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The article presents a content analysis of the treatment of Marshall Plan in certain representative American newspapers. The purposes of this paper are four in number. The first purpose is to examine and interpret the nature and direction of the content which enters into the discussion of a public issue by means of certain recurrent themes. Another purpose is that by analysis of these themes to interpret certain aspects of public opinion formation through time. To discover the relations, if any, between editorial policy of the newspapers and the kind and amount of news presented on the particular issue is another purpose. To contribute to the method of analyzing the content of public opinions in process is also a purpose. The issue selected for study was the so-called Marshall Plan to aid European recovery. From midsummer of 1947 through Alarch of 1948 the proposal to aid European recovery was a topic of much public discussion. There was strong opposition as well as strong support for the measure, expressed in the usual media of mass communication: newspapers, radio, and the public platform. Newspapers like the New York Times gave strong editorial support to the proposal in terms of sound economics, humanitarianism, and especially as a bulwark against communism in Europe.

This article presents a reprint of the paper "L'informatique etlepouvoir: Pouvoir dans l'entreprise et pouvoir de l'entreprise," that was published in the May 1972 issue of the periodical "Informatique et Gestion." A brief recall of the most recent concepts on the functioning of organizations will allow the potential implications of informatics for the distribution of power in a company to be better understood and will clarify the reactions of the cadres in this regard. Specialists on business administration and sociologists specializing in organizations have conducted studies in the United States and in Western Europe that have led to a company no longer being considered as a supra-individual entity, having an existence and a behavior independent of that of its members and capable to this extent of being explained and governed by referring to purely formal models. They have likewise demonstrated that a company can no longer be conceived of only as the network of interpersonal relationships--irrational and charged with affectivity--to which the theoreticians of human relations thought it could be reduced. Instead, an organization can more realistically be considered the resultant of strategic games carried out as a function of multiple, divergent, and indeed contradictory goals by the organizational actors and as a function of their adherence to a minimum of common norms.

The article provides information on the developments of arms race in the U.S., Soviet Union, and Europe after the World War II. Some changes that took place in the nuclear weapon systems include large computer-controlled air defense networks, avionics, airborne anti-submarine warfare, development of new materials and advances in the aeronautics industry, advanced weapon guidance, increase deployment capabilities, radars for artillery and mortar location, and nuclear power for naval vessel propulsion. The role of scientific research and development in the acquisition of strategic and other advanced weapons systems is discussed.

The article discusses the possible effect on the development of the antiballistic missiles in Europe to its economy. Several possibilities are given by the author which include that ABM might make the advent of war, reinvigorate the arms race, and raise the diplomatic tension between the Soviet Union and the U.S. He also notes that ABM could create a competition between assured destruction and damage limitation which constitute a classic arms race in which the precautions of one side becomes the fears of the other.

The article presents a discussion about scientific reserve in the U.S. Scientific reserve refers to the people who are imaginatively creative in science, someone who understands what is research all about and who can contribute to new developments. The scientific reserve includes scientists in uniform in the armed forces, civilian scientists working for the government inside and outside of the armed forces, and the total scientific manpower in the country. In addition to this, the scientific reserve also includes the facilities and institution, the financial support, and buildings and equipments. The scientific reserves of other countries like Europe and the British Empire are described.

This article compares the U.S. business schools with their counterparts in the European countries in their respective and quite different social contexts. It discusses some of the conditions of continued growth and development for the European management education. The author notes that in America, management education, in its elite institutions, is dying. While the total production is still spectacular, the system is exhibiting early signs of decay. European management education is groping for a consistent theme, having survived its own development. Today there are over 200 management-training centers in Europe. Some are linked to state recognized institutions. Some are outgrowths of productivity centers or employers' federations. These centers are the most visible and prestigious management education institutions in Europe currently. They face a challenge to remain so, and most of them will not meet the challenge. Successful management education on the continent has, up to now, developed largely through centers and institutes educating adults and concerned only with the practice of managing businesses.

The article focuses on the connection between criminality and age. By criminality the more serious offences are meant that are--offences against property, larceny, fraud, embezzlement, the unlawful use or theft of motor vehicles, destruction of property, sex offences, offences against persons and some other offences. Most research workers in the U.S. and in Europe agree that for the offences mentioned above, taken as a whole, criminality reaches a maximum in the ages from 18 to 25 years. The age maximum varies for the individual offences. Breaking and entering reach their peak between the ages of 15 and 25 years, whereas other offences against property lie at a considerably higher age. Motor vehicle theft, on the other hand, centers on the age groups between 15 and 25 years. Sex offences of the active type show a maximum frequency under the age of 25 years, but those of the passive type are concentrated at higher ages. The maximum frequency of offences against the person lies between the ages of 20 and 35 years.

The article critiques some aspects of the philosophy of John Dewey. It discusses how Dewey liberated American philosophy, especially American educational philosophy, from misunderstood European idealistic and semi-theological speculation. The article details how Dewey developed his philosophy of pragmatism or experimentalism. The author attempts to explain why Dewey's philosophy had little impact on European thought. It is suggested that even in the United States and Japan, Dewey's philosophy no longer plays the dominating role it played during the first decades of the 20th century. Finally, the article discusses the factors that made Dewey the main intellectual representative of the American people, and the prophet of its teachers.

Discusses the dispute between the U.S. and the western European countries concerning foreign trade and exchange problems. American President John F. Kennedy's talks on May 4, 1965; Proposal by the U.S. government to ease customs barriers in the trade between capitalist countries; Focus on the economic aspects of the talks; Britain's attitude toward tariff talks.