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Although some 1,200 international organizations use seminars extensively in carrying out their work, there have been few systematic attempts to evaluate their effectiveness and the conditions that distinguish them from similar meetings of a national character. In this study the authors attempt to gauge the effectiveness of seminar management by observation of twenty-four international seminars, attended by experts from fifty-seven countries. Owing to the different substantive character and goals of the seminars, it was difficult to establish a common measure of effectiveness, and effectiveness was finally defined as the ability of the seminar to develop into a homogeneous, face-to-face working group that could agree or disagree in an atmosphere of cordiality. The major findings and some of the problems of the research study are outlined, particularly the sensitivity of several international organizations to being evaluated by members of another international organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance on the consortium of academies of science as a new way to found international institutions. It describes a relatively new and potentially useful device for international cooperation in the scientific community and cooperative efforts among academies of science and scientific societies. It is necessary for both domestic and international governmental agencies to stimulate and enhance its growth with accustomed discretion to develop the new system and be made workable. Professor Roger Revelle voiced the hope that the young and promising scientists of developing nations could find support for innovative research via a nongovernmental, nonpolitical, international science foundation.

The article reports developments concerning the conference of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on December 4, 1964 in New York City. One of the highlights is the insistence of the Soviet Russians of the lack of the authority of the assembly to assess the peacekeeping missions in the Congo and on the Israeli-Egyptian frontiers. Also, representatives tackled the ongoing Sino-Soviet dispute during the said conference. The author concludes that the complicated situation will affect the UN peacekeeping missions in the countries mentioned.

The article focuses on the American scientific work in international science programs in Antarctica which is financed and coordinated by the Office of Antarctic Programs of the National Science Foundation. There were 49 American agencies-universities or other nonprofit organizations, U.S. government agencies and private companies that are engaged in 98 independent programs of research. The U.S. Navy supplies the logistics. The State Department is concerned with policy matters. International science plans are coordinated by the International Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, in the U.S. these responsibilities are assumed by the National Academy of Sciences.

The article examines some of the basic doubts concerning the feasibility and desirability of an international force. Some of these problems presented are loyalty, disintegration and the abuse of power. According to the author, the most common objection to a world authority is its alleged utopian nature. The author also stresses the growing number of people who agree that a world authority is the ultimate solution to the present and future international dangers brought about by thermonuclear war with its political and cultural implications.

The article discusses the failure of the International Atomic Energy Agency to study the scientific and technical aspects of nuclear disarmament. Its failure is attributed to the reluctance of the nuclear powers to change the emphasis from bilateral aid programs to the channeling of aid through the Agency. Also, the newly independent nations find it more advantageous and convenient to get their atomic assistance from scientifically advanced members of the commonwealths. The Agency has two tasks: to establish a supply service of nuclear fuel materials and to render aid in setting projects. However, the Agency has no capability to carry out these tasks within the scope of its Statute.

The article focuses on international organizations that have arisen as a result of the Marshall Plan. It states that international co-operative organizations are used by the West to help win the Cold War and restrain the spread of Communism. It talks about the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which administers to the Marshall Plan and reduced trade barriers between European countries and the U.S. It states that the method of work that the OEEC used most successfully was a continuous diplomatic negotiation, and mentions that members of the OEEC acted as representatives of their government, resulting in a constant flow of information and ideas between the representatives and their governments.

The article offers information about the International Geophysical Year (IGY), an international scientific enterprise that lasted from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958 with the goal to increase understanding on certain geophysical and astronomical phenomenon. It discusses how the IGY was developed and relates several changes and developments within the organization. IGY was sponsored and organized by several scientific organizations including the Union Radio-Scientifique Internationale, the International Astronomical Union and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The project works with the Comité Spécial de I'Année Géophysique Internationale who sets the project considered in the IGY program.

The article presents information about the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), an international organization composed of the members of the European Union. The purposes of EURATOM were to create a specialist market for atomic energy and distribute it through the Community and to develop nuclear energy and sell surplus to non-Community States. Its establishment is based on two very simple ideas. One is that nuclear power can be formed most efficiently only on a larger scale than that of the nation state. Second is that this principle, evident enough in the nuclear field, is also true of many other economic activities previously made on a purely national basis.

The article offers a critical look on the lack of any effective civil defense against nuclear weapons made by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an international organization created for purposes of collective security. According to the author, with 21 NATO divisions facing 175 Russian, the West could not fight a ground war in Europe. It is doubtful that one could risk the larger war with the current state of NATO's defenses against nuclear weapons. Some NATO estimates assume that nuclear war in Europe could drive several hundred million deaths, most of them from radioactive fallout, and if the wind blew the wrong way, a good many of them in Western Europe.

The article presents views of the scientific community regarding international organizations regulating efforts concerning nuclear energy research and development. According to the statute, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established to increase the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health, and prosperity throughout the world. On the other hand, the task of the U.N., according to its charter is to maintain international peace and achieve international cooperation in solving international socioeconomic problems. Although these tasks ultimately share identical aims, the difference lies in the fact that the IAEA pursues the aim by way of technical development in the atomic energy field, while the U.N. in its charter implicitly puts the weight on political methods.

The article offers information about the proceedings of the debate on a resolution sponsored by seven nations and introduced by the U.S. urging the quick establishment of an international atomic agency and calling for a technical conference under United Nations (U.N.) auspices in 1955. The debate was initiated by the Political Committee of the U.N. General Assembly during November 1955. This event is the first step in initiating a modified version of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower's atomic pool proposal of December 1953. The event ended on November 23, 1955 with the unanimous acceptance of the resolution after the defeat of two amendments to it proposed by the Soviet Union.

The article focuses on the issue regarding the international control of atomic energy. It poured cold water on those who believed that the Soviet Union might go along with control proposals based on postponement of large-scale production of fissionable materials rather than vesting the management of these developments in an international agency. The Soviet Union proposals must be studied in detail to make it clear how mendatious are the allegations that the Soviet Union is opposed to the inspection of atomic energy enterprises. The development of atomic energy for peaceful ends is disregarded there in scientific and industrial circles.

The article discusses the limitations of the human will in creating a government and the limitations of the government in creating the social issue necessary for its maintenance. The fallacy of the world government is stated into two propositions. First is that the governments are not created by fiat. Another is the limited efficacy of the government in integrating a community. This means that the world government will be established only through the fiat of the human will and the creation of world community through the fiat of a world government.

The article presents a detailed discussion of a paper prepared by Francois de Rose of France, General Andrew G. L. McNaughton of Canada, Sir George Thomson of Great Britain, Professor Ignace Zlotowski of Poland, George H. Briggs of Australia, Edmundo de Holte Castello of Colombia, and R. Gordon Arneson of the United States, regarding the international agency's limitations and rights relating to inspections, explorations and surveys. It explains that the First Report of the Atomic Energy Commission determined that although the agency's powers of inspection would need to be very wide they should not be unlimited.

The diversity in structure, both formal and informal, which exists among international unions is well known, even to the casual student of unionism. Less noticed or discussed, however, is the similar variety in organization of local unions. As in the case of the internationals, the structure of locals has been conditioned by historical accident, institutional and personal influences, and the complexities of industrial organization, and represents the result of efforts to keep the local organization viable in an ever-changing industrial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As old as the efforts of trade unions to exercise political influence are the questions: Should unions attempt to influence the voting decisions of their members? Do unions have a significant effect on the political beliefs and actions of their members? Both issues are still unresolved and still debated as strongly as ever. In this article, results of research into the attitudes of members of a large Midwestern union on these issues are reported. The authors find that the conflict of opinion as to the propriety and effectiveness of union political action is as marked among rank-and-file union members as among persons outside of the labor movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article details the constitution of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in the U.S. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions exists to unite workers organized in the free and democratic trade unions of the world and to afford a means of consultation and collaboration between them. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions declares its aims to establish a powerful international organization, composed of free and democratic trade unions and to seek the universal recognition and application of the rights of trade union organization.

The article presents information on the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 98 which focuses on the application of the principles of the right to organize and to bargain collectively. An important objective of the ILO is the freedom of association of employers and workers. Convention No. 98 was intended to supplement and complete the guarantees of a worker by protecting him against acts of antiunion discrimination in respect to his employment. The Convention seeks to ensure that governments shall take steps to encourage the development of negotiations between employers' and workers' organizations.

The article ponders on the interrelationship between foreign policy and labor education in the U.S. as of October 1947. Since joining the International Labor Organization in 1934, the U.S. Department of Labor has played important roles in molding and developing the nation's foreign economic and social relations. The department follows closely the work of international agencies involved in the promotion of economic and social developments. It is also involved in promoting the importance and scope of better relationships among the peoples of the U.S. republics. And in formulating foreign policy, the department has fully considered the needs and interests of U.S. labor. For the department to fulfill such responsibility, it has set up a Trade Union Advisory Committee on International Affairs.

The article discusses the recommendations for both private and government action that emerged from the White House Conference on International Cooperation, from November 28 to December 1, 1965. The panel on communications recommended establishment of a Voice of Peace, an entity which would provide information and communications center including broadcasting facilities organized as a separate U.N. agency. Furthermore, several suggestions for new international agencies and international and national conferences also emerged. A group of committees also recommended acceptance of conventions and treaties negotiated and adopted by many nations but not yet signed or ratified by the U.S.

The article assesses the future of the International Atomic Energy Agency, a division of the United Nations amidst controversies that it is facing. The controversy is caused on the system of safeguards adopted by the agency. The system mandates that agency safeguards can be applied to fissionable material and equipment it supplied for use in small nuclear reactors below 100 thermal megawatts. The acceptance of the Soviet government of the system has led to the improved credibility of the agency. However, it should realize its main goal of making nuclear and conventional power competitive.

Information about the several papers discussed at the European Federation Against Nuclear Arms which was held in Oxford, England on January 4-7, 1963 is presented. The delegates from the U.S. who are against nuclear weapons are reviewed. The conference tackled the pacifism issue and all non-aligned international organizations.

The article discusses the importance of establishing a United Nations (UN) university. A UN university can find possible means to reduce international conflict, discover ways of reconciling conflicting ideologies, and to build international institutions important to insure a just and peaceful world. It is a logical place for conducting research on problems which affect the world such as application of nuclear energy to supply the power needs and to increase the agricultural yields to feed the undernourished people. In addition, the university could be a neutral ground where scholars from both sides of the Iron Curtain could discover their common ideologies and the points that lead to friction.

The article presents views regarding international organizations regulating efforts concerning nuclear energy research and development. The basic and continuing idea of establishing the International Atomic Energy Agency sprung from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's atoms-for-peace proposal to the U.N. General Assembly on December 8, 1953. Since then, the IAEA has continued to strive for effective controls over the destructive use of nuclear explosives. The positive simplicity of the idea is the very force behind it. According to experts, the truly international operation which Eisenhower envisioned is possible, practical, and desirable.

The article presents parts of the second report of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to the U. N. Security Council. The report presents a review of the proceedings of the UNAEC on the discussion on the points of disagreement expressed by the Soviet Union and the formulation of proposals for an effective system of international control of atomic energy. An overview of the functions and powers of the international agency and amended proposals to Part II of the six "Working Papers."

The article presents a discussion about developmental and operational functions of the international agency. It offers several pages from the six working papers prepared by the Control Committee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. It gives the detailed elaboration of a control plan. However, the Russian representatives assumed the role of interested observers rather than partners in the work. The papers are the product of collective thinking in which the Russians have participated unwillingly and without attempting to influence specific conclusions.

The article reports on the International Institute of Labour Studies, which has classified research into four programs. The category of industrial relations systems includes the Workers' Participation in Management project. The social participation category includes Rural Populations' Participation in Development study. Projects in the category of labor market questions are Migration of High-Level Manpower (the "Brain Drain"), Functioning of Labor Markets in Latin America, and Manpower Planning for Educational Use. The fourth program category focuses on international integration and social policy.

The article attempts to compare science education endeavors within and between 19 countries, emanating from the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. Achievement test construction occupied the most time and effort, partially due to the study's magnitude but also due to the limitations of the framework. Decisions were usually made in favor of the more easily measured outcomes rather than those outcomes involving difficult procedures. Instruments were judged valid in terms of specific content rather than comprehensive science education. Therefore, the study deals with a limited perspective on science education. Much information was obtained from each participating country, including achievement scores plus information on about 400 variables which might influence achievement. Some data are marginal but the statistical analyses make maximum utilization of those available. Stepwise multiple regression is the major analysis technique but the distinction between predictors and prediction is not clearly made. The study is more powerful than a descriptive study but it is still a correlation study and must be interpreted within that frame.

The article focuses on the Conference of European Ministers of Education, which was held in June 1973. The theme of the event was the educational needs of the 16-19 age group. Some issues discussed in the conference include a progress report by UNESCO, OECD, the Council of Europe and the European Communities on their work in education in 1971-72; a study by OECD of the educational situation in member countries and some proposals on areas of intensified European co-operation from the Committee of Senior Officials.

The article focuses on the use of outside consultants in the developing countries. In countries, which are in the initial stages of industrial development, there are few local consultants or consulting organizations. Hence these countries must necessarily rely on the services of the consulting profession from the more industrially advanced countries. The main reasons for using outside consultants are more or less the same both in the developing and the developed countries. Consultants may accelerate the application of technical, economic, and managerial skills to the solution of practical problems. In particular, consultants can diminish the time required to get new undertakings into operation by providing information necessary for the rapid implementation of plans. There are numerous programs of technical assistance to developing countries sponsored by various foreign governments and international organizations on a bilateral, multilateral, or international basis. These programs often necessitate the recruitment of individual consultants, groups of consultants, or consulting organizations by the sponsoring government or international body to carry out the work involved.

Several contemporary international incidents suggest that the threat of expulsion from an international organization is believed to be an effective means of ensuring compliance with international obligations. Professor Sohn argues that the effectiveness of this sanction can be judged only in light of its history. After an exhaustive review of expulsion Practices in the League of Nations, the United Nations, and various other international agencies, Professor Sohn concludes that outright expulsion is unlikely to achieve any useful long-range purpose. Professor Sohn goes on to suggest other, more promising techniques which may increase the likelihood of a nation's compliance with a particular obligation without necessitating the severance of oil relations with the relevant international organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of the United Nations' general processes and also explores the areas of the activities of the organization. The general process of the General Assembly is based on two assumptions and this process is basically similar to that of almost any other UN political organ. The United Process is most conducive to parliamentary debate and public appeal. The resolutions are hardly ever the crucial points of the UN process. The laying down of propagandas, whatever the outcome of voting on resolutions may be, has become increasingly a purpose of resort to the General Assembly and, perhaps prospectively, the Security Council. It is perhaps not unusual to concede that the United Nations process may have its own self-contained fascination and possibly even its specific, if mainly incidental, rewards. As the author concluded, the uses of the United Nations are to strive conscientiously to adopt resolutions having, usually, no direct consequence; to achieve individual, mostly incidental purposes in this process; and thereby also to affect, over a long period of incessant concern, the actual outcome of some of the disputes considered.

The article examines the role of underdeveloped countries' participation in international organizations in their development. In this context, the author cites the case of Barbados, which was an island dependency of Great Britain. This area got representation in an international conference headed by the U.S. diplomat Charles W. Taussig in 1946. The conference marked the first time in the history of international diplomacy that native leaders from backward, dependent areas had been permitted to attend an intergovernmental conference in the capacity of official delegates empowered to speak and vote on behalf of their territories. The Caribbean Commission has pioneered other new developments in the techniques of international organization. Since its modest beginning in 1942, the Caribbean Commission has compiles an enviable record in constructive efforts to ameliorate conditions in the area. The organization has employed on its staff and made extensive use of experts in community development and in the organization of marketing cooperatives and credit unions.

The article deliberates on the concept of a world federal body in the American academic parlance. World War II sounded the death knell of the League of Nations; but from early in the conflict, even in the darkest hours, the age-old aspirations of men for international organization to keep the peace found myriad voices, some desperate, some defiant, but all crying a new urgency. The performance of the United Nations since the war has confirmed initial suspicions of its incompetence to prevent war, founded as it was upon the sovereignty of member-nations, and confounded, as it proves, by the failure of its major premise: unanimity among the great powers. From all the welter of thought and discussion during the past decade or more in the United States, a few voices rise most prominently. Even before lightning struck in 1939, the ominous clouds of war had sent Clarence K. Streit, foreign correspondent and former Rhodes scholar, scurrying to fly warning signals and to denounce, most impressively for American generation, absolute national sovereignty as the storm-maker. Lawyer Richard Lee Humber egged on the state legislatures to follow the lead of Massachusetts by declaring their support for the principle of world federation.

The article reports that United Nations (UN) Educational, Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO), born into a world of confusion, has continued a child of confusion. In 1945 there were disagreements on many issues basic to UNESCO's existence. The purpose here is to examine UNESCO's role in strengthening the United Nations. UNESCO is an independent specialized agency. One of ten doing work designed to further the cause of world peace, it is related to the United Nations through the Economic and Social Council. The working arrangement between UNESCO and UN is defined in a formal Agreement. Procedure for exchange of recommendations between UNESCO and the General Assembly, through the medium of the Economic and Social Council, is established also in the Agreement. Further, UNESCO may request participation of other specialized agencies in any project wider than its own competence. One factor that has rendered impossible the adoption of an effective working concept is the East-West ideological conflict. Russia has not joined UNESCO.

The article discusses about the Arizona Copper Strike of 1917. When, at its Annual Convention of 1916, the Western Federation of Miners changed its name to the International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, the Federation took its final step in the repudiation of radical unionism favor of respectability. The affiliation of the Western Federation of Miners with the Industrial Workers of the World had appeared to compound the difficulties of the Federation. When the depression of 1907 hit the Arizona copper industry, the Federation had turned to politics with early successes in contributing to the election of a governor and numerous county officials friendly to labor. Rising prices increased the federation's pressure on the copper industry for higher wages. A strike at Jerome, Arizona, preceded the general strike by one month. Negotiations between the International and the Company conducted by John McBride of the Conciliation Service were of no avail. The I. W. W. took no part in the negotiations de- spite a rather large membership in Jerome.

This article presents information related to organization of the Security Council of the United Nations. The number of states whose representatives form the Security Council of the United Nations, as compared with the number of members of the Council of the League of Nations, is relatively small. The number of permanent as well as the number of non-permanent members of the Security Council, as fixed by Article 23, may be changed by an amendment to the Charter under Articles 108 or 109. The member whose rights of membership are suspended under Article 5 remains a non-permanent member of the Security Council, but the exercise of this right too, is suspended.

The O.C.A.M. Charter was signed on 27 June 1966 in Tananarive by the Heads of State of the following 14 countries: the Federal Republic of Cameroun, the Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo–Brazzayule, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon, Upper Volta, Madagascar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Chad, and Togo. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on international commodity stabilization schemes and the export problems of developing countries. The U.S. government and the international assistance agencies should concentrate their efforts on stabilizing the prices of exports. This would mean more for Latin America's economic development. There is an ambiguity between stabilization and the maintenance of a fair price. Moreover, many if not most proposals for dealing with international commodity problems, whether they are concerned primarily with prices or with export proceeds, have as their announced objective stabilization rather than long-term price fixing. Nevertheless, there is a bias in most so-called "stabilization" programs in favor of baking or reversing declines in prices or earnings. It is generally assumed that balance-of-payments difficulties of poor countries or primary exporting countries are mainly a consequence of fluctuations in the prices of, or export proceeds from, primary products. However, there is considerable evidence that relatively short-term fluctuations in export proceeds are a contributing, but not a major, cause of the balance-of-payments difficulties of most poor countries.

To date, the National Labor Relations Board has been mainly concerned with revising its rules and adapting its organization to the new law, plus the disposition of old cases which were on its dockets when the Taft-Hartley Act became effective. Recently the regional offices have begun to conduct a considerable number of representation and decertification elections and a rapidly growing number of elections to determine whether workers want a union shop. The largest number of decisions involving interpretations of the new law have concerned the provision that the Board shall not issue complaints in unfair labor practices cases or conduct any investigations in representation proceedings unless all officers of the petitioning union and the international of which it is a part have filed noncommunist affidavits. In its first decision, early in October, the Board overruled the construction by the General Counsel that such affidavits must be filed also by the officers of the federations with which the international unions are affiliated. In subsequent cases the Board has determined what is to be done with unfair labor practices and representation cases initiated prior to the effective date of the new law by unions whose officers have not filed the noncommunist affidavits.