING methods ,PSYCHOLOGY ,CURRICULUM ,UNDERGRADUATES ,THEORY ,PSYCHOLOGY & religion ,STUDENT attitudes ,EMOTIONS - Abstract
This study argues that the notion of learning preferences (rooted within a coherent and established theory of personality and individual differences) may be more fruitful than the largely contested notion of learning styles. The case is illustrated by extrapolation from psychological type theory in the light of the profile of 581 students enrolled in undergraduate programmes embracing the sociology of religion at Padua University, Italy, employing the Italian translation of the Francis Psychological Type Scales. Overall the data demonstrated a relatively balanced need for teaching and learning approaches appropriate for introverts and extraverts, for sensing types and intuitive types, and for feeling types and thinking types. At the same time, the group was heavily weighted in terms of judging types over perceiving types, indicating a priority toward structured and disciplined presentation of the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Care Experience and Friendship: Theory and International Evidence to Improve Practice and Future Research.
- Author
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Roesch-Marsh, Autumn and Emond, Ruth
- Subjects
EXPERIENCE ,FRIENDSHIP ,HUMANITY ,MATHEMATICAL models ,PHILOSOPHY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,QUALITY of life ,SOCIAL case work ,SOCIOLOGY ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,THEORY ,AFFINITY groups ,SOCIAL support - Abstract
Drawing on a review of recent international literature, this article argues for the first time that an understanding of, and engagement with, the theory and practice of friendship is essential to working alongside those who have care experience. Drawing on theory from philosophy, psychology and sociology, the care system is explored as a unique and challenging context for making and keeping the reciprocal, caring friendships which research suggests are important for a 'happy, healthy life'. Our analysis shows how theories of friendship have failed to consider the friendship experiences of those in the care system. We suggest that including these experiences offers new opportunities to develop theory and practice in the field of friendship. We argue that friendship is an essential human need and, as such, should be placed centrally in assessment and intervention work, encouraging social workers to support positive and enduring friendships for the people they work with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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17. Do we deny death? II. Critiques of the death-denial thesis.
- Author
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Tradii, Laura and Robert, Martin
- Subjects
DEATH -- History ,DENIAL (Psychology) ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PUBLIC opinion ,SOCIOLOGY ,THEORY ,ATTITUDES toward death - Abstract
The first part of this article, published in an earlier issue of this journal, provided an overview of how the death-denial thesis took shape and spread in the social sciences between the 1930s and 1980s. By 'death-denial thesis' we refer to the assumption according to which Western societies seek to deny the reality of death. In this second part of the article, we turn our attention to the most extensive critiques addressed to the said thesis. We attempt to assess the present state of the narrative and to outline how its apparent obsolescence today opens new avenues of exploration for death studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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18. Badly specified theories are not responsible for the replication crisis in social psychology: Comment on Klein.
- Author
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Trafimow, David and Earp, Brian D.
- Subjects
SOCIAL psychology ,PSYCHOLOGY ,HUMAN ecology ,SOCIAL groups ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Klein (2014) argues that the replication crisis in social psychology is due—at least in large part—to the tendency of psychological theories to be ill-specified. We disagree. First, we use both historical and contemporary examples to show that high-quality replication is possible even in the absence of a well-specified theory; and, second, we argue that it is typically auxiliary assumptions, rather than theories themselves, that need to be more clearly specified in order to understand the implications of a given replication effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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19. Pain Worlds: Towards the Integration of a Sociocultural Perspective of Pain in Clinical Physical Therapy.
- Author
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Killick, Lara and Davenport, Todd E.
- Subjects
PAIN & psychology ,SPORTS injuries ,PAIN management ,PSYCHOLOGY of athletes ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,DISEASES ,ECOLOGY ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,MATHEMATICAL models ,MEDICAL care ,NOSOLOGY ,PAIN ,PHYSICAL therapy ,REHABILITATION ,PSYCHOLOGY of the sick ,SOCIAL networks ,SOCIAL values ,SPORTS ,THEORY ,GOVERNMENT policy ,CULTURAL values ,LABELING theory ,SOCIAL support ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PHYSICAL therapy assessment ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO-ICF) model has been advocated as a model of function to conceptualize physical therapist practice. Among its advances, the WHO-ICF model explicitly recognizes the existence of social factors that may influence patients' and clients' understanding of pain. However, understandings of the historical, social and cultural processes that shape the individual and collective experiences of pain and the therapeutic relationship remain limited. We call for a more intentional and sustained dialogue between clinical practice and sociology to help elucidate the nature, characteristics, complexities and clinical implications of one specific element of the WHO-ICF model, environmental factors. The purpose of this review is to advocate for the continued adoption of a sociological lens to help physical therapists better understand the broader networks of people, ideologies and practices in which people 'in pain' are enmeshed and the historical, geographical and cultural spaces in which they operate. In this review, we discuss existing empirical findings in sociology to introduce the concept of 'pain worlds', which can be applied by physical therapists to help characterize the sociocultural factors identified in the WHO-ICF model. Pain worlds is designed to complement the WHO-ICF model and assist in developing interdisciplinary research agendas that illuminate and examine the role, significance and clinical implications of sociocultural and environmental dimensions of pain. We conclude with a brief set of recommendations for the development of such translational research agendas and call for the integration of pain worlds in clinical practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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20. Long-lost Brothers: On the Co-histories and Interactions Between the Comparative Science of Religion and the Anthropology of Religion.
- Author
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Geertz, Armin W.
- Subjects
RELIGIONS -- Study & teaching ,ANTHROPOLOGY of religion ,INTERDISCIPLINARY approach to knowledge ,RELIGION & sociology ,PSYCHOLOGY & culture ,EVOLUTIONARY theories & religion ,HISTORY of religions - Abstract
This article briefly surveys and compares the histories of research in the comparative science of religion (beginning with Friedrich Max Müller) and the anthropology of religion. The article notes the close interactions between these two fields and argues that the comparative science of religion drew significant inspiration from anthropology and sociology during the twentieth century until about the 1970s when anthropology came under heavy fire from critics. The postcolonial, feminist, and postmodern wave did not have a significant impact on the comparative science of religion until the 1990s. But already during the 1980s a new approach to religion, championed by Jonathan Z. Smith, contributed to a theoretical and critical analysis of religion that neither bought into postmodernism nor into the suigeneris approach to religion. During the 1990s, another new approach began making an impact, namely, the cognitive science of religion, championed by E. Thomas Lawson, Robert N. McCauley (both scholars of religion), and Pascal Boyer (anthropologist). The article suggests in conclusion that the two disciplines can once again meet in the growing fields of experimental anthropology and experimental science of religion and in the need to explore and address how culture affects and rewires the brain. Furthermore, evolutionary theory is also beginning to serve as a common framework for thinking about religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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21. The Mind of the Terrorist.
- Author
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Victoroff, Jeff
- Subjects
TERRORISTS ,TERRORISM ,THEORY ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys ,EMPIRICAL research ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
This article reviews the state of the art of available theories and data regarding the psychology of terrorism. Data and theoretical material were gathered from the world's unclassified literature. Multiple theories and some demographic data have been published, but very few controlled empirical studies have been conducted investigating the psychological bases of terrorism. The field is largely characterized by theoretical speculation based on subjective interpretation of anecdotal observations. Moreover, most studies and theories fail to take into account the great heterogeneity of terrorists. Many practical, conceptual, and psychological bathers have slowed progress in this important field. Nonetheless, even at this early stage of terrorism studies, preliminary reports suggest that modifiable social and psychological factors contribute to the genesis of the terrorist mind-set. Psychological scholarship could possibly mitigate the risk of catastrophic attack by initiating the long overdue scientific study of terrorist mentalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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22. Effects of Emotion Displays on Social Identification.
- Author
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Heise, David R.
- Subjects
EMOTIONS ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL stigma ,THEORY ,SOCIAL action ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Emotion displays influence character assessments, as when an offender avoids stigmatization by exhibiting shame over a deviant act. This article develops a model of the process within the framework of affect control theory. Analyses suggest that expression of appropriate affect can foster positive characterizations of the participants in an event and that expression of inappropriate affect instigates condemnation. Emotion displays by an actor influence character assessments most strongly, but emotions displayed by the recipient of action also can after outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. STRATIFICATION AND RISK-TAKING: A FURTHER NEGATIVE REPLICATION OF CANCIAN'S THEORY.
- Author
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Morrisow, Denton E., Kumar, Krishna, Rogers, Everett M., and Fliegel, Frederick C.
- Subjects
RISK-taking behavior ,SOCIAL stratification ,THEORY ,HUMAN behavior ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
The article presents evidence to support a general theory relating to relating stratification to risk-taking using measures of agricultural innovation to operationalize risk. Cancian's notions and findings depart substantially from the notion of a positive linear or monotonic increasing relationship between rank and agricultural and other innovations reported in most of the research literature. In Cancian's theory, risk involves action taken under uncertainty resulting from substantial lack of knowledge and is found in situations where highly undesirable outcomes may be as likely as highly desirable ones. Operationally, risk is defined as the early stage of the adoption of an innovation. Cancian assumes that individuals would rather be higher than lower on any ranking and that they will manage their resources in ways that achieve the highest possible rank. Furthers he assumes that the higher a person's rank, the more disadvantageous a random change in rank. Cancian's data from Zinacantan consistently support this hypothesis as do the data from three of the six studies from developed countries that he reanalyzes.
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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