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Background: There are many public health issues to resolve regarding rare diseases, including a lack of data from large-scale studies. The objective of this study was to explore fundamental data for a list of rare diseases in China, based on a hospitalization summary reports (HSRs) database. The Target Rare Diseases List (TRDL) 2017 was generated using an expert consensus method in which experts listed diseases according to research priorities. Using codes of the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and key search terms of rare diseases in English and Chinese, data were obtained from HSRs of 96 hospitals, covering a population of over 15 million in China from 2014 to 2015. We extracted and analyzed information on demographics, hospitalizations, and readmissions.Results: A total 281 rare diseases were included in the TRDL 2017. Altogether, 106,746 hospitalizations for a rare disease were captured from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2015, accounting for 0.69% of inpatients during the same period. The top 10 rare diseases with most cases on the TRDL 2017 were thalassemia, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, moyamoya disease, motor neuron disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis, hepatolenticular degeneration, coarctation of the aorta, and transposition of the great arteries. Among the 24 cities in the database, the five cities with the most types of the rare disease were Beijing, Changsha, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Chengdu, with 191, 162, 143, 141, and 133 types, respectively. The five cities with most cases of the 281 rare diseases were Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanning, and Chengdu. The age distribution of rare diseases was 52% for the age group 25-64 years, and 27% of cases in the age group of 0-14 years were among children. The 10 highest readmission rates ranged from 35 to 65%.Conclusions: This study provided the TRDL 2017 and descriptive analysis of 281 rare diseases in a hospitalized population. Our study reveals important fundamental information that will be useful in national policy making and legislation; registry implementation; and diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of rare diseases in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]